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In the linguistic study of humor, research has largely been centered around the formulation of models and theories or the dissecting and categorization of jokes. Because of the often difficult-to-categorize aspects of verbal jokes, much time has been spent trying to create taxonomies for humor types and mechanisms. Linguists such as Raskin and Attardo have sought to categorize all verbal humor according to various functional elements (Attardo & Raskin, 1991). Such elements include, but are not limited to, the logical mechanism that drives the humor in the joke or the situation where the joke takes place. These categorizations are helpful in understanding the potential components of a given joke. However, relatively few studies have sought to quantify and qualify the distribution of these components across real-world data. This study seeks to understand the distribution of some of these categorizations laid out by Raskin and Attardo across joke topics, namely pun wordplay and narrative strategy. To do this, an original 100,000 word joke corpus was designed and compiled consisting of four joke topics: Marriage, Politics, Animals, and Food. Through some manual sorting and Python programming, jokes were labeled according to wordplay strategy and narrative structure. A subsequent statistical analysis was carried out to determine whether there exists a pattern of specific joke strategies when dealing with children's humor versus adult humor.

The following is a study of what may be the most puzzling and yet, at the same time, most significant aspect of Kant's system: his theory of schemata. I will argue that Kant's commentators have failed to make sense of this aspect of Kant's philosophy. A host of questions have been left unanswered, and the doctrine remains a puzzle. While this study is not an attempt to construct a complete, satisfying account of the doctrine, it should be seen as a step somewhere on the road of doing so, leaving much work to be done. I will contend that one way that we may shed light on Kant's doctrine of schemata is to reconsider the manner in which Kant employs schemata in his mathematics. His use of the schemata there may provide some inkling into the nature of transcendental schemata and, in doing so, provide some hints at how the transcendental schemata allow our representations of objects to be subsumed under the pure concepts of the understanding. In many ways, then, the aims of the study are modest: instead of a grand-scale interpretation of Kant's philosophy, a detailed textual analysis and interpretation are presented of his doctrine of schemata. Instead of providing definitive answers, I will suggest clues as to how to begin to answer the questions that previous commentators have left unanswered about the doctrine. / Master of Arts

Schema integration is the task of integrating several local schemata into one global database schema. It is a complex, error-prone and time consuming task. Problems arise in recognizing and resolving problems, such as differences and similarities, between two schemata. Problems also arise in integrating static and dynamic schemata. In this thesis, three research topics are addressed: Maintaining Vocabulary in Schema Integration, Integration of Static Schemata and Integration of Static and Dynamic Schemata, while applying the notation in the Enterprise Modeling approach. In Maintaining Vocabulary in Schema Integration an analysis of what semantic loss is and why it occurs in schema integration is conducted. Semantic loss is a problem that should be avoided because both concepts and dependencies might be lost. In the thesis, it is argued that concepts and dependencies should be retained as long as possible in the schemata. This should facilitate user involvement since the users’ vocabulary is retained even after resolving similarities and differences between two schemata. In Integration of Static Schemata two methods are developed. These methods facilitate recognition and resolution of similarities and differences between two conceptual database schemata.  By applying the first method, problems between two schemata can be recognized that otherwise could pass unnoticed; by applying the second method, problems can be resolved without causing semantic loss by retaining concepts and dependencies in the schemata. In Integration of Static and Dynamic Schemata a method on how to integrate static and dynamic schemata is developed. In the method, focus is put on pre- and post-conditions and how to map these to states and state changes in the database. By applying the method, states that are important for the database can be designed and integrated into the conceptual database schema. Also, by applying the method, active database rules can be designed and integrated into the conceptual database schema.

Assim como as aplicações, as bases de dados evoluem ao longo do tempo. Esta evolução ocorre em função de alterações de cunho técnico ou por alterações na realidade modelada pela base de dados. Bases de dados semiestruturados, compostas por esquemas e documentos XML, são afetadas por esta evolução de uma maneira diversa daquela observada em bases de dados relacionais. Modificações em esquemas podem levar bases de dados semiestruturados a um estado inconsistente, pois as instâncias podem tornar-se incompatíveis com as definições mais recentes dos esquemas. Em bancos de dados relacionais, modificações que levem a base a um estado inválido são bloqueadas pelo sistema gerenciador. Em bases de dados semiestruturados sem um sistema gerenciador, modificações no esquema não podem ser bloqueadas em função das instâncias existentes, em função da ausência do gerenciador. Trabalhos acadêmicos e comerciais na área de evolução de esquemas XML modelam diferentes aspectos deste processo, mas usualmente não abordam o efeito que a evolução do esquema possui sobre as instâncias existentes. As soluções propostas para este problema usualmente demandam intervenção do administrador do banco de dados na adaptação das instâncias ou a utilização de uma interface específica para edição do esquema. Este trabalho especifica o X-Spread, um mecanismo automático para propagação de modificações em esquemas para documentos XML. O X-Spread monitora periodicamente esquemas XML, e ao identificar modificações em um esquema, inicia a revalidação dos documentos que referenciam o esquema modificado. A revalidação analisa somente as porções dos documentos correspondentes às porções modificadas no esquema. Documentos considerados inválidos no processo de revalidação serão submetidos ao processo de adaptação, a fim de tornarem-se novamente compatíveis com as definições do esquema. A arquitetura proposta para o X-Spread permite o seu emprego em diferentes cenários de utilização de bases de dados semiestruturados. A mesma arquitetura proposta para revalidação e adaptação de documentos XML é aplicável a mensagens XML trocadas entre aplicações através de uma rede de dados. Ao administrador do banco de dados semiestruturado é oferecida a flexibilidade de utilização de qualquer ferramenta desejada para edição do esquema, bem como a possibilidade de restringir conforme suas necessidades o conjunto de operações de revalidação e adaptação executadas pelo X-Spread. A principal contribuição do X-Spread é a modelagem de todas as fases do processo de evolução de esquemas e dos processos de revalidação e adaptação de documentos XML. O processos definidos aplicam-se a documentos armazenados em um servidor de arquivos e a documentos transmitidos entre diferentes aplicações através de uma rede de dados. / Like applications, databases evolve as time goes by. Evolution can occur due to technical changes or due to changes in the modeled reality. Semistructured databases, composed by schema and XML documents, are not affected by evolution as relational databases. Changes to semistructured schema can lead the database to an inconsistent state, since instances can become invalid with respect to the most recent schema definitions. Modifications that lead the database to an inconsistent state are blocked by the management system of relational databases. Semistructured databases with no management system can not have this kind of modification blocked due to the lack of management system. Academic and commercial research on XML schema evolution models different evolution aspects, but usually the effect that evolution has on existing database instances is not investigaed. When this effect is subject of investigation, the proposed solutions usually require database administrator intervention in the instance adaptation process or usage of an specific schema update interface. This work specifies X-Spread, an automatic mechanism for propagation of schema modification to XML documents. X-Spread periodically monitors XML schemata, and upon identification of changes, revalidation of documents with references to the changed schema is started. Revalidation takes into account only items in the document equivalent to items modified in the schema. Documents considered invalid during the revalidation process are subjected to the adaptation process, in order to become once again valid with respect to the schema. The X-Spread architecture supports different scenarios of semistructured databases usage. This architecture can also be used for revalidation and adaptation of XML messages exchanged by applications over a network. To the database administrator is offered the flexibility of choice on schema edit tool, as well as the ability to restrict the set of operations executed by X-Spread during the revalidation and adaptation processes. The main contribution of X-Spread is the modeling of all schema evolution phases as well as the XML document revalidation and adaptation processes modeling. These processes here defined are suitable to XML documents stored in a file server as well as XML messages exchanged by application over a network.

Assim como as aplicações, as bases de dados evoluem ao longo do tempo. Esta evolução ocorre em função de alterações de cunho técnico ou por alterações na realidade modelada pela base de dados. Bases de dados semiestruturados, compostas por esquemas e documentos XML, são afetadas por esta evolução de uma maneira diversa daquela observada em bases de dados relacionais. Modificações em esquemas podem levar bases de dados semiestruturados a um estado inconsistente, pois as instâncias podem tornar-se incompatíveis com as definições mais recentes dos esquemas. Em bancos de dados relacionais, modificações que levem a base a um estado inválido são bloqueadas pelo sistema gerenciador. Em bases de dados semiestruturados sem um sistema gerenciador, modificações no esquema não podem ser bloqueadas em função das instâncias existentes, em função da ausência do gerenciador. Trabalhos acadêmicos e comerciais na área de evolução de esquemas XML modelam diferentes aspectos deste processo, mas usualmente não abordam o efeito que a evolução do esquema possui sobre as instâncias existentes. As soluções propostas para este problema usualmente demandam intervenção do administrador do banco de dados na adaptação das instâncias ou a utilização de uma interface específica para edição do esquema. Este trabalho especifica o X-Spread, um mecanismo automático para propagação de modificações em esquemas para documentos XML. O X-Spread monitora periodicamente esquemas XML, e ao identificar modificações em um esquema, inicia a revalidação dos documentos que referenciam o esquema modificado. A revalidação analisa somente as porções dos documentos correspondentes às porções modificadas no esquema. Documentos considerados inválidos no processo de revalidação serão submetidos ao processo de adaptação, a fim de tornarem-se novamente compatíveis com as definições do esquema. A arquitetura proposta para o X-Spread permite o seu emprego em diferentes cenários de utilização de bases de dados semiestruturados. A mesma arquitetura proposta para revalidação e adaptação de documentos XML é aplicável a mensagens XML trocadas entre aplicações através de uma rede de dados. Ao administrador do banco de dados semiestruturado é oferecida a flexibilidade de utilização de qualquer ferramenta desejada para edição do esquema, bem como a possibilidade de restringir conforme suas necessidades o conjunto de operações de revalidação e adaptação executadas pelo X-Spread. A principal contribuição do X-Spread é a modelagem de todas as fases do processo de evolução de esquemas e dos processos de revalidação e adaptação de documentos XML. O processos definidos aplicam-se a documentos armazenados em um servidor de arquivos e a documentos transmitidos entre diferentes aplicações através de uma rede de dados. / Like applications, databases evolve as time goes by. Evolution can occur due to technical changes or due to changes in the modeled reality. Semistructured databases, composed by schema and XML documents, are not affected by evolution as relational databases. Changes to semistructured schema can lead the database to an inconsistent state, since instances can become invalid with respect to the most recent schema definitions. Modifications that lead the database to an inconsistent state are blocked by the management system of relational databases. Semistructured databases with no management system can not have this kind of modification blocked due to the lack of management system. Academic and commercial research on XML schema evolution models different evolution aspects, but usually the effect that evolution has on existing database instances is not investigaed. When this effect is subject of investigation, the proposed solutions usually require database administrator intervention in the instance adaptation process or usage of an specific schema update interface. This work specifies X-Spread, an automatic mechanism for propagation of schema modification to XML documents. X-Spread periodically monitors XML schemata, and upon identification of changes, revalidation of documents with references to the changed schema is started. Revalidation takes into account only items in the document equivalent to items modified in the schema. Documents considered invalid during the revalidation process are subjected to the adaptation process, in order to become once again valid with respect to the schema. The X-Spread architecture supports different scenarios of semistructured databases usage. This architecture can also be used for revalidation and adaptation of XML messages exchanged by applications over a network. To the database administrator is offered the flexibility of choice on schema edit tool, as well as the ability to restrict the set of operations executed by X-Spread during the revalidation and adaptation processes. The main contribution of X-Spread is the modeling of all schema evolution phases as well as the XML document revalidation and adaptation processes modeling. These processes here defined are suitable to XML documents stored in a file server as well as XML messages exchanged by application over a network.

Assim como as aplicações, as bases de dados evoluem ao longo do tempo. Esta evolução ocorre em função de alterações de cunho técnico ou por alterações na realidade modelada pela base de dados. Bases de dados semiestruturados, compostas por esquemas e documentos XML, são afetadas por esta evolução de uma maneira diversa daquela observada em bases de dados relacionais. Modificações em esquemas podem levar bases de dados semiestruturados a um estado inconsistente, pois as instâncias podem tornar-se incompatíveis com as definições mais recentes dos esquemas. Em bancos de dados relacionais, modificações que levem a base a um estado inválido são bloqueadas pelo sistema gerenciador. Em bases de dados semiestruturados sem um sistema gerenciador, modificações no esquema não podem ser bloqueadas em função das instâncias existentes, em função da ausência do gerenciador. Trabalhos acadêmicos e comerciais na área de evolução de esquemas XML modelam diferentes aspectos deste processo, mas usualmente não abordam o efeito que a evolução do esquema possui sobre as instâncias existentes. As soluções propostas para este problema usualmente demandam intervenção do administrador do banco de dados na adaptação das instâncias ou a utilização de uma interface específica para edição do esquema. Este trabalho especifica o X-Spread, um mecanismo automático para propagação de modificações em esquemas para documentos XML. O X-Spread monitora periodicamente esquemas XML, e ao identificar modificações em um esquema, inicia a revalidação dos documentos que referenciam o esquema modificado. A revalidação analisa somente as porções dos documentos correspondentes às porções modificadas no esquema. Documentos considerados inválidos no processo de revalidação serão submetidos ao processo de adaptação, a fim de tornarem-se novamente compatíveis com as definições do esquema. A arquitetura proposta para o X-Spread permite o seu emprego em diferentes cenários de utilização de bases de dados semiestruturados. A mesma arquitetura proposta para revalidação e adaptação de documentos XML é aplicável a mensagens XML trocadas entre aplicações através de uma rede de dados. Ao administrador do banco de dados semiestruturado é oferecida a flexibilidade de utilização de qualquer ferramenta desejada para edição do esquema, bem como a possibilidade de restringir conforme suas necessidades o conjunto de operações de revalidação e adaptação executadas pelo X-Spread. A principal contribuição do X-Spread é a modelagem de todas as fases do processo de evolução de esquemas e dos processos de revalidação e adaptação de documentos XML. O processos definidos aplicam-se a documentos armazenados em um servidor de arquivos e a documentos transmitidos entre diferentes aplicações através de uma rede de dados. / Like applications, databases evolve as time goes by. Evolution can occur due to technical changes or due to changes in the modeled reality. Semistructured databases, composed by schema and XML documents, are not affected by evolution as relational databases. Changes to semistructured schema can lead the database to an inconsistent state, since instances can become invalid with respect to the most recent schema definitions. Modifications that lead the database to an inconsistent state are blocked by the management system of relational databases. Semistructured databases with no management system can not have this kind of modification blocked due to the lack of management system. Academic and commercial research on XML schema evolution models different evolution aspects, but usually the effect that evolution has on existing database instances is not investigaed. When this effect is subject of investigation, the proposed solutions usually require database administrator intervention in the instance adaptation process or usage of an specific schema update interface. This work specifies X-Spread, an automatic mechanism for propagation of schema modification to XML documents. X-Spread periodically monitors XML schemata, and upon identification of changes, revalidation of documents with references to the changed schema is started. Revalidation takes into account only items in the document equivalent to items modified in the schema. Documents considered invalid during the revalidation process are subjected to the adaptation process, in order to become once again valid with respect to the schema. The X-Spread architecture supports different scenarios of semistructured databases usage. This architecture can also be used for revalidation and adaptation of XML messages exchanged by applications over a network. To the database administrator is offered the flexibility of choice on schema edit tool, as well as the ability to restrict the set of operations executed by X-Spread during the revalidation and adaptation processes. The main contribution of X-Spread is the modeling of all schema evolution phases as well as the XML document revalidation and adaptation processes modeling. These processes here defined are suitable to XML documents stored in a file server as well as XML messages exchanged by application over a network.

Diese Untersuchung beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, welche Krankheitskonzepte depressiven Patienten (ICD-10) und ihre Partnern haben und welche Behandlungs-erfahrungen gemacht wurden. Das Ziel der Untersuchung besteht darin, auf der Grundlage einer ressourcenorientierten explorativen Sichtweise die rehabilitativen Möglichkeiten für depressive Patienten und ihre Partner zu erweitern und geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede einzubeziehen. Die Forschung zur Compliance macht deutlich, dass die Übereinstimmung der Krankheitskonzepte die Behandlungsergebnisse entscheidend verbessern kann. Es wurde den Fragen nachgegangen, worin sich die Attributionen auf Krankheitsursachen bei Patienten und ihren Partnern unterscheiden und welche Auswirkungen sich für das partnerschaftliche Unterstützungsverhalten ergeben. Zudem wurden die motiva-tionalen Schemata auf der Grundlage der Konsistenztheorie (Grawe, 1998; 2004) erhoben, Geschlechtsunterschiede und die Partnerschaftsqualität beachtet. Als Theorien wurden zum Beispiel die Theorie der wahrgenommenen Verantwortlichkeit (Weiner, 1986) und der gelernten Hilflosigkeit (Seligman, 1975; Abramson, Seligman & Teasdale, 1978) und daraus Fragestellungen entwickelt. Diese Arbeit hat sich die Aufgabe gestellt, die persönlichen Besonderheiten der depressiven Patienten und ihrer Partner zu beachten. Die Methodik besteht aus einem semistrukturierten qualitativen Interview sowie standardisierten Fragebögen. Es wurden 46 depressive Patienten und 46 Partner einer Psychiatrie- und Psychotherapiestation untersucht. Es konnten verschiedene Zusammenhänge zwischen der Partnerschaftsqualität, der partnerschaftlichen Unterstützung, den Einstellungen und motivationalen Schemata gefunden werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass geschlechtsspezifische Unter-schiede bei Patienten und Partnern viel stärker in der Therapie beachtet werden sollten. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich innerhalb der diagnostischen Zuord-nung einer Depression sehr verschiedene individuelle Krankheitskonzepte bei Patienten und bei den Partnern ergeben. Es lassen sich jedoch auch Probleme aufzeigen, die mit einem leitlinienorientierten Vorgehen in der Psychotherapie verbunden sind. Die qualitative Befragung konnte innere Prozesse und Entwicklungen gut sichtbar machen, die quantitative Methodik der Fragebögen bildete Status und überdauernde Motive gut ab. Mögliche Anwendungen und Impli-kationen für die klinische Praxis sowie die Einbeziehung der Partner werden diskutiert. / This study is employed with the questions what kind of illness representations and experiences of examination are generated by depressive patients (ICD-10) and their partners. The goal is existed in finding more possibilities in rehabilitation and therapy for the couples are based on resources and sex differences. The research of compliance comes to the resolution that the agreement in illness representations is able to improve the outcomes of therapy. Therefore, the questions are, which differences in illness representations by patients and partners, expectations, solutions of support by the couples, males and females can be found and what are the consequences for compliance and their relationship. Then, the motivational schemata based on the consistence-theory (Grawe, 1998; 2004) were considered. On basic were included the theories of perceived responsibility (Weiner, 1986) and learned helplessness (Seligman, 1975; Abramson, Seligman & Teasdale, 1978) and then developed individual questions. The method is a mixed design in qualitative (semi-structured interview) and quantitative instruments (tests). Data are used from 92 persons, 46 patients they are in clinical treatment and their partners. There are found that quality of partnership is associated with support, the expectations, attitudes and individual motivational schemata of the persons. Sex differences should be stronger observed in treatment. Turns out, into the notation “depression”, there are different individual illness representations of patients and their partners. The application of guideline-oriented procedures in psychotherapy has been criticized. Qualitative interviews were appropriate to describe processes and developments, quantitative tests were appropriate to expose the status and outlasting motives. Results are presented in terms of their implications for supporting treatment and involving partners into this process.

The goal of this work is to design a model of episodic memory for virtual agents capable of creating false memories and implement its prototype. The model architecture is inspired by present day knowledge about human episodic memory. Core structures in our model are the chronobags storing details of experienced episodes, and the schemabag storing the general scripts for all experienced events. The episodes are stored in the form of AND-OR trees and it is possible to derive missing details from the stored scripts during recall. We followed the work of Burkert and implemented a prototype of designed memory model in Java using the Pogamut 3 Framework. The model is parameterizable and it is evaluated in several experiments. In these experiments we looked on the trends in correct and incorrect recalls over time and we simulated the experiment demonstrating existence of room schemata. We compared the results produced by our model with the data from psychological researches and we showed that our model can produce false memories similar to false memories recollected by humans.