This study proposes that Revelation 19:11-21 and 20:1-6 are cohesively linked with each other. The major implication for this is that the millennial binding of Satan (20:1-3) and the millennial vindication of the saints (20:4-6) are consequent effects of Christ’s victory at the eschatological battle (19:11-21). Christ’s Parousia then is the occasion for the punishment of the millennial binding of Satan and the reward of the coterminous millennial reign of the saints. Scholars who disconnect 20:1-6 from 19:11— 21 recapitulate the millennial binding of Satan and the vindication of the saints as the interadvent period. Consequently, this non-sequential interpretation breaks John's unified, cohesive message by creating a new semantic environment at 20:1. The millennial contextual setting, however, does not begin at the chapter break, where many interpreters inevitably place it. Rather than disrupting the cohesion by building a semantic wall between 19:11-21 and 20:1-6, John chooses linguistic resources that signal a semantic thread of continuity. This study models Halliday and Hasan's Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) theory of cohesion, a robust linguistic theoretical framework for discourse analysis. The analysis focuses on two types of textual meanings within SFL. The first type, adapted in this study for Hellenistic Greek, is Ruqaiya Hasan’s Cohesive Harmony Analysis (CHA), a tool that identifies semantic relations such as cohesive devices as ties, cohesive chains, and chain interactions. This model quantifiably measures the degree of a reader’s perception of coherence in Rev 19:11— 20:6. The second type oftextual meaning devoted to the latter half ofthe study is the discourse analytical tool ofInformation Flow (IF). It is an exegetical tool that analyzes a further dimension of cohesion concerned with thematization and prominence, locating lexicogrammatical resources in the ranks of clause, sentence, paragraph, section, and the broader co-text of the discourse, in this case, the book of Revelation. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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Cette thèse propose un éclairage sur la réalité de la Fonction analytique, sa physiologie, et les pathologies comportementales qui résultent de son dysfonctionnement. Nous y visitons les travaux de Freud, Jung et Lacan. Par une approche de comparatisme de leurs « écritures respectives », nous découvrons les fondements de la Fonction analytique. Tous trois tiennent leur savoir d’une approche transdisciplinaire (mythologie, alchimie, Taoïsme, linguistique, mathématiques, etc.) Freud précise le rôle indispensable de la pulsion en décrivant ses quatre caractéristiques. Avec son travail sur le «Bloc-notes magique », il énonce les modalités de la gravure psychique. La physiologie analytique comprend deux stades distincts : le premier ou « tronc commun » correspond à la gravure de la trace mnésique (Freud). Ce stade se déroule selon le mode binaire : ça pour Freud, persona pour Jung, imaginaire pour Lacan. Le second, se développe à partir du tronc commun, selon la modalité ternaire : la structure arborescente. C’est le stade du moi de Freud, du moi de Jung, du réel de Lacan. Cette phase, comme celle du brassage inter-chromosomique de la méiose biologique, produit une infinité de combinaisons. Modes binaire et ternaire représentent les phases principales de la Fonction analytique. Mais le mode binaire ne doit pas faire barrage au mode ternaire, en enfermant la psyché dans l’imaginaire (Lacan). La psyché doit se dépasser et faire oeuvre d’artiste. Nous montrons que le déséquilibre de l’archétype anima/animus (Jung) est cause de ces pathologies. Nous y voyons également que « la pensée judéo-chrétienne » joue un rôle de censeur, et fait obstacle à la modélisation ternaire. / The following thesis proposes to shed some light on the reality of Analytical Function, its physiology and the behavioural pathologies that derive from its dysfunction. We revisit the works of Freud, Jung and Lacan. Through a comparativistic approach of their “respective writings”, we discover the very fundamentals of Analytical Function. And all three had gathered their knowledge using a transdisciplinary approach (mythology, alchemy, Taoism, linguistics, mathematics etc…) Freud points out the main role of the drive by describing its four characteristics. In his “Magic Note Pad” he states the modalities of the psychic imprint. Analytical physiology comprises two distinct stages: the first one - “the common trunk”- refers to the imprint or engraving of the mnemonic marking. This stage unfolds according to a binary mode: the “It” for Freud, the “persona” for Jung and the “Imaginary” for Lacan. The second stage stems out of the common trunk on a ternary mode: the arborescent structure. This is the stage of the “I” for Freud, the “Self” for Jung and “the Real” for Lacan. This stage-just like the inter-chromosomal brew of the biological meiosis- produces an infinity of combinations. Binary and ternary modes represent the main phases of Analytical Function. Nevertheless the binary mode must not block out the ternary mode by locking the psyche into Lacan’s “Imaginary”. The psyche must go beyond itself and become its own artist. We show that the disequilibrium of Jung’s anima/animus archetype provokes these pathologies. We also notice that the “Judeo-Christian” way of thinking plays a censorship role and becomes an obstacle for the implementation of the ternary mode.

The problem of the existence of a devil is important, since it relates to other beliefs which a person or his religion may uphold. The orthodox Christian concepts of the divinity of Christ, the Fall of man, the Atonement, and the inspiration of the Bible are altered when a belief in Satan is discarded.The prophets of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon) take a very definite stand concerning the existence of Satan. They declare that the devil and his angels exist and that they tempt and try to deceive men. L.D.S. scriptures, given through modern revelation, not only show that Satan exists and tempts men but also confirm the authenticity of the Old and New Testaments. However, these scriptures indicate that many passages relating to Satan are missing from the Old Testament. Therefore, on the testimony of modern scripture, the Latter-day Saints maintain that the concept of Satan did not evolve into Jewish thinking and literature by natural means. Rather, the prophets of God since the days of Adam have declard that Satan exists, and some of these prophets have come fact to face with him.Through modern scripture and latter-day prophets, the Latter-day Saints believe that Satan and his angels are spirits, in the image of men, who rebelled against God and were cast down to the earth and have been here since men were upon the earth. These evil spirits have been denied the privilege of obtaining mortal bodies; therefore, they sometimes seek to possess bodies of people living upon the earth. However, they are often detected by Elders holding the Priesthood and are cast out. On occasions they have attacked mortals and in every way tried to destroy the Kingdom of God on earth.The question of Satan's existence is interrelated with many L.D.S. doctrines. The Mormon concepts concerning opposition, the Fall, the Atonement, the divinity of Jesus Christ, and the inspiration of The Book of Mormon and other modern scripture, would of necessity be changed if Satan were to be denied as real person. The Latter-day Saints state that it is through their belief in modern revelation--scripture, the prophets, and personal revelation through the power of the Holy Ghost--that they know Satan exists, that they know many things concerning his origin and career, and that they are able in many cases to expose his deceptions.

Ao longo dos anos, a obra de Fernando Pessoa tem sido objeto de diferentes miradas da crítica especializada. Poucas foram, porém, as ocasiões em que os comentadores se ocuparam da figura de Satã e dos diferentes matizes que colorem o episódico diabolismo dos escritos do poeta lisboeta. Todavia, embora errático, o percurso do Tentador nos textos de Pessoa indica a insuspeitada, porém indisputável marca do Demônio no pensamento do autor, mormente em sua juventude literária e em textos ensaísticos de cariz hermético. Por essa ascendência, é possível reconhecer Fernando Pessoa como herdeiro imediato da \"satânica geração\" de escritores lusitanos que, sob o efeito dos vapores mefistofélicos que então pairavam sobre o ambiente literário europeu, redefiniram as letras portuguesas no final dos oitocentos. Assim, partindo do exame das origens e das várias configurações do que se entende por satanismo literário, bem como dos sinais e sintomas de sua manifestação na literatura de Portugal em fins do século XIX, esta pesquisa tenciona investigar a presença do Diabo e a expressão do satânico na obra de Fernando Pessoa. O que se pretende, por meio de leituras analíticocomparativas que tracem as andanças do Tinhoso nos escritos pessoanos orto e heteronímicos, é entender as formas pelas quais o satânico toma posse, em verso e prosa, da escrita de Fernando Pessoa e, com isso, revelar em que sentido é possível reconhecer nele a faceta de um autor inspirado pelo Gênio das Trevas. / Throughout the years, Fernando Pessoa\'s work has been under different gazes by the specialized criticism. However, few were the occasions in which scholars occupied themselves with the figure of Satan and the different shades that color the episodic diabolism in the writing of the Lisbon-born poet. Albeit erratic, the Tempter\'s route in Pessoa\'s texts points at the unsuspected yet indisputable mark of the Devil in the author\'s thought, mainly in his early writings and in essays on hermeticism. Consequently, Pessoa can be seen as the immediate heir of the \"satanic generation\" of Portuguese writers that, under the influence of the mephistophelic vapors then hovering over Europe\'s literary environment, redefined Portugal\'s literature at the end of the eighteen hundreds. Thus, starting with an examination of the origins and sundry configurations of what is known as literary Satanism, as well as the signs and symptoms of its manifestation in Portuguese literature by the end of the nineteenth century, this research aims at investigating the Devil\'s presence and the expression of the satanic in the work of Fernando Pessoa. Using an analytical-comparative approach that traces Old Nick\'s wanderings in Pessoa\'s orto and heteronymic texts, the research intends to understand the ways in which the satanic possesses, in verse and prose, Fernando Pessoa\'s writings, thereby revealing to what extent it is possible to recognize in him the face of an author inspired by the Genius of Darkness.

Ao longo dos anos, a obra de Fernando Pessoa tem sido objeto de diferentes miradas da crítica especializada. Poucas foram, porém, as ocasiões em que os comentadores se ocuparam da figura de Satã e dos diferentes matizes que colorem o episódico diabolismo dos escritos do poeta lisboeta. Todavia, embora errático, o percurso do Tentador nos textos de Pessoa indica a insuspeitada, porém indisputável marca do Demônio no pensamento do autor, mormente em sua juventude literária e em textos ensaísticos de cariz hermético. Por essa ascendência, é possível reconhecer Fernando Pessoa como herdeiro imediato da \"satânica geração\" de escritores lusitanos que, sob o efeito dos vapores mefistofélicos que então pairavam sobre o ambiente literário europeu, redefiniram as letras portuguesas no final dos oitocentos. Assim, partindo do exame das origens e das várias configurações do que se entende por satanismo literário, bem como dos sinais e sintomas de sua manifestação na literatura de Portugal em fins do século XIX, esta pesquisa tenciona investigar a presença do Diabo e a expressão do satânico na obra de Fernando Pessoa. O que se pretende, por meio de leituras analíticocomparativas que tracem as andanças do Tinhoso nos escritos pessoanos orto e heteronímicos, é entender as formas pelas quais o satânico toma posse, em verso e prosa, da escrita de Fernando Pessoa e, com isso, revelar em que sentido é possível reconhecer nele a faceta de um autor inspirado pelo Gênio das Trevas. / Throughout the years, Fernando Pessoa\'s work has been under different gazes by the specialized criticism. However, few were the occasions in which scholars occupied themselves with the figure of Satan and the different shades that color the episodic diabolism in the writing of the Lisbon-born poet. Albeit erratic, the Tempter\'s route in Pessoa\'s texts points at the unsuspected yet indisputable mark of the Devil in the author\'s thought, mainly in his early writings and in essays on hermeticism. Consequently, Pessoa can be seen as the immediate heir of the \"satanic generation\" of Portuguese writers that, under the influence of the mephistophelic vapors then hovering over Europe\'s literary environment, redefined Portugal\'s literature at the end of the eighteen hundreds. Thus, starting with an examination of the origins and sundry configurations of what is known as literary Satanism, as well as the signs and symptoms of its manifestation in Portuguese literature by the end of the nineteenth century, this research aims at investigating the Devil\'s presence and the expression of the satanic in the work of Fernando Pessoa. Using an analytical-comparative approach that traces Old Nick\'s wanderings in Pessoa\'s orto and heteronymic texts, the research intends to understand the ways in which the satanic possesses, in verse and prose, Fernando Pessoa\'s writings, thereby revealing to what extent it is possible to recognize in him the face of an author inspired by the Genius of Darkness.

ohn Milton (1608-1674) lived in an age marked by religious discussion. The English Civil War (1640) had one of its supporters involving religion, literary texts were composed with biblical allegories, and Milton, following the habits of his own time, created literary works with sacred influence. For this reason and for a long time, Paradise Lost has been seen under the biblical myth that served as material basis for the composition of the epic. Before the Romantics, few critics had dared to leave the comfort zone and had rehearsed an analysis that took care of other aspects besides the contributions of classical authors and literary works or the biblical myth itself. The Romantics opened up a new critical line which was concerned with the characters of Paradise Lost, in special Satan. They heard the voices that bring to life the epic narrative and they had found a model for their own age. The heroic noble Satan of the Romantics, however, does not respond to the complexity of the character. Far from being a mere embodiment of evil, an element that can be blamed for all misfortune, the Miltonic Satan has in himself traces from the anterior good. He is victimized by the understanding of his present and slaughtered with the memories of his past; the character is placed between the image of a great leader externalized to the other angels, and the doubts that overcome his thoughts. This thesis aims to counteract these two parts of the character. / John Milton (1608-1674) viveu em um período marcado pela discussão religiosa. A guerra civil inglesa (1640) tivera um de seus suportes envolvendo a religião, textos literários foram compostos com alegorias bíblicas, e Milton, seguindo os hábitos de seu tempo, criou obras com influência sacra. O Paradise Lost, por causa disso, foi, durante muito tempo, observado à luz do mito bíblico que serviu de matéria base para a composição do épico. Antes dos românticos, poucos críticos ousaram sair da zona de conforto e ensaiaram uma análise que cuidava de outros aspectos além da contribuição de autores e obras clássicas ou do mito bíblico. Com os românticos, abriu-se definitivamente uma linha crítica atenta às personagens do Paradise Lost, em especial de Satã. Eles ouviram as vozes que dão vida à narrativa épica e descobriram um modelo para o seu próprio tempo. O Satã heróico e nobre dos românticos, no entanto, não responde à complexidade da personagem. Longe de ser uma mera materialização do mal, um elemento que possa ser culpado por todo o infortúnio, o Satã de Milton abriga em si vestígios do bem anterior. Vitimado pela compreensão de seu presente e abatido com as memórias do passado, a personagem coloca-se entre a imagem de grande líder exteriorizada aos outros anjos e as dúvidas que dominam os seus pensamentos. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo contrapor essas duas partes da personagem.

In many African traditional societies, the felt needs of people are usually met by the services of the shaman or other traditional medicine specialists. These needs vary and they could include the need for protection against witchcraft and evil spirits. Another need in Africa is for physical and psychical health. These needs are felt by many Africans inside and outside ecclesiastical structures. Despite centuries of western influence and teaching by missionaries, these felt needs have not gone away. The sensitivity to the spirit world and its impact on the human and material word still remains a firm belief in the African socio-spiritual reality. In its missiological responsibilities in the past and now, the church in Africa continues to display a theological deficiency in addressing this vacuum in African spirituality. Consequently, many African Christians are trapped in the dual, two-tier or split-level Christianity. This shows itself in times of existential crises in which many committed and respectable African Christians revert to traditional religious practices as a means of meeting their spiritual needs, due to the church’s inability to do so. This observed lack of traditional Christian theology and its irrelevancy to African life, has left many African Christians in a dilemma. It is this lacuna in Christian theology and practice that the researcher seeks to address in this study. By analysing documents on spirits in the first-century Jewish world and the two-volume work of Luke-Acts, the researcher endeavours to show the relevance and possible appropriation of the New Testament message to African spiritual realities. This is based on the understanding that the world of the first-century Jews and other communities in the Mediterranean region at the time, has more in common with Africans than the extremely naturalistic, rationalistic and abstract-oriented worldview of the early western missionaries who initially brought the gospel to Africa. Central to the researcher’s thesis, is the argument that, if early Christians, as exemplified by the Lucan audience, could respond to the fears, problems and realities of the spirit world by using God-ordained, spiritual and biblically acceptable means and not magical ways, African Christians, too, who find themselves in similar situations, can do the same. The contention in this study is that the rediscovery of the aspect of the spirit world of the New Testament message will go a long way towards resolving the problem of split-level Christianity in Africa. This task remains a theological imperative for New Testament scholarship in order for the church to present a holistic message to the masses of Africa and to demonstrate how the immanence of the Christian God in Jesus Christ through the power of the Holy Spirit, relates to the daily needs of spirit-sensitive Africans – a message that Luke tried so hard to convey to his readers in the first century. / Thesis (PhD (New Testament Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / New Testament Studies / unrestricted

This dissertation can be summarized as follows: ethnocentrism occurs because there is a lack of insight to the fact that religion is socially taught. Ethnocentrism should not be enforced on our understanding of other cultures. A comparative study was done between African witchcraft and the Greek evil eye to see if these two cultures still believe in what Westerners term superstitions, due to similar reasons. The study illustrated that these cultures still believe in these so-called superstitions because similar reasons. The study also showed that both these cultures experienced ethnocentrism from Western scholars’ who believe that the practice of witchcraft and the evil are primitive superstitions instead of a different reality to the their own. Greeks and Africans are socially taught to believe in the evil eye and witchcraft respectively. For the Greek people Satan is a real being, with supernatural powers, which can influence the ability of some people to cause malicious harm to other people by looking at them with an evil eye. Such maliciousness is despised and Greek people neither want to have the evil eye put on them or their families, nor do they want to be accused of putting the evil eye on others. The evil eye controls the social interaction of people’s behaviour, making people suspicious of one another. For African people witchcraft and the demonic are a reality that threatens their daily lives. African people live in constant fear of being bewitched. If an African person identifies the person who has bewitched them or their family they may take violent revenge on the accused witch, sometimes leading to the witches’ death. Witchcraft controls the social interaction of peoples’ behaviour, making people suspicious of one another. What some Western scholars fail to realize is that Westerners are socially taught to believe that the evil eye and witchcraft are superstitions. Westerners are socially taught to believe in Satan as a symbol of evil, rather than as an actual being. In the West it is considered primitive to believe in so-called superstitions of any kind as it is believed that what causes these so-called superstitions is a lack of modern (education) medicine. Westerners prefer to solve what some would call the supernatural by looking to science for logical explanations for such occurrences. / Dissertation (MA(Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Practical Theology / Unrestricted

This thesis examines how the devil is depcicted and characterized in Nikolai Gogol's Dead Souls, Mikhail Bulgakov's The Master and Margarita, and Revelation 12-13. By exploring their respective historical situations, I connect how all three depictions are linked to satire; however, I reflect upon the differences between the literary and religious, most notably the grotesque physical portrayals and allusory nature of Revelation. The three texts are given their own sections, each divided into three parts: historical situation, textual analysis, and literary commentary. From this analysis, it is shown that the devil carries with them a history of sins within great societies and within individual humans. It is through understanding the literary devil that the power of these sins can be understood, and by studying the literature, there is hope that we can recognize and be ready for when the devil returns to society.