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A high-fat bologna was formulated to contain 30%fat/10% added water (AW). Three low-fat treatments were formulated to contain 10%fat/30%AW. Lean and fat trim for the low-fat treatments (2, 3, and 4) were combined and minced before massaging intermittently (10 min on/20 min off) for 0, 2.5 and 5.0 h, respectively. Massaging improved (P<0.05) sensory cohesiveness scores and decreased particle definition. However, the high-fat control was the most cohesive, firmest and least juicy (P<0.05). Instron Texture Profile Analysis indicated that massaging increased cohesiveness (P<0.05) and tended to increase springiness. There were no differences (P>0.05) in hardness or fracturability among the low-fat treatments. The high-fat bologna was the hardest, least cohesive, and least springy P<O.05. / Master of Science

Parasitological and selected microbiological safety aspects of Nham (Thai-style fermented pork sausage) were evaluated. Pork meat from pigs experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis was divided into 4 portions; 3 portions were frozen at -23°C for 12, 18 and 24 hours before they were made into Nham. The formula for fermented sausage included 3% w/w NaCl and garlic, 0.015% each of NaN0₂ and NaNO₃, and either 1.0 or 1.5% w/w commercial starter culture. Fermentation was at 30°C for 96 hours. The higher level of starter culture resulted in faster acid production but no difference in the maximum number of lactic acid bacteria attained. Infected pork, after being frozen for 24 hours, was still found to cause a low level of parasitism. However, the corresponding fermented samples were noninfective. Use of 1.0% starter culture and 12 hours freezing of meat prior to grinding rendered trichinae larvae noninfective after 2 days of sausage fermentation. Staphylococcus aureus (10³ cells per g) and Escherichia coli (10⁴ cells per g) were introduced into the ground pork in a series of experiments. Starter culture levels used were 0.75% and 1.5% by weight. Fermentation without starter culture stabilized the numbers of E. coli but permitted slow multiplication of S. aureus. Adding starter culture at either level increased the rate of acid production during the initial days, resulting in a faster drop in pH and a decline in numbers of both S. aureus and E. coli. After 36 and 48 hours, viable S. aureus were not recovered from products with 1.5% and 0.75% starter culture, respectively. E. coli disappeared from sausages with 1.5% starter culture after 96 hours but persisted at low numbers when the lower level of starter culture was used. The rapid direct plating technique (RPT) for enumeration of E. coli was compared to the two standard methods generally used: plating on Violet Red Bile Agar (VRBA) and Host Probable Number (MPN). Total coliforms from 43 fermented pork sausages were enumerated. The RPT gave data highly correlated to those from VRBA but with a significantly lower correlation to MPN. The regression line of loglO coliform counts from the RPT and VRBA had a slope of 0.76 and an intercept of 0.98. The MPN assay gave significantly higher (P=0.05) numbers than either the VRBA or the RPT. / Graduation date: 1986

Orientador: Daniela Cardoso Umbelino Cavallini / Banca: Carmen Silvia Fávaro Trindade / Banca: Elizeu Antonio Rossi / Banca: Juliana Neves Rodrigues Ract / Banca: Renata Tieko Nassu / Resumo: Embutidos fermentados, processados e consumidos sem aquecimento, são os produtos cárneos mais promissores para a veiculação de probióticos, entretanto, apresentam como desvantagens o alto teor de gordura, presença de nitrito e nitrato residual e de compostos potencialmente tóxicos, como as aminas bioativas. O presente trabalho estudou o efeito da utilização de bactérias láticas com propriedade hipolipemiante nas características tecnológicas, sensoriais e de segurança de um embutido cárneo fermentado, similar ao salame, com teores de gordura, nitrito e nitrato reduzidos. Os potenciais efeitos benéficos do produto foram investigados em um estudo in vitro. Duas cepas probióticas (Enterococcus faecium CRL183 e Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL1014) foram testadas, separadamente, como culturas iniciadoras. Os embutidos com baixo teor de gordura (redução de 60%) foram processados em seis formulações: 2 - culturas tradicionais sem redução de sais de cura (nitrito 0,015% e nitrato 0,005%); 3 - culturas tradicionais e teor reduzido de sais de cura (nitrito 0,007% e nitrato 0,003%); 4, 5, 6, 7 - culturas probióticas (E. faecium CRL183 e L. acidophilus CRL1014) com teores normais e reduzidos de sais de cura, respectivamente. Para efeito de comparação, um produto controle (1 - culturas tradicionais, sem redução de gordura e de sais de cura) também foi produzido. As culturas probióticas (Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 e Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL 1014) foram submetidas a testes preliminares para determinação da resistência às concentrações de sais de cura usualmente empregadas em produtos cárneos fermentados e avaliação da capacidade de produção de substâncias antimicrobianas pela técnica spot-on-lawn. A qualidade dos embutidos foi avaliada através de análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas, no início... / Abstract: Fermented sausages, processed and consumed without heating, are the most promising meat products for the placement of probiotics, however, have as disadvantages the high fat content and the presence of residual nitrite and nitrate and potentially toxic compounds, such as bioactive amines. This work studied the effect of using lactic acid bacteria with lipid lowering property in technological, sensory and safety characteristics of a fermented susage, similar to salami with fat, nitrite and nitrate reduced. The potential beneficial effects of the product were investigated in an in vitro study. Two probiotic strains (Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 and Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL 1014) were tested separately as starter cultures. The sausages with a low fat content (60% reduction) were processed in six treatments: 2 - traditional cultures with fat reduction and without curing salts reduction (nitrite and nitrate 0.015% 0.005%); 3 - traditional cultures with fat and curing salt reduction (nitrite and nitrate 0.007% 0.003%); 4, 5, 6, 7 - probiotic cultures (E. faecium CRL183 and L. acidophilus CRL1014) with fat reduction, without and with curing salt reduction, respectively. For comparison, a control product (1 - traditional cultures without fat and curing salts reduction) was also produced. Probiotic cultures (E. faecium CRL 183 and L. acidophilus CRL 1014) were submitted to preliminary tests to determine resistance to curing salt concentrations usually employed in fermented meat products and evaluation of antimicrobial substances production capacity by the spot-on-lawn technique. The quality of the sausages was evaluated by physical, chemical and microbiological analyzes at the beginning of processing and during periods of maturation and storage. Acceptance tests were performed every 30 days of storage, and a quantitative ... / Doutor

The purpose of this study was to assess factors that can influence the colour stability of fresh sausage products using a pork patty model system over a typical distribution and display period. Fresh sausage is usually sold in raw; and it should have minimum 7.5% meat protein and 9% total protein. Losses of meat quality were evidenced through the discolouration of meat, depletion of endogenous antioxidant activities, proliferation of spoilage microorganisms, and reduction in the meat redox potential. <p>Both ground pork and fresh pork patties were made from pork picnic shoulder. In the first study, the quality of both ground pork patties and fresh pork sausage patties decreased over time during storage at 4°C. The fresh sausages contained ingredients that could prolong their shelf life. The activities of these antioxidant enzymes in both ground pork and fresh sausage were depleted by day 5 of the display period. Ground pork, however, had significantly (p<0.05) higher activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant activity (TEAC) than fresh sausage due to the effect of the salt. Moreover, there was no significant treatment effect on microbial numbers but there was a significant (p<0.05) elevation of microbial colony forming units by day 5 of the display period. The elevation of microbial numbers by the end of the display period was consistent with the drop in redox potential that was measured near the surface of the patties at the end of the incubation period. <p>In the second study, there was no synergistic effect (p<0.05) between sodium erythorbate and lemon juice powder that were used to enhance colour stability during storage and display in terms of antioxidant activity, colour and microbiological profile. The addition of sodium erythorbate alone, however, had a significant effect (p<0.05) on catalase activity and a* values. In other words, this catalase activity was more effective in protecting against oxidation with the addition of sodium erythorbate so that the redness of the fresh sausages (a*values) was preserved. Furthermore, the combined addition of sodium erythorbate and lemon juice powder did not have any antimicrobial activity because there was no significant difference in total microbial counts (Brochothrix thermosphacta count and lactic acid bacteria) following the addition of those ingredients. The measurement of redox potential near the surface of fresh pork patties could not be conclusively correlated with the addition of non-meat ingredients or microbiological activity. However, the measurement of redox potential in the middle of fresh pork patties showed that the addition of sodium erythorbate lowered the redox of the fresh sausage B (0.05% sodium erythorbate) and D (0.25% lemon juice powder and 0.05% sodium erythorbate) compared to fresh sausage A (0.00% lemon juice powder and 0.00% sodium erythorbate).

The purpose of this study was to assess factors that can influence the colour stability of fresh sausage products using a pork patty model system over a typical distribution and display period. Fresh sausage is usually sold in raw; and it should have minimum 7.5% meat protein and 9% total protein. Losses of meat quality were evidenced through the discolouration of meat, depletion of endogenous antioxidant activities, proliferation of spoilage microorganisms, and reduction in the meat redox potential. <p>Both ground pork and fresh pork patties were made from pork picnic shoulder. In the first study, the quality of both ground pork patties and fresh pork sausage patties decreased over time during storage at 4°C. The fresh sausages contained ingredients that could prolong their shelf life. The activities of these antioxidant enzymes in both ground pork and fresh sausage were depleted by day 5 of the display period. Ground pork, however, had significantly (p<0.05) higher activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant activity (TEAC) than fresh sausage due to the effect of the salt. Moreover, there was no significant treatment effect on microbial numbers but there was a significant (p<0.05) elevation of microbial colony forming units by day 5 of the display period. The elevation of microbial numbers by the end of the display period was consistent with the drop in redox potential that was measured near the surface of the patties at the end of the incubation period. <p>In the second study, there was no synergistic effect (p<0.05) between sodium erythorbate and lemon juice powder that were used to enhance colour stability during storage and display in terms of antioxidant activity, colour and microbiological profile. The addition of sodium erythorbate alone, however, had a significant effect (p<0.05) on catalase activity and a* values. In other words, this catalase activity was more effective in protecting against oxidation with the addition of sodium erythorbate so that the redness of the fresh sausages (a*values) was preserved. Furthermore, the combined addition of sodium erythorbate and lemon juice powder did not have any antimicrobial activity because there was no significant difference in total microbial counts (Brochothrix thermosphacta count and lactic acid bacteria) following the addition of those ingredients. The measurement of redox potential near the surface of fresh pork patties could not be conclusively correlated with the addition of non-meat ingredients or microbiological activity. However, the measurement of redox potential in the middle of fresh pork patties showed that the addition of sodium erythorbate lowered the redox of the fresh sausage B (0.05% sodium erythorbate) and D (0.25% lemon juice powder and 0.05% sodium erythorbate) compared to fresh sausage A (0.00% lemon juice powder and 0.00% sodium erythorbate).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on April 11, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Hons.)) -- University of Western Sydney, 2001. / "Presented as a thesis for the partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Science (Hons) ... School of Science, Food and Horticulture, College of Science, Technology and Environment, the University of Western Sydney ... July 2001" Bibliography : leaves 106-119.