The term hybrid warfare is both controversial and debated. Those who favor the use of the term usually use widely different definitions of it. This makes the term problematic to use in an official and academic context, which may contribute to unjustified policy decisions. My thesis aims at using three existing theoretical definitions to identify a more sustainable definition of the hybrid warfare concept. And at the same time contribute to the debate about the usefulness of the concept.    The thesis analyzes three theoretical perspectives of the hybrid warfare concept, by adopting a conceptual study approach founded in Giovanis Sartori's theoretical framework. The result shows that a more sustainable definition of hybrid warfare primarily comprises the coordination of funds and methods for achieving political purposes. Based on this result can hybrid warfare primarily be understood as a management perspective.

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-06-29T14:13:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_RODOLFO_SOARES_MANFREDINI_COMPLETO.pdf: 1405675 bytes, checksum: 470c2d4652d769a43dc22d8f2be4e254 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-29T14:13:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_RODOLFO_SOARES_MANFREDINI_COMPLETO.pdf: 1405675 bytes, checksum: 470c2d4652d769a43dc22d8f2be4e254 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-13 / The present work presents an analysis of the perceived changes in the political area, due to the advent of new technologies. The electoral campaign of Jos? Ivo Sartori for the government of Rio Grande do Sul in 2014 was chosen for the study, as he successfully exploited the use of the Internet and its technological developments. Thus, a little known candidate of the majority of the population, managed to win the elections becoming governor of the state. Three points will be analyzed, since innovative strategies have been considered: the hashtag: # Sartor?oDaMassa; Sartori's request to voters, made during Free Election Time (FET), to record videos with open arms, simulating a hug the size of Rio Grande; and the testimony of Sartori's mother, also broadcast on FET. / O presente trabalho apresenta uma an?lise das mudan?as percebidas, na ?rea pol?tica, decorrentes do advento das novas tecnologias. A campanha eleitoral de Jos? Ivo Sartori para o governo do Rio Grande do Sul em 2014 foi escolhida para o estudo, pois soube explorar com sucesso o uso da internet e suas evolu??es tecnol?gicas. Assim, um candidato pouco conhecido da maioria da popula??o, conseguiu ganhar as elei??es tornando-se governador do estado. Tr?s pontos ser?o analisados, por terem sido consideradas estrat?gias inovadoras: a hashtag: # Sartor?oDaMassa; o pedido de Sartori aos eleitores, feito durante o Hor?rio Eleitoral Gratuito (HEG), para que gravassem v?deos com bra?os abertos, simulando um abra?o do tamanho do Rio Grande; e o depoimento da m?e de Sartori, tamb?m transmitido no HEG.

Diploma thesis "Comparation of the Italian political system between 1945 - 1968 and the Czechoslovak political system between 1918 - 1938" compares both these two political systems, deals with their common characteristics and differences and tries to explain the origins of similar settlement in both countries in the followed periods. For these purposes it uses also attempts of the most common Italian political scientists to characterize Italian political system, where there stand above all two thesis on "centripetal polarism" (Giovanni Sartori) and "imperfect bipartism" (Giorgio Galli). An interesting supplemental Tudory is also Farnetti's thesis as some kind of the "third way". Subsequently, those thesis are applied on the case of the ČSR too and it is judged its validity as one of the possible explaining concepts.

本研究乃鑒於台灣的學校教育，未因台灣的民主化讓訓育式教育的力量消失，人權教育的落實就更顯重要。然而人權的概念源於民主理論，所以欲從Dahl與Sartori的民主理論著手釐清。 從人權教育的發展脈落可以發現，人權教育所應包含的核心價值，即平等、自由與民主三者—(1)平等方面：平等不在於外在的平均主義，而在於個人內在的價值上，這種平等的判斷方法稱為「內在平等」原則；(2)民主方面：民主一詞源於古希臘雅典城邦，但現在的民主，指的是一種以有限多數的有效參與、充分知情和議程控制，以及公平選舉與代表權轉移的政治制度，用以保證其公民的基本權利不受侵害；(3)自由方面：十七至十九世紀的古典自由主義思想，為的是防止政府權利對個人的戕害，到十九世紀，更進一步要求政府為人民謀福利，成為所謂的新自由主義。並且平等、民主與自由三者間，可歸納出「以民主達成自由，並以自由完成平等」的關係。 經過分析後，提出幾點對人權教育的建議：(1)釐清人權教育核心概念的意義；(2)涵蓋內在平等原則的人權教育；(3)學習並運用有效的民主議程；(4)諮詢相關專家的重要性；(5)視人權教育是民主社會的根基。如此才能使台灣人權教育的落實更為徹底。 / Because of the importance of human rights education in Taiwan, it is needed to make the meaning of human rights more clear. However, the value of human rights is relating to the history of democracy. This study is intended to search for the construction on human rights education through democracy theory, especially by the view of Robert A. Dahl and Giovanni Sartori, to set up the theoretical foundation. According to the context of the development of human rights education, it could be found out that equality, democracy and liberty are important concepts. After analyzing, we can discover that: (1) Equality is not equalitarianism but “intrinsic equality.” (2) Classical Greece is the source of “democracy”, but the democracy of nowadays is not totally the same to the classical one. (3) The thought of liberty comes from liberalism, and it is in order to prevent the people from the invasions of the government. On the basis of Dahl and Sartori’s writings, democracy is the strategy to achieve liberty, and the liberty is the condition to achieve equality. At the end, the following conclusions are made: (1) The understanding of the equality, democracy and liberty are important. (2) “Intrinsic equality” must be taught in class. (3) The efficient agenda of democracy must be learned. (4) It is needed to consult the experts. (5) We should take human rights education as the base of the democratic society. These above could be helpful to human rights education in Taiwan.

Esta dissertação investiga e reconstitui o debate público desencadeado pela proposta de extinção da Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, juntamente a outras oito fundações públicas, pelo governo de José Ivo Sartori (PMDB). Os principais objetivos da pesquisa são descobrir quem são os atores que participam do debate e quais argumentos são mobilizados por estes. Foram trabalhados aspectos teóricos ligados ao meio ambiente, a partir de Leff, Acselrad, Junges e Kolbert, e ao Estado, a partir de Bobbio, Alexandrino e Paulo e Mascaro, abordando as relações que ambos mantém entre si, com o sistema econômico e com a democracia. Quanto à comunicação pública, esta é trabalhada a partir das perspectivas de Weber, Esteves, Gomes e Arendt. A escolha metodológica foi a pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório-documental, adotando-se a pesquisa bibliográfica, a pesquisa históricodescritiva, a pesquisa documental e a análise de conteúdo, segundo Bardin, como métodos de pesquisa Elabora-se uma descrição do objeto de disputa – no caso, a Fundação Zoobotânica – e, a seguir, se explora o debate público sobre a proposta de extinção da FZB, objeto desta pesquisa. Como principais resultados, descobriu-se que o argumento econômico foi predominante no debate, com pouco espaço para os argumentos ambientais. Também foi possível mapear e posicionar os atores, situando de um lado governo Sartori, entidades empresariais e parte da imprensa (jornal Zero Hora); e de outro lado o movimento de apoio à FZB, organizações da sociedade civil, instituições acadêmicas, deputados de oposição, o Tribunal Regional do Trabalho da 4ª Região e outra parcela da imprensa (jornal Sul21). Por fim, constatou-se que houve debate público sobre a proposta, porém com baixa interação entre as partes conflitantes, com a aprovação do projeto de extinção da FZB sem alterações expressando a impermeabilidade do governo em relação à sociedade civil organizada. / This master thesis looks into and reconstitute the public debate unleashed by the proposal of extinction of the Zoobotanical Foudation from Rio Grande do Sul, with other eight public foudantions, by the government of José Ivo Sartori (PMDB). The main objectives of the research are to discover who are the actors who participate in the debate and what arguments are mobilized by them. Theoretical aspects related to the enviroment were studied, starting from Leff, Acselrad, Junges and Kolbert, such as to the State, from Bobbio, Alexandrino & Paulo and Mascaro, addressing the relations that both mantains with each other, with the economic system and with democracy. As for public communication, this is worked out from the perspectives of Weber, Esteves, Gomes and Arendt. The methodological choice was qualitative exploratory-documentary research, adopting bibliographic research, historicaldescriptive research, documentary research and content analysis, according to Bardin, as research methods. A description of the object of the dispute is made – in this case, the Zoobotanical Foundation – and the public debate about the FZB's extinction proposal is explored, the object of this research. As main results, it was found that the economic argument was predominant in the debate, with little room for environmental arguments. It was also possible to map and position the actors, situating Sartori government, business entities and part of the press (Zero Hora newspaper); and on the other side the support movement to the FZB, civil society organizations, academic institutions, opposition deputies, the Regional Labor Court of the 4th Region and another portion of the press (newspaper Sul21). Finally, it was verified that there was a public debate about the proposal, but with low interaction between the conflicting parties, with the approval of the FZB extinction project without changes expressing the government's imperviousness to organized civil society.

Esta dissertação investiga e reconstitui o debate público desencadeado pela proposta de extinção da Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, juntamente a outras oito fundações públicas, pelo governo de José Ivo Sartori (PMDB). Os principais objetivos da pesquisa são descobrir quem são os atores que participam do debate e quais argumentos são mobilizados por estes. Foram trabalhados aspectos teóricos ligados ao meio ambiente, a partir de Leff, Acselrad, Junges e Kolbert, e ao Estado, a partir de Bobbio, Alexandrino e Paulo e Mascaro, abordando as relações que ambos mantém entre si, com o sistema econômico e com a democracia. Quanto à comunicação pública, esta é trabalhada a partir das perspectivas de Weber, Esteves, Gomes e Arendt. A escolha metodológica foi a pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório-documental, adotando-se a pesquisa bibliográfica, a pesquisa históricodescritiva, a pesquisa documental e a análise de conteúdo, segundo Bardin, como métodos de pesquisa Elabora-se uma descrição do objeto de disputa – no caso, a Fundação Zoobotânica – e, a seguir, se explora o debate público sobre a proposta de extinção da FZB, objeto desta pesquisa. Como principais resultados, descobriu-se que o argumento econômico foi predominante no debate, com pouco espaço para os argumentos ambientais. Também foi possível mapear e posicionar os atores, situando de um lado governo Sartori, entidades empresariais e parte da imprensa (jornal Zero Hora); e de outro lado o movimento de apoio à FZB, organizações da sociedade civil, instituições acadêmicas, deputados de oposição, o Tribunal Regional do Trabalho da 4ª Região e outra parcela da imprensa (jornal Sul21). Por fim, constatou-se que houve debate público sobre a proposta, porém com baixa interação entre as partes conflitantes, com a aprovação do projeto de extinção da FZB sem alterações expressando a impermeabilidade do governo em relação à sociedade civil organizada. / This master thesis looks into and reconstitute the public debate unleashed by the proposal of extinction of the Zoobotanical Foudation from Rio Grande do Sul, with other eight public foudantions, by the government of José Ivo Sartori (PMDB). The main objectives of the research are to discover who are the actors who participate in the debate and what arguments are mobilized by them. Theoretical aspects related to the enviroment were studied, starting from Leff, Acselrad, Junges and Kolbert, such as to the State, from Bobbio, Alexandrino & Paulo and Mascaro, addressing the relations that both mantains with each other, with the economic system and with democracy. As for public communication, this is worked out from the perspectives of Weber, Esteves, Gomes and Arendt. The methodological choice was qualitative exploratory-documentary research, adopting bibliographic research, historicaldescriptive research, documentary research and content analysis, according to Bardin, as research methods. A description of the object of the dispute is made – in this case, the Zoobotanical Foundation – and the public debate about the FZB's extinction proposal is explored, the object of this research. As main results, it was found that the economic argument was predominant in the debate, with little room for environmental arguments. It was also possible to map and position the actors, situating Sartori government, business entities and part of the press (Zero Hora newspaper); and on the other side the support movement to the FZB, civil society organizations, academic institutions, opposition deputies, the Regional Labor Court of the 4th Region and another portion of the press (newspaper Sul21). Finally, it was verified that there was a public debate about the proposal, but with low interaction between the conflicting parties, with the approval of the FZB extinction project without changes expressing the government's imperviousness to organized civil society.

Esta dissertação investiga e reconstitui o debate público desencadeado pela proposta de extinção da Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, juntamente a outras oito fundações públicas, pelo governo de José Ivo Sartori (PMDB). Os principais objetivos da pesquisa são descobrir quem são os atores que participam do debate e quais argumentos são mobilizados por estes. Foram trabalhados aspectos teóricos ligados ao meio ambiente, a partir de Leff, Acselrad, Junges e Kolbert, e ao Estado, a partir de Bobbio, Alexandrino e Paulo e Mascaro, abordando as relações que ambos mantém entre si, com o sistema econômico e com a democracia. Quanto à comunicação pública, esta é trabalhada a partir das perspectivas de Weber, Esteves, Gomes e Arendt. A escolha metodológica foi a pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório-documental, adotando-se a pesquisa bibliográfica, a pesquisa históricodescritiva, a pesquisa documental e a análise de conteúdo, segundo Bardin, como métodos de pesquisa Elabora-se uma descrição do objeto de disputa – no caso, a Fundação Zoobotânica – e, a seguir, se explora o debate público sobre a proposta de extinção da FZB, objeto desta pesquisa. Como principais resultados, descobriu-se que o argumento econômico foi predominante no debate, com pouco espaço para os argumentos ambientais. Também foi possível mapear e posicionar os atores, situando de um lado governo Sartori, entidades empresariais e parte da imprensa (jornal Zero Hora); e de outro lado o movimento de apoio à FZB, organizações da sociedade civil, instituições acadêmicas, deputados de oposição, o Tribunal Regional do Trabalho da 4ª Região e outra parcela da imprensa (jornal Sul21). Por fim, constatou-se que houve debate público sobre a proposta, porém com baixa interação entre as partes conflitantes, com a aprovação do projeto de extinção da FZB sem alterações expressando a impermeabilidade do governo em relação à sociedade civil organizada. / This master thesis looks into and reconstitute the public debate unleashed by the proposal of extinction of the Zoobotanical Foudation from Rio Grande do Sul, with other eight public foudantions, by the government of José Ivo Sartori (PMDB). The main objectives of the research are to discover who are the actors who participate in the debate and what arguments are mobilized by them. Theoretical aspects related to the enviroment were studied, starting from Leff, Acselrad, Junges and Kolbert, such as to the State, from Bobbio, Alexandrino & Paulo and Mascaro, addressing the relations that both mantains with each other, with the economic system and with democracy. As for public communication, this is worked out from the perspectives of Weber, Esteves, Gomes and Arendt. The methodological choice was qualitative exploratory-documentary research, adopting bibliographic research, historicaldescriptive research, documentary research and content analysis, according to Bardin, as research methods. A description of the object of the dispute is made – in this case, the Zoobotanical Foundation – and the public debate about the FZB's extinction proposal is explored, the object of this research. As main results, it was found that the economic argument was predominant in the debate, with little room for environmental arguments. It was also possible to map and position the actors, situating Sartori government, business entities and part of the press (Zero Hora newspaper); and on the other side the support movement to the FZB, civil society organizations, academic institutions, opposition deputies, the Regional Labor Court of the 4th Region and another portion of the press (newspaper Sul21). Finally, it was verified that there was a public debate about the proposal, but with low interaction between the conflicting parties, with the approval of the FZB extinction project without changes expressing the government's imperviousness to organized civil society.

The Parliament of Catalonia was restored in 1980 within the transition to democracy in Spain. From the beginning the coalition of Convergència i Unió was dominated in party system. This coalition was consisted by two parties and had absolute parliamentarian majority between years 1984 and 1995. Its dominance was disrupted by Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya in elections in 1999 and also in 2003. Until then, there was a bipolar system where CiU won elections to the Parliament of Catalonia and PSC-PSOE elections to Congreso de Diputados in this autonomous region. CiU won every Catalan parliamentary elections till 2012. After the collapse of CiU in 2015, one of its parties, Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya, started to cooperate with Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya primarily because of Catalonia's independence. The number of relevant parties started to increase in 2015. The aim of the thesis is to answer following questions: what party system according to Sartori's theory occurred/occurs in the Parliament of Catalonia and whether there was a change of party system or not. If yes, then which circumstances affected this change. Furthermore, the results of the elections to the Parliament of Catalonia and to Congreso de Diputados in Catalonia are compared. This comparison seeks to answer the question of...

This diploma thesis is thematically oriented towards early theories of public opinion of the late 19th century. Concretely, it deals with the theories of Alexis de Tocqueville, John Stuart Mill and James Bryce. The thesis presents an analysis, interpretation and a comparison of these three thinkers and concentrates on the following topics: the definition of the term "public opinion"; the formation of public opinion; the influence individuals, groups and society as a whole have on public opinion; and the role the media play in public opinion. Further, it shows how these authors' thoughts are continued in selected 20th century theories of public opinion, namely in Walter Lippmann's concept of public opinion, the Two-step flow model developed by Elihu Katz and Paul Lazarsfeld, Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's Spiral of Silence, Irving Crespi's theory of the Public Opinion Process and Giovanni Sartori's "cascade model" of public opinion. Key words: public opinion, media, Two-step flow model, Spiral of Silence, Public Opinion Process, cascade model of public opinion, Alexis de Tocqeuville, John Stuart Mill, James Bryce, W. Lippmann, E. Katz, P. Lazarsfeld, E. Noelle-Neumann, I. Crespi, G. Sartori