O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o uso da cor em ambientes internos industriais, sendo regidos por legislação e normatização específicas, uma vez que envolvem atividade de trabalho humano. Numa primeira etapa é apresentada pesquisa bibliográfica com intuito de caracterizar as exigências legais que definem o uso da cor para estes ambientes. Identifica-se a legislação relacionada à Segurança do Trabalho, de abrangência nacional -- em conformidade com o Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego; e outras de abrangência mais restrita. Por exemplo, o contexto estadual de São Paulo, que disciplina orientações do Corpo de Bombeiros e Centro de Vigilância Sanitária da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Sob a ótica da Segurança do Trabalho, são avaliadas a aplicação de cores em: máquinas, equipamentos, elementos construtivos, indicação de localização de equipamentos e sinalização de segurança. O uso de vários matizes para situações distintas propicia ao trabalhador o reconhecimento de vários cenários por meio de padronização de informação; possibilitando-lhe tomar ciência da presença de um material e os riscos e perigos a ele relacionados. Paralelamente, o presente estudo compreendeu pesquisa de campo para efeito de registros fotográficos de ambientes de trabalho: isto foi feito para exemplificar os tópicos estudados. Ao considerar a presença do trabalhador, percebe-se que entender visão de cores torna-se primordial para melhor avaliar a eficácia da sinalização e de outras informações relativas à cor existentes no ambiente de trabalho. Assim, foram analisadas a resposta fisiológica do organismo diante da cor para pessoas de visão normal e exigências relativas às atividades ou tarefas desempenhadas pelo trabalhador em condições de exposição à sinalização. Neste percurso foram ainda verificados aspectos relativos à classificação e nomenclatura das cores. Como resultado, a análise sustentou -- ou não --a aplicação de determinado matiz para situações específicas. Nas considerações finais, o foco está na obrigatoriedade do uso da cor relacionado à Segurança e a sinalização recomendada para advertir sobre os riscos existentes, sem considerar a particularidades das atividades e tarefas a serem desempenhadas e as características de cada indivíduo. Conclui-se que quanto mais informação houver a respeito dos agentes que compõem um determinado sistema, mais assertivamente será possível indicar soluções de aplicação de cor no ambiente de trabalho. / The objective of this work was to analyze the usage of colour at industrial environments which follow strict rules because there are workers involved in. At first a bibliographical research was developed to recognize the legal requirement that define the use of colours in such environments. There are rules related to Occupational Safety that are mandatory nationwide, according to the Ministry of Labor and Employment, and other rules which are more restrict. For example, in the State of Sao Paulo, there are rules that instruct the Fire Department and the Health Surveillance Center. Under the perspectives of Occupational Safety, the use of colours on machines, equipments, building components and safety systems and principles of signaling were evaluated. The use of hues in different situations enables the worker the recognition sceneries due to the standardized information, making him be aware of the presence of a certain material and the risks and hazard that are related to it. This work also embodied a practical research to take photographs of different work rooms to show the studied topics. When the presence of a worker is considered, it is possible to realize that understanding about colour vision is essential to verify signallig performance and more information about colour where people work. So, the physiological answers to colour were studied considering people with normal vision and their necessary behaviour in certain situations that involved signaling while they were working. During this study the qualification of colours and their given names were verified. As a result, the analysis sustained - or not - the application of a certain hue in a certain situation. In the final analysis the focus was on the compulsory use of colour related to Occupational Safety and the recommended signaling to advise workers against existing risks without considering the specific aspect of each task that a worker can develop and his particular characteristics. The conclusion shows that the more available information a professional can get about a system, the more assertive solutions about the use of colour at work environment will be reached.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o uso da cor em ambientes internos industriais, sendo regidos por legislação e normatização específicas, uma vez que envolvem atividade de trabalho humano. Numa primeira etapa é apresentada pesquisa bibliográfica com intuito de caracterizar as exigências legais que definem o uso da cor para estes ambientes. Identifica-se a legislação relacionada à Segurança do Trabalho, de abrangência nacional -- em conformidade com o Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego; e outras de abrangência mais restrita. Por exemplo, o contexto estadual de São Paulo, que disciplina orientações do Corpo de Bombeiros e Centro de Vigilância Sanitária da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Sob a ótica da Segurança do Trabalho, são avaliadas a aplicação de cores em: máquinas, equipamentos, elementos construtivos, indicação de localização de equipamentos e sinalização de segurança. O uso de vários matizes para situações distintas propicia ao trabalhador o reconhecimento de vários cenários por meio de padronização de informação; possibilitando-lhe tomar ciência da presença de um material e os riscos e perigos a ele relacionados. Paralelamente, o presente estudo compreendeu pesquisa de campo para efeito de registros fotográficos de ambientes de trabalho: isto foi feito para exemplificar os tópicos estudados. Ao considerar a presença do trabalhador, percebe-se que entender visão de cores torna-se primordial para melhor avaliar a eficácia da sinalização e de outras informações relativas à cor existentes no ambiente de trabalho. Assim, foram analisadas a resposta fisiológica do organismo diante da cor para pessoas de visão normal e exigências relativas às atividades ou tarefas desempenhadas pelo trabalhador em condições de exposição à sinalização. Neste percurso foram ainda verificados aspectos relativos à classificação e nomenclatura das cores. Como resultado, a análise sustentou -- ou não --a aplicação de determinado matiz para situações específicas. Nas considerações finais, o foco está na obrigatoriedade do uso da cor relacionado à Segurança e a sinalização recomendada para advertir sobre os riscos existentes, sem considerar a particularidades das atividades e tarefas a serem desempenhadas e as características de cada indivíduo. Conclui-se que quanto mais informação houver a respeito dos agentes que compõem um determinado sistema, mais assertivamente será possível indicar soluções de aplicação de cor no ambiente de trabalho. / The objective of this work was to analyze the usage of colour at industrial environments which follow strict rules because there are workers involved in. At first a bibliographical research was developed to recognize the legal requirement that define the use of colours in such environments. There are rules related to Occupational Safety that are mandatory nationwide, according to the Ministry of Labor and Employment, and other rules which are more restrict. For example, in the State of Sao Paulo, there are rules that instruct the Fire Department and the Health Surveillance Center. Under the perspectives of Occupational Safety, the use of colours on machines, equipments, building components and safety systems and principles of signaling were evaluated. The use of hues in different situations enables the worker the recognition sceneries due to the standardized information, making him be aware of the presence of a certain material and the risks and hazard that are related to it. This work also embodied a practical research to take photographs of different work rooms to show the studied topics. When the presence of a worker is considered, it is possible to realize that understanding about colour vision is essential to verify signallig performance and more information about colour where people work. So, the physiological answers to colour were studied considering people with normal vision and their necessary behaviour in certain situations that involved signaling while they were working. During this study the qualification of colours and their given names were verified. As a result, the analysis sustained - or not - the application of a certain hue in a certain situation. In the final analysis the focus was on the compulsory use of colour related to Occupational Safety and the recommended signaling to advise workers against existing risks without considering the specific aspect of each task that a worker can develop and his particular characteristics. The conclusion shows that the more available information a professional can get about a system, the more assertive solutions about the use of colour at work environment will be reached.

In Stockholm multiple road construction projects are ongoing and the projects magnitude varies. A sustainable infrastructure is fundamental for the requirements put on the city traffic. Three road construction projects with the same building contractor have been studied for this degree project. Two larger and one smaller construction projects. One of Sweden’s largest construction companies is in the frontline on safety and health matter. It is of interest to compare the larger and the small project from a safety perspective. Large construction companies have developed own regulations concerning safety on the construction site. For the safety of the coworkers, differences between the projects, should be identified. If there is a violation of the safety-rules, there should be consequences, according to the company rules. It is of interest to study if there is differences between the taken measures between the studied projects. The method use to conclude the degree project have been; case study and qualitative research. All interviewed respondents’ feels that the prime risk filled activity they are exposed to in their daily work is surrounding civilians. One major difference between the projects is that the workers in the large construction projects considers that the most common near-accident occur in connection with lifting objects with heavy machines. 7 out of 13 respondents recalls that they at some point have had an unsafe behavior at the site that could have risk their own safety. 7 out of 8 of the respondents at the small construction project recalls that they do not used personal protective equipment, this is a major difference from the larger construction project.  Reprimands are more commonly given to skilled workers than to supervisors and site managers.

In Stockholm multiple road construction projects are ongoing and the projects magnitude varies. A sustainable infrastructure is fundamental for the requirements put on the city traffic. Three road construction projects with the same building contractor have been studied for this degree project. Two larger and one smaller construction projects. One of Sweden’s largest construction companies is in the frontline on safety and health matter. It is of interest to compare the larger and the small project from a safety perspective. Large construction companies have developed own regulations concerning safety on the construction site. For the safety of the coworkers, differences between the projects, should be identified. If there is a violation of the safety-rules, there should be consequences, according to the company rules. It is of interest to study if there is differences between the taken measures between the studied projects. The method use to conclude the degree project have been; case study and qualitative research. All interviewed respondents’ feels that the prime risk filled activity they are exposed to in their daily work is surrounding civilians. One major difference between the projects is that the workers in the large construction projects considers that the most common near-accident occur in connection with lifting objects with heavy machines. 7 out of 13 respondents recalls that they at some point have had an unsafe behavior at the site that could have risk their own safety. 7 out of 8 of the respondents at the small construction project recalls that they do not used personal protective equipment, this is a major difference from the larger construction project.  Reprimands are more commonly given to skilled workers than to supervisors and site managers.

Les systèmes autonomes, notamment ceux opérant à proximité d'êtres humains, soulèvent des problèmes de sécurité-innocuité puisqu'ils peuvent causer des blessures. La complexité de la commande de ces systèmes, ainsi que leurs interactions avec un environnement peu structuré, rendent difficile l'élimination complète des fautes. Nous adoptons donc une démarche de tolérance aux fautes en considérant un moniteur de sécurité séparé de la commande principale et qui dispose de ses propres moyens d'observation et d'intervention. Le comportement de ce moniteur est régi par des règles qui doivent assurer la sécurité du système tout en lui permettant de remplir ses fonctions. Nous proposons une méthode systématique pour obtenir ces règles de sécurité. Les dangers, déterminés par une analyse de risque, sont modélisés formellement puis un algorithme synthétise des règles sûres et permissives, s'il en existe. Nous avons outillé cette méthode pour les étapes de modélisation et de synthèse en nous appuyant sur l'outil de vérification de modèle NuSMV. L'étude d'un cas industriel illustre l'application de la méthode et des outils sur un robot manufacturier dans un environnement humain. / Autonomous systems operating in the vicinity of humans are critical in that they potentially harm humans. In these systems, fault removal is not sufficient given the command complexity and their interactions with an unstructured environment. By a fault tolerance approach, we consider a safety monitor separated from the main command and able to observe and intervene on the system. The monitor behavior is specified by safety rules that must both ensure safety and permit the system to carry out its tasks in absence of hazard. We propose a systematic method to obtain these safety rules. The hazards, determined by a risk analysis, are formally modeled, then an algorithm synthesizes safe and permissive rules, if any exists. The method is tooled both for modeling and synthesis by use of the model-checker NuSMV. Method and tools are applied to the industrial use case of a robotic co-worker.

Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur l’élaboration d’une approche d’anticipation des comportements possibles de l’opérateur humain lorsqu’il ne respecte pas certaines règles de sécurité. Le non-respect des règles de sécurité, considéré comme une erreur humaine, constitue la source majeure d’incidents/accidents dans le domaine des agroéquipements. Ce domaine caractérisé par un manque de formalisation de son REX. L’approche proposée consiste à définir une méthodologie permettant de proposer des plans d’actions humaines possibles résultant d’un non-respect des règles de sécurité et de les évaluer par la suite. La génération des plans d’actions alternatifs aux prescriptions est réalisée à travers un outil que nous avons développé, baptisé A2PG (Alternative Action Plan Generator). Ce dernier, s’inspirant des modèles de l’opérateur humain, est basé sur les paramètres suivants à définir : la tâche à réaliser et le catalogue d’actions qui contient l’ensemble des actions, des pré-conditions nécessaires et de sécurité associées à chaque action ainsi que les effets de l’exécution de l’action. Le non-respect peut être modélisé au niveau d’A2PG par la variation d’au moins un de ses paramètres (sauf les pré-conditions nécessaires). Nous nous sommes intéressés plus particulièrement à la variation des pré-conditions de sécurité, c'est-à-dire la non-prise en compte par l’opérateur humain des pré-conditions de sécurité. Des algorithmes de génération des plans d’actions alternatifs ont été mises en œuvre. L’identification des plans a été réalisée à travers une adaptation de l’algorithme SHOP2 qui se base sur le planificateur HTN (Hierarchical Task Network). Les plans alternatifs sont élaborer par un algorithme qui permet principalement de définir les combinaisons de pré-conditions de sécurité à considéré dans la spécification d’A2PG et dont au moins une pré-condition de sécurité est supprimée. L’applicabilité de l’approche a été démontrée sur le cas des tondeuses à gazon autoportées. / These research works concern the development of an approach anticipating the possible human behaviours when they do not respect safety rules. The failure in complying with safety rules, considered human error, is the major source of incidents/accidents in agricultural equipment field. The proposed approach consists in defining a tool for generation of human action plans. An action plan is a sequence of actions allowing the achievement goal. The identification of these plans is done through the implementation of algorithms of planning methods based on hirerachical methods. These allow the decomposition of tasks into sub-tasks according to the chose specification of the generator. This specification consists in defining the parameters of the generator in order to simulate the failure in complying with safety rule. It concerns the following input parameters; task to achieve, safety preconditions, action effects, actions, list. Work then focus on the defining of a strategy based on the expert judgements to assess the human action plans, produced by the generator, in terms of credibility. The developed approach is a part of an improvement human factors consideration in risk analysis of agricultural equipment. Finally, this approach is demonstrated by its application to the riding lawn mower.