What has caused the. African continent to remain fragmented, underdeveloped, and lacking liberal democracies? The present study attempts to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the effect European colonialism has had on sub-Saharan Africa democratic development. The research finds that problems of democratic consolidation in sub-saharan Africa are not necessarily due to the primitiveness of government institutions or trivial ethnic tensions, as generally believed. Instead the case is made that decades of absolute and arbitrary rule under European colonizers has hampered democratic development. Disregard for humanity and civility by the European colonial states made a peaceful transition after independence nearly impossible. The current complex challenges obstructing democratic consolidation in sub-Saharan Africa can be understood by examining the region's colonial history. This research project takes into account the uniqueness of Africa's experience by steering away from the traditional Western approach to truly understand Africa's democratic plight. Extensive qualitative research was conducted in order to determine the reasons why democracy is lacking in a majority of sub-Saharan Africa. The effects of European colonialism, the necessary factors for democratic transition, and why democratization is still limited in the region were all examined. While colonialism may not be the sole reason for sub-Saharan Africa's failed democracies, this research finds that it is the instigator of centuries of social, political, and ethnic strife.

The purpose of this dissertation was to explore the experiences of sixteen Sub-Saharan African post-secondary students, and how they were able to succeed in spite of tremendous odds. The study was also designed to investigate ways to enhance educational attainment among recent immigrant students in Canadian schools and universities. The study was dedicated to advancing the understanding of recent immigrant students, from Sub-Saharan Africa, who had faced life challenges and multiple traumas. With a focus on their well-being, the development of this new knowledge will help policymakers and educators to develop strategies to enable culturally, linguistically, and socio-economically diverse students to reach their potential in their new country. The students selected for the study were resilient individuals who were seen as successful. Success stories of immigrant students from Sub-Saharan Africa who had overcome turmoil in their lives were investigated. These were newcomers to Canada who had succeeded against all odds both in Africa and Canada. This study was based on the premise that in a community all individuals may have access to the same resources, but unlike others, some individuals manage to overcome the problems that confront others (Pascale et al., 2010). These individuals are unique in their communities and their outcomes have deviated in a positive way from the norm (Pascale et al., 2010). The practices and insights of sixteen Sub-Saharan African students that had proven to be the key to their resilience and success were described from in-depth interviews. Further understandings were derived from structured narrative analysis. Using a qualitative research approach, this study developed insights into: the factors that hinder or enhance educational attainment and well-being among students; the perceptions of those students and the practices used by those who influence, support and educate them; and understanding of the practices that stimulate interests and contribute positively toward enhancing the education attainment and well-being of Sub-Saharan African students. The factors that enhance educational attainment and well-being among students were investigated through the use of support structures. These identified support structures were parental support, the social support they received from friends and social networks, religious/spiritual support, the support they received from their communities, physical support, financial support, the motivations or inspirations they received from teachers, school/university support, and career support. The findings of this study expand and enrich both local and international literature on issues relating to youth or students who have experienced turmoil in their lives, and some of the factors that contribute to their resilience and well-being. These findings further shed light on the topic of enhancing education attainment and the subject of well-being of ethnic minorities and, in particular, Sub-Saharan African immigrant students who have experienced turmoil in their lives. While this topic has been gaining interest in recent years, the formulation and implementation of strategic educational practices to promote educational attainment and well-being for African or Sub-Saharan African students is in its infancy in Canadian. Hence, the new knowledge and insights presented within this study will help policymakers, support persons, and educators to develop strategies that will enable and encourage such students to thrive and flourish.

Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm / Malaria remains one of the top mortality causes in the sub-Saharan African region, especially among pregnant women and infants. Despite several measures being implemented within the affected areas such as the use of treated mosquito nets, sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine (SULPYR) as an intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp-SP) is still considered the standard prophylactic regimen for pregnant women. Recently, the WHO increased the regimen of IPTp- SP from three to four doses on a monthly interval, this recommendation poses a potential risk of toxicity and resistance to the drugs. An improvement towards this challenge is under clinical trial and consists of the inclusion of azithromycin (AZI), a macrolide antibiotic, to the current IPTp-SP treatment regimen. This will not only aid in the prophylaxis of malaria in pregnant women but will also assist in other pregnancy related infections. All three these drugs exhibit poor aqueous solubility; requiring high concentrations for oral administration to achieve therapeutic plasma concentrations. / 2024

The purpose of this dissertation was to explore the determinants of Pap screening completion among sub-Saharan African immigrant women. Cervical cancer is a public health problem globally. The risk of invasive cervical cancer remains high among sub- Saharan African immigrant women in the US despite being a preventable cancer. Early detection through Pap screening is crucial for prevention, treatment and prognosis. The specific aims of this dissertation were to 1) examine Pap screening practices among African immigrant women and to identify gaps to guide future research; 2) explore barriers and motivators that influence Pap screening decisions among African immigrant women; and 3) explore African immigrant men’s knowledge of Pap screening and attitudes about supporting their wives/female partners to utilize Pap screening, and 4) explore predictors of Pap screening use among sub-Saharan African immigrant women, Specific aim one was addressed by a review and synthesis of literature focused on Pap screening among African immigrant women. Common factors influencing Pap screening completion included immigration status, health care interactions, knowledge deficiency, religiosity, and certain personal characteristics. Specific aim two was addressed by the conduct of a qualitative descriptive study of barriers and motivators contributing to Pap screening decisions in 22 African immigrant women. Women experienced different barriers including low knowledge of screening, cultural beliefs, fear and communication issues. Addressing knowledge gaps and other barriers related to Pap screening may improve Pap screening participation in this group. Specific aim three was addressed by a qualitative descriptive study of men’s attitudes and beliefs regarding Pap screening and support for their wives for Pap screening participation. African immigrant men demonstrated suboptimal knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer screening. Most men had a lack of knowledge regarding HPV and its link with cervical cancer. Despite knowledge deficiency men showed significant interest in supporting their wife/female partners. Specific aim four was addressed by conducting an analysis of cross sectional data collected from 108 sub-Saharan African women. Predictors of Pap screening completion was determined using logistic regression while controlling for age and education. Pap screening awareness and provider’s recommendations were independent predictors of Pap screening. Given the unequitable burden of cervical cancer experienced by this population, the findings from this dissertation point to the need for a multilevel targeted health interventions directed toward African immigrant population are needed to increase the rates of Pap screening among African immigrant women. Prevention efforts should focus on individual level factors and develop culturally relevant strategies that will effectively provide educational outreach interventions and alleviate barriers to Pap screening. Engaging spousal support and addressing social norms related to spouses/partners’ roles that may influence partaking in cervical cancer screening is important among African immigrant women. Cervical cancer is preventable; Pap screening will lead to early detection of cervical cancer in female African immigrants.

Pour les femmes immigrées d’Afrique sub-Saharienne l’arrivée en France peut constituer une rupture dans leur trajectoire sexuelle, affective et reproductive. Si beaucoup ont déjà fait l’expérience d’une grossesse avant leur arrivée, un certain nombre n’aura pas encore débuté sa vie reproductive. Toutefois et pour les femmes qui le souhaitent, l’arrivée en France, et le changement du paysage contraceptif peut être l’occasion d’accéder à une contraception efficace ou bien de changer de méthode. En 2010, en France, sur l’ensemble de la population des femmes âgées entre 15-49 ans et en besoin de contraception, 78.5% déclarait utiliser une contraception médicale contre 22.9% en Afrique subsaharienne (tous pays confondus) pour les femmes de la même tranche d’âge. Par ailleurs, la population originaire d’Afrique subsaharienne est particulièrement touchée par le VIH/sida en Afrique mais aussi en France, où ils représentent le deuxième groupe le plus affecté.A partir de deux enquêtes, Parcours et Vespa 2, notre étude a visé à mettre en lumière les pratiques contraceptives et les éventuelles inégalités en matière de contraception dont les immigrées originaires d’Afrique subsaharienne feraient l’objet, afin de repérer les leviers d’une meilleure prise en charge de leur santé sexuelle et reproductive.Les résultats de cette thèse mettent en évidence que les femmes africaines immigrées se saisissent d'un système qui articule la promotion de la contraception, un dispositif d'accès facilitant et des pratiques médicales aboutissant à une forte adhésion à la contraception médicale efficace puisque la majorité des femmes déclare utiliser la pilule, l’implant et parfois le DIU. Ces résultats sont toutefois à moduler pour deux raisons. D’une part, lorsque les femmes vivent avec le VIH, (les femmes immigrées ou nées en France) utilisent très majoritairement le préservatif. D’autre part, le recours à l’implant est nettement plus marqué qu’en population générale ce qui doit nous inciter à poursuivre les études pour savoir jusqu'à quel point les méthodes en usage correspondent à un choix et conviennent aux besoins des femmes . / For immigrant women from sub-Saharan Africa, arriving in France may be a break in their sexual, emotional and reproductive trajectory. If many have already experienced pregnancy before arriving, a number will not have started their reproductive life. However, for women who wish so, the arrival in France and the change in the contraceptive landscape may be an opportunity to access effective contraception or to change the method. In 2010, in France, of the entire population of women between the ages of 15-49 and in need of contraception, 78.5% reported using medical contraception compared to 22.9% in sub-Saharan Africa (all countries combined) for women in the same age group. Moreover, the population from sub-Saharan Africa is particularly affected by HIV/AIDS in Africa but also in France, where they represent the second most affected group.Based on two surveys, Parcours and Vespa 2, our study aimed to highlight the contraceptive practices and possible inequalities in contraception that immigrant women from sub-Saharan Africa face, in order to identify improvements in their sexual and reproductive health care.The results of this thesis highlight that African immigrant women seize a system that articulates the sponsoring of contraception, easier access and medical practices resulting in a strong adherence to effective medical contraception since the majority of women report using the pill, the implant and sometimes the IUD. These results must however be adjusted for two reasons. On one hand, women living with HIV (immigrant women or women born in France) use condoms for the most part. On the other hand, the use of an implant is much more pervasive than in the general population which should encourage us to continue studying to what extent the methods in use correspond to a choice and are adapted to the needs of women.

Most Sub-Saharan African countries are not yet considered democracies, but it is worth noting that almost all of them are fighting for democracy, and some countries have successfully crossed the threshold of democracy. However, the pace of democratization across the African region is uneven. In some countries it seems that the commitment to democratic norms and practices has deepened, but in other countries, whether it is the political elite or the general public, this commitment has proved to be weak. Although citizens now have greater opportunities to participate in the political process than before, in some countries only one party remains in power and there is no peaceful and successful transfer of power to the opposition. In this research I intend to find answers to the following question: Why are the levels of democratic development among these African countries in the Sub-Saharan region very different, even though their democratic transitions take place almost simultaneously. The three main approaches that explain democratization - modernization, social capital, and party systems are tested by empirically analyzing data related to political development among countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The results of the analysis indicate that social capital (trust) is most important for democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa, which may be due to the fact that the party system (including the proportion of women, etc.) has not yet stabilized in many places and therefore can not be a "decisive" factor. The lack of suitable and alternative operationalisations in the form of the lack of valid values regarding party system variables has also affected the result for this particular theoretical area. There was a connection between modernization factors and democracy in the bivariate analyzes, but the corruption index / social trust had a much stronger connection in the multivariate analyzes.

This paper examines the relationship between financial development and poverty fora sample of SSA countries while taking into account an interaction effect between thefinancial sector and the institutional framework, which is thought to be causing someomitted variable bias in previous studies. The study covers the period 2000–2019.These relationships are investigated using fixed effects. The results show thatfinancial development had a statistically significant and positive impact on povertyreduction. Also, the estimates reveal that institutional quality has a significant andpositive impact on poverty reduction. However, it was discovered that whereinstitutions perform better, the pro-poor impact of financial development is alsobetter. These findings support the theory that finance, and institutions have acomplementary effect. The study recommends, amongst others, that a judiciousallocation of resources between financial development and strengthening the qualityof institutions will be critical to reducing poverty and boosting economic growth inthe region.

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La ville africaine s'étale et intègre les villages environnants en devenant métropole. Que ce soit le mouvement des ruraux vers les villes ou bien de la ville vers la campagne, ces phénomènes inquiètent les spécialistes. La pensée traditionnelle du monde qui opposait ville-campagne, ville-village, ville-brousse, n'est plus d'actualité. Les réalités du territoire sont devenues autres. Quels sont les outils qui nous permettent de lire ces nouvelles réalités? Comment opérer ce changement de «lunettes» que nous propose Bernardo Secchi pour lire et écrire la «ville contemporaine»?Pour nos recherches, nous considérons Ouagadougou comme un véritable observatoire. L'objectif est d'apprendre des lieux d'initiatives où se construisent de nouveaux modes de vie dans des dynamiques imprévues. Aujourd'hui, la capitale burkinabé est caractérisée par une double identité foncière. Une organisation foncière publique importée de la pensée coloniale dite « lotie », et une organisation foncière informelle issue de la culture villageoise dite « non-lotie ». À force de coexistence, le développement de métropole n'a t-il pas engendré d'autres phénomènes, avec des degrés et des intensités variés de planification et de spontanéité? La rencontre des deux modes opératoires ne définit pas un rapport dual, mais un intervalle. Dans ce contexte, le « village » entendu dans sa dimension sociale et communautaire devient, en milieu urbain, générateur d'espaces communs. Les structures communautaires testent les possibles et inventent la métropole au quotidien : elles rendent flexible toute forme de planification. Ainsi, nous formulons l'hypothèse que l'étude de la « Métropole-village(s)» de Ouagadougou peut amener à de nouvelles connaissances permettant la création d'outils de compréhension des territoires urbanisés contemporains / The African city spreads and incorporates the surrounding villages becoming metropolis. Whether the migration from rural to urban or from the city to the countryside, these phenomena became a concern for specialists. Traditional thinking of the world that opposed city-countryside, city-village, city-bush, is no longer valid. Territory's realities became different. What are the tools that allow us to read these new realities? How can we proceed to a change of "glasses" that Bernardo Secchi is proposing, in order to read and write the " contemporary city "?For our research, we consider Ouagadougou as a true observatory. The objective is to learning places of initiatives which build new lifestyles in unexpected dynamics. Today, the capital of Burkina Faso is characterized by a dual identity of the land. Public land organization imported from the colonial thinking called " lotie " (subdivided area) and an informal tenure arrangements after the village culture called “non-lotie” (non-subdivided area). To force to coexistence, hasn't the metropolis generated new phenomena, with different degrees and intensities of planification and spontaneity? The meeting of the two procedures does not define a dual report, but an interval. In this context, the "village" understood in its social and community dimension becomes an urban environment generating shared spaces. Communal structures are questioning what is possible and redefine what a metropolis is every day: they make flexible any form of planning. Thus, we hypothesize that the study of "City-village(s)” of Ouagadougou may lead to new knowledge to the creation of tools for understanding contemporary urbanized territories

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