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Yes / Poloxamers or Pluronics®-based nanogels are one of the most used matrices for developing delivery systems. Due to their thermoresponsive and flexible mechanical properties, they allowed the incorporation of several molecules including drugs, biomacromolecules, lipid-derivatives, polymers, and metallic, polymeric, or lipid nanocarriers. The thermogelling mechanism is driven by micelles formation and their self-assembly as phase organizations (lamellar, hexagonal, cubic) in response to microenvironmental conditions such as temperature, osmolarity, and additives incorporated. Then, different biophysical techniques have been used for investigating those structural transitions from the mechanisms to the preferential component’s orientation and organization. Since the design of PL-based pharmaceutical formulations is driven by the choice of the polymer type, considering its physico-chemical properties, it is also relevant to highlight that factors inherent to the polymeric matrix can be strongly influenced by the presence of additives and how they are able to determine the nanogels biopharmaceuticals properties such as bioadhesion, drug loading, surface interaction behavior, dissolution, and release rate control. In this review, we discuss the general applicability of three of the main biophysical techniques used to characterize those systems, scattering techniques (small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering), rheology and Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy (FTIR), connecting their supramolecular structure and insights for formulating effective therapeutic delivery systems. / The Sao Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP (Grant 2019/20303-4; 2019/14773-8), National Council for Scientifc and Technological Development - CNPq (308819/2022-0), ERASMUS Program Fellowship, and The Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - Brazil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. / The full-text of this article will be released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo on 29th July 2024.

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<p>Over the last couple of years the airline business has gone through some turbulent changes, which has meant that customer loyalty has been affected. It’s no longer certain how or why customers are loyal to an airline, although the companies now use more and more complicated loyalty programs to keep their customers.</p><p>The purpose of this essay has therefore been to examine what makes customers loyal to a service business, and what is the extent of their loyalty.</p><p>To be able to answer these questions, a survey about costumers loyalty were accomplished. The results we received show that availability is the most significant issue for customers of SAS, and satisfaction is the minimum requirement for the customer. But to be able to attract loyal customers the airline has to offer them more.</p> / <p>Flygbranschen har de senaste åren gått igenom en hel del turbulenta förändringar, vilket har gjort att kundernas lojalitet till flygbolagen har satts på prov. Det är inte längre självklart hur och varför kunder är lojala till ett flygbolag. Trots det använder sig företagen av mer och mer invecklade lojalitetsprogram för att binda sina kunder.</p><p>Syftet med denna uppsats har därför varit att undersöka varför och vad som gör kunder lojala till ett tjänsteföretag, samt på vilken nivå deras lojalitet ligger.</p><p>För att kunna besvara problemet har SAS kunder tillfrågats angående kundlojalitet i en enkätundersökning. Resultatet vi fick fram var att kunderna överlag är mycket lojala där tillgängligheten är den styrande faktorn. Vi har även konstaterat att fenomenet nöjda kunder alltmer har blivit en norm inom flygbranschen. I dagsläget måste därför flygbolagen kunna erbjuda sina kunder något extra för att bibehålla deras lojalitet.</p>

AA análise multivariada e um conjunto de técnicas que são adequadas para situações onde varias variáveis correlacionadas estão envolvidas. Dentre essas técnicas temos as componentes principais e a analise fatorial. A técnica dos componentes principais reduz a dimensão de uma matriz de dados originais através de combinações lineares facilitando a interpretação desses dados e a analise fatorial que e o nome dado a uma classe de métodos estatísticos paramétricos (e não paramétricos) multivariados que correspondem a um grande numero de métodos e técnicas que utilizam simultaneamente todas as variáveis do conjunto na interpretação do inter-relacionamento das variáveis observadas (COSTA, 2006). O objetivo da analise fatorial e descrever as relações de covariância entre algumas variáveis em algum termo subjacente, mas não observável, de quantidades aleatórias chamadas fatores (JOHNSON e WICHERN, 1998). Biplot e um gráfico estático, desenvolvido por Gabriel (1971), que representa no mesmo gráfico as variáveis o as observações com o intuito de demonstrar graficamente as relações existentes entre variáveis, entre observações e entre variáveis e observações. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo inserir a metodologia de analise biplot tridimensional na técnica de analise fatorial multivariada. Foi usado o software SAS para a realização da analise fatorial e a construção do gráfico biplot e um conjunto de dados para a aplicação do mesmo. O estudo mostra que o gráfico Biplot e um método de analise multivariada de suma importância quando inserido na analise fatorial facilitando e complementando a interpretação dos resultados / Multivariate analysis is a set of techniques that are appropriate for situations where several correlated variables are involved. Among these techniques have the principal components and factor analysis. The technique of principal components reduces the size of an array of original data through linear combinations facilitating the interpretation of these data and factor analysis that is the name given to a class of parametric statistical methods (non parametric) multivariate corresponding to a large number of methods and techniques that use simultaneously all the variables set in the interpretation of the interrelationship of the observed variables (COSTA, 2006). The goal of factor analysis is to describe the covariance relationships between variables in any term underlying, but unobservable, random quantities called factors (Johnson and Wichern, 1998). Biplot is a statistical graph, developed by Gabriel (1971), which represents the in same graph the variables to the observations in order to demonstrate graphically the relationship between variables, between observations and between variables and observations. This paper aims to insert the biplot analysis methodology in three-dimensional technique of multivariate factor analysis. Was used SAS software to perform the factor analysis and construction of the biplot graph and a set of data for the application. The study shows that the graph Biplot is a method of analysis of the utmost importance when inserted in the factor analysis, facilitating and complementing the interpretation of results.

Over the last couple of years the airline business has gone through some turbulent changes, which has meant that customer loyalty has been affected. It’s no longer certain how or why customers are loyal to an airline, although the companies now use more and more complicated loyalty programs to keep their customers. The purpose of this essay has therefore been to examine what makes customers loyal to a service business, and what is the extent of their loyalty. To be able to answer these questions, a survey about costumers loyalty were accomplished. The results we received show that availability is the most significant issue for customers of SAS, and satisfaction is the minimum requirement for the customer. But to be able to attract loyal customers the airline has to offer them more. / Flygbranschen har de senaste åren gått igenom en hel del turbulenta förändringar, vilket har gjort att kundernas lojalitet till flygbolagen har satts på prov. Det är inte längre självklart hur och varför kunder är lojala till ett flygbolag. Trots det använder sig företagen av mer och mer invecklade lojalitetsprogram för att binda sina kunder. Syftet med denna uppsats har därför varit att undersöka varför och vad som gör kunder lojala till ett tjänsteföretag, samt på vilken nivå deras lojalitet ligger. För att kunna besvara problemet har SAS kunder tillfrågats angående kundlojalitet i en enkätundersökning. Resultatet vi fick fram var att kunderna överlag är mycket lojala där tillgängligheten är den styrande faktorn. Vi har även konstaterat att fenomenet nöjda kunder alltmer har blivit en norm inom flygbranschen. I dagsläget måste därför flygbolagen kunna erbjuda sina kunder något extra för att bibehålla deras lojalitet.

AA análise multivariada e um conjunto de técnicas que são adequadas para situações onde varias variáveis correlacionadas estão envolvidas. Dentre essas técnicas temos as componentes principais e a analise fatorial. A técnica dos componentes principais reduz a dimensão de uma matriz de dados originais através de combinações lineares facilitando a interpretação desses dados e a analise fatorial que e o nome dado a uma classe de métodos estatísticos paramétricos (e não paramétricos) multivariados que correspondem a um grande numero de métodos e técnicas que utilizam simultaneamente todas as variáveis do conjunto na interpretação do inter-relacionamento das variáveis observadas (COSTA, 2006). O objetivo da analise fatorial e descrever as relações de covariância entre algumas variáveis em algum termo subjacente, mas não observável, de quantidades aleatórias chamadas fatores (JOHNSON e WICHERN, 1998). Biplot e um gráfico estático, desenvolvido por Gabriel (1971), que representa no mesmo gráfico as variáveis o as observações com o intuito de demonstrar graficamente as relações existentes entre variáveis, entre observações e entre variáveis e observações. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo inserir a metodologia de analise biplot tridimensional na técnica de analise fatorial multivariada. Foi usado o software SAS para a realização da analise fatorial e a construção do gráfico biplot e um conjunto de dados para a aplicação do mesmo. O estudo mostra que o gráfico Biplot e um método de analise multivariada de suma importância quando inserido na analise fatorial facilitando e complementando a interpretação dos resultados / Multivariate analysis is a set of techniques that are appropriate for situations where several correlated variables are involved. Among these techniques have the principal components and factor analysis. The technique of principal components reduces the size of an array of original data through linear combinations facilitating the interpretation of these data and factor analysis that is the name given to a class of parametric statistical methods (non parametric) multivariate corresponding to a large number of methods and techniques that use simultaneously all the variables set in the interpretation of the interrelationship of the observed variables (COSTA, 2006). The goal of factor analysis is to describe the covariance relationships between variables in any term underlying, but unobservable, random quantities called factors (Johnson and Wichern, 1998). Biplot is a statistical graph, developed by Gabriel (1971), which represents the in same graph the variables to the observations in order to demonstrate graphically the relationship between variables, between observations and between variables and observations. This paper aims to insert the biplot analysis methodology in three-dimensional technique of multivariate factor analysis. Was used SAS software to perform the factor analysis and construction of the biplot graph and a set of data for the application. The study shows that the graph Biplot is a method of analysis of the utmost importance when inserted in the factor analysis, facilitating and complementing the interpretation of results.

Ce travail de thèse de doctorat a eu pour objectif d’étudier la cristallisation d’un principe actif pharmaceutique, le sulfathiazole, par procédé Supercritique Anti-Solvant. Nous nous sommes plus particulièrement intéressés à l’influence des conditions opératoires sur les caractéristiques des cristaux générés en termes de taille, nature polymorphique et faciès. Lors d’une campagne expérimentale de cristallisation, nous avons fait varier la température (313 K et 328 K), la pression (10 et 20 MPa), le rapport molaire solvant/CO2 (2,5 à 15%) et la concentration massique de la solution organique (0,5 à 1,8%). La durée de l’étape de cristallisation a été aussi variée de 4, 5 et 8 h. Nous avons également étudié au préalable les équilibres de phases et mesuré les solubilités du principe actif dans la phase fluide afin de connaître l’état de sursaturation dans le milieu de cristallisation pour toutes les conditions étudiées. Les résultats ont montré que dans certaines conditions la forme polymorphique IV (la plus stable à pression ambiante) est obtenue pure alors que dans d’autres conditions elle est obtenue en mélange avec la forme instable I. Nous avons par ailleurs observé une variation des caractéristiques des cristaux en fonction de la durée de l’étape de cristallisation. Dans les conditions correspondant à de faibles sursaturations et à des phénomènes de transfert limités, la forme IV est initialement obtenue alors que la formation de la forme I est ensuite favorisée au cours du temps. Ces résultats démontrent clairement l’importance du contrôle de la durée de l’étape de cristallisation par le procédé SAS. / This Ph.D. work aimed to study the crystallization of an active pharmaceutical ingredient, sulfathiazole, by Supercritical Anti-Solvent process. We have particularly focused on the influence of the operating conditions on the characteristics of the formed crystals in terms of size, polymorphism concerns more than 80% of active pharmaceutical ingredients and the formation of an undesired polymorphic form can have dramatic consequences on the drug bioavailability or on its stability over time. During an experimental crystallization campaign, we varied the temperature (313 K and 328 K), the pressure (10 and 20 MPa), the solvent / CO2 molar ratio (2.5 to 15%) and the mass concentration of the organic solution (0.5 to 1.8%). The duration of the crystallization step was also varied to 4, 5 and 8 hours. We have also studied the phase equilibria before hand and measured the solubilities of the active principle in the fluid phase in order to evaluate the supersaturation level in the crystallization medium for all the studied conditions.The results showed that under certain conditions, the polymorphic form IV (the most stable at ambient pressure) is obtained pure whereas under other conditions, it is obtained in mixture with the unstable form I. We also observed a variation of the crystal characteristics depending on the duration of the crystallization step. For conditions corresponding to low supersaturations and limited transfer phenomena, form IV is initially obtained whereas the formation of form I is favored over time. These results clearly demonstrate the importance of controlling the duration of the SAS crystallization step.

The aim of this study was to examine how a company within the aircraft industry communicates environmental sustainability. We have therefore chosen to investigate the airline SAS - partly because it is an aircraft industry and partly because the airline is criticized today for its negative environmental impact. The purpose of this study has been answered based on two questions (1) How does SAS produces environmental sustainability through linguistic means and (2) How does SAS speaks to its audience through its sustainability communication? Furthermore we have based this study on theories about discourses, critical discourse analysis and sustainability communication. As well as we have used the theoretical perspective of critical discourse analysis, it has also been used as a method in this study. We have based our analysis on the three-dimensional model of Fairclough together with the linguistic and rhetorical tools modality, intertextuality/interdiscursivity, interpellations, ethos, pathos and logos. Our material consisted of social media posts from SAS’s Twitter, Facebook and Instagram that significantly concerned environmental sustainability as well as the sustainability section of their website. The analysis resulted in three recurrent themes (1) Sustainability as a vision of the future (2) Sustainability together with SAS and (3) Sustainability as innovation. Therefore we have found that the focus is shifting from the environmental sustainability of the aviation industry as a dilemma, to being perceived as a long-term solution for us to being able to continue to fly. Thus, SAS is constantly indicating how the airline industry will continue to exist but sustainability aspects should be integrated into the business. We have also discovered how the audience is interpelled as ethical travelers - partly when SAS positions itself as a sustainable alternative for us to choose, and partly by offering us opportunities to act together with them for environmental sustainability.

Ce manuscrit présente une étude du procédé Supercritique Anti-Solvant (SAS) en combinant un travail expérimental et une étude de modélisation moléculaire. En comparaison aux méthodes traditionnelles de cristallisation en solution, le procédé SAS permet une baisse significative des quantités de solvants utilisées, un meilleur contrôle des caractéristiques des poudres générées ainsi qu’une plus grande sélectivité polymorphique. De nombreuses études expérimentales ou de modélisation numérique ont permis une meilleure compréhension de ce procédé, mais certains aspects, liés aux mécanismes de cristallisation sous pression, demeurent moins discutés. Par une investigation de ces mécanismes, l’objectif de ce travail a été de développer et de valider des méthodes permettant un meilleur contrôle du faciès des poudres générées et de la forme du polymorphe. De ces caractéristiques dépendent certaines propriétés des cristaux, telles que leur cinétique de dissolution ou encore leur stabilité physique et chimique, particulièrement importante pour le domaine pharmaceutique / This manuscript presents a study of the Supercritical Anti-Solvent (SAS) process by combining an experimental work and a molecular modeling study. Compared with conventional crystallization methods in liquid solutions, the SAS process allows a significant decrease in the amounts of solvents used, a better control of generated powder characteristics as well as a greater polymorphic selectivity. Many experimental studies or numerical modeling have allowed a better understanding of this process, but some aspects, related to crystallization mechanisms under pressure, remain less discussed. Through an investigation of these mechanisms, the objective of this work was to develop and validate methods allowing a better control of the crystal habit and of the polymorphic form of generated powders. Certain crystal properties depend on these characteristics, such as their dissolution kinetics or their physical and chemical stability, which are particularly important in the pharmaceutical field