Thesis (M. Tech. (Food Service Management, Dept. of Hospitality and Tourism)--Vaal University of Technology / Most of the world's children between 5 and 15 years of age attend school, though many do so under difficult circumstances. A large percentage of school children is underfed and poorly nourished (Engelbrecht 2005: l; Worsley 2005:135; DoE 2004:1). The aim of the Joint Aid Management (JAM) school-feeding programme was to reduce malnutrition by providing a mid-morning snack to alleviate short-term hunger, support nutrient intake, enhance active learning capacities and improve school attendance (JAM 2004:4). The equivalent of lOOg raw com-soya blend (CSB) was to be provided to the children on a daily basis. The main objective of this study was to determine the sustainability of CSB porridge use in the Orange Farms school-feeding programme. Regulatory compliance and product acceptability over time was addressed. Adjustments to the ratio of ingredients and portion size (83g) of the porridge served were calculated within practical limitations. The South African school feeding guidelines indicated that 25 percent of the energy needs for the 7-1 0 year olds, and 20 percent for the 11-14 year olds should be provided; while JAM indicated that 70 percent of the RDA recommendations (according to UNICEF 2002) should be provided by the product. A comparison between the applicable RDA for gender and age against daily dietary intake (habitual intake plus CSB porridge)revealed that the needs for vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin, folate, iron and zinc have been met, while calcium could not be provided in full. The needs for vitamins C and Bl2 were provided for in full through the CSB intake. Overall, the CSB intake made a substantial contribution to nutritive intake. Both the perceptions for taste (Reitumetse 75-80% and Sinqobile 88-83%) and texture (Reitumetse 74-82% and Sinqobile 71-78%) increased over time. As several learners (25%) consumed second servings twice (34%) but up to five times a week (21%), it can be assumed that the additional nutrient intake benefited the neediest children the most. It is recommended that CSB porridge should be introduced in areas where the dietary intake is compromised. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

Introdução A gestão dos recursos financeiros do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) destinados à aquisição de alimentos, incluindo produtos da agricultura familiar, pode ser realizada de forma centralizada (pelo estado ou prefeitura), escolarizada (pela escola), ou mista (estado ou prefeitura e a escola). Objetivo Descrever e analisar as características da implementação da compra da agricultura familiar, de acordo com as modalidades de gestão do Programa de Alimentação Escolar e características dos municípios do estado de São Paulo. Métodos Estudo descritivo transversal, com análise quantitativa, envolvendo uma amostra de 25 municípios de São Paulo que compraram produtos da agricultura familiar em 2012 para a alimentação escolar. Em 2013, foram realizadas entrevistas com a autoridade escolar e uma merendeira das 105 escolas sorteadas nesses municípios. Foram analisadas as características da implementação da compra da agricultura familiar relacionadas ao conhecimento da Lei 11.947/2009 e divulgação do processo de compras com a comunidade escolar, ao apoio institucional, à entrega e variedade dos alimentos. Para a descrição da implementação foram utilizadas frequências absolutas e relativas e, para verificar associação, o Teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Teste exato de Fisher, com nível de significância de p<0,05. Resultados - Dos 25 municípios, 20 (80 por cento ) tinham gestão centralizada e 5 (20 por cento ) gestão escolarizada ou mista. Sobre a implementação da compra da agricultura familiar e as modalidades de gestão do PNAE, o percentual de responsáveis escolares que conheciam a Lei 11.947/2009 foi maior na gestão centralizada (p=0,010); o percentual de divulgação do processo de compras nas escolas foi maior na gestão escolarizada ou mista (p=0,010); não foi encontrada associação entre ações de apoio institucional e a gestão do PNAE; apenas 35 por cento dos municípios de gestão centralizada atingiram a utilização mínima de 30 por cento dos recursos do PNAE com a compra da agricultura familiar, enquanto todos de gestão escolarizada ou mista atingiram o mínimo (p=0,015). Sobre a implementação e características dos municípios, foram encontradas as seguintes associações: divulgação do processo de compras nas escolas com o número de alunos (p=0,038) e o PIB do município (p=0,020); orientação sobre o manejo dos alimentos ao responsável escolar e porte municipal (p=0,011), número de escolas públicas (p=0,040) e PIB (p=0,003); ocorrência de treinamento com merendeiras e porte do município (p=0,005); maior variedade de alimentos recebidos da agricultura familiar e o porte (p=0,027), número de alunos (p=0,025), área territorial (p=0,025) e IDHM (p=0,001). A utilização do mínimo de 30 por cento dos recursos do PNAE na compra da agricultura familiar foi associada com: divulgação do processo de compras da agricultura familiar (p=0,003), realização de melhorias na estrutura da cozinha (p=0,039), treinamento com merendeiras (p=0,020) e maior variedade de alimentos da agricultura familiar recebidos nas escolas (p=0,004); não houve associação com características municipais. Conclusões A gestão centralizada da alimentação escolar foi a mais prevalente nos municípios de São Paulo. Algumas características da implementação da compra da agricultura familiar para a alimentação escolar foram associadas ao tipo de gestão do PNAE e a características dos municípios / Introduction- The financial resources of the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) for the purchase of food, including products from family farming, can be managed centrally (by the State or city government), school-based, or mixed (State or city manager and school). Objective - To describe and analyze the characteristics of the implementation of the purchasing from family farming, according to the management modalities of the School Feeding Program and the characteristics of municipalities of São Paulo state. Methods - Descriptive cross-sectional study with quantitative analysis, involving a sample of 25 municipalities in São Paulo, who have purchased products from family farming in 2012 for school feeding purposes. In 2013, interviews were conducted with the school authority and a school cook of 105 schools in those municipalities. Were analyzed characteristics of the implementation of the purchase of family farming related to the knowledge of Law 11.947/2009 and dissemination of the purchasing process with the school community, institutional support, delivery and variety of food. For the description of the implementation, absolute and relative frequencies were used and, to verify association, Chi-square test and Fisher\'s exact test, with significance level of p<0,05. Results Out of the 25 municipalities, 20 (80 per cent ) had centralized management of school feeding and 5 (20 per cent ) had school or mixed management. Regarding the implementation of the purchase and the modalities of management of PNAE, the percentage of school leaders who knew the Law 11.947 /2009 was higher in centralized management (p =0,010); the percentage of disclosure of the purchasing process was higher in school or mixed management (p=0,010); there was no association between institutional support actions and PNAE management; only 35 per cent of the centrally managed municipalities reached the 30 per cent minimum use of resources from PNAE with the acquisition from family farming, while all of the school or mixed management reached the minimum (p=0,015). About the implementation and characteristics of the municipalities, the following associations were found: dissemination of the purchasing process with the number of students (p=0,038) and the municipality\'s Gross Domestic Product (p = 0,020); guidance on food management to the school leaders and the population of the municipality (p = 0,011), number of public schools (p = 0,040) and GDP (p=0,003); occurrence of training with school cooks and the population of the municipality (p=0,005); greater variety of food from family farming and the population (p=0,027), number of students (p =0,025), territorial area (p=0,025) and the Municipal Human Development Index (p=0,001). The 30 per cent minimum use of resources with the acquisition from family farming was associated with: dissemination of the family farming purchasing process (p =0,003), improvements in kitchen structure (p =0,039), training with school cook (p=0,020) and greater variety of food from family farming (p =0,004); there was no association with municipal characteristics. Conclusions - The centralized management of school feeding was the most prevalent in the municipalities of São Paulo. Some characteristics of the implementation of the purchase from family farming were associated with the kind of management of PNAE and the characteristics of the municipalities

Introdução A gestão dos recursos financeiros do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) destinados à aquisição de alimentos, incluindo produtos da agricultura familiar, pode ser realizada de forma centralizada (pelo estado ou prefeitura), escolarizada (pela escola), ou mista (estado ou prefeitura e a escola). Objetivo Descrever e analisar as características da implementação da compra da agricultura familiar, de acordo com as modalidades de gestão do Programa de Alimentação Escolar e características dos municípios do estado de São Paulo. Métodos Estudo descritivo transversal, com análise quantitativa, envolvendo uma amostra de 25 municípios de São Paulo que compraram produtos da agricultura familiar em 2012 para a alimentação escolar. Em 2013, foram realizadas entrevistas com a autoridade escolar e uma merendeira das 105 escolas sorteadas nesses municípios. Foram analisadas as características da implementação da compra da agricultura familiar relacionadas ao conhecimento da Lei 11.947/2009 e divulgação do processo de compras com a comunidade escolar, ao apoio institucional, à entrega e variedade dos alimentos. Para a descrição da implementação foram utilizadas frequências absolutas e relativas e, para verificar associação, o Teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Teste exato de Fisher, com nível de significância de p<0,05. Resultados - Dos 25 municípios, 20 (80 por cento ) tinham gestão centralizada e 5 (20 por cento ) gestão escolarizada ou mista. Sobre a implementação da compra da agricultura familiar e as modalidades de gestão do PNAE, o percentual de responsáveis escolares que conheciam a Lei 11.947/2009 foi maior na gestão centralizada (p=0,010); o percentual de divulgação do processo de compras nas escolas foi maior na gestão escolarizada ou mista (p=0,010); não foi encontrada associação entre ações de apoio institucional e a gestão do PNAE; apenas 35 por cento dos municípios de gestão centralizada atingiram a utilização mínima de 30 por cento dos recursos do PNAE com a compra da agricultura familiar, enquanto todos de gestão escolarizada ou mista atingiram o mínimo (p=0,015). Sobre a implementação e características dos municípios, foram encontradas as seguintes associações: divulgação do processo de compras nas escolas com o número de alunos (p=0,038) e o PIB do município (p=0,020); orientação sobre o manejo dos alimentos ao responsável escolar e porte municipal (p=0,011), número de escolas públicas (p=0,040) e PIB (p=0,003); ocorrência de treinamento com merendeiras e porte do município (p=0,005); maior variedade de alimentos recebidos da agricultura familiar e o porte (p=0,027), número de alunos (p=0,025), área territorial (p=0,025) e IDHM (p=0,001). A utilização do mínimo de 30 por cento dos recursos do PNAE na compra da agricultura familiar foi associada com: divulgação do processo de compras da agricultura familiar (p=0,003), realização de melhorias na estrutura da cozinha (p=0,039), treinamento com merendeiras (p=0,020) e maior variedade de alimentos da agricultura familiar recebidos nas escolas (p=0,004); não houve associação com características municipais. Conclusões A gestão centralizada da alimentação escolar foi a mais prevalente nos municípios de São Paulo. Algumas características da implementação da compra da agricultura familiar para a alimentação escolar foram associadas ao tipo de gestão do PNAE e a características dos municípios / Introduction- The financial resources of the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) for the purchase of food, including products from family farming, can be managed centrally (by the State or city government), school-based, or mixed (State or city manager and school). Objective - To describe and analyze the characteristics of the implementation of the purchasing from family farming, according to the management modalities of the School Feeding Program and the characteristics of municipalities of São Paulo state. Methods - Descriptive cross-sectional study with quantitative analysis, involving a sample of 25 municipalities in São Paulo, who have purchased products from family farming in 2012 for school feeding purposes. In 2013, interviews were conducted with the school authority and a school cook of 105 schools in those municipalities. Were analyzed characteristics of the implementation of the purchase of family farming related to the knowledge of Law 11.947/2009 and dissemination of the purchasing process with the school community, institutional support, delivery and variety of food. For the description of the implementation, absolute and relative frequencies were used and, to verify association, Chi-square test and Fisher\'s exact test, with significance level of p<0,05. Results Out of the 25 municipalities, 20 (80 per cent ) had centralized management of school feeding and 5 (20 per cent ) had school or mixed management. Regarding the implementation of the purchase and the modalities of management of PNAE, the percentage of school leaders who knew the Law 11.947 /2009 was higher in centralized management (p =0,010); the percentage of disclosure of the purchasing process was higher in school or mixed management (p=0,010); there was no association between institutional support actions and PNAE management; only 35 per cent of the centrally managed municipalities reached the 30 per cent minimum use of resources from PNAE with the acquisition from family farming, while all of the school or mixed management reached the minimum (p=0,015). About the implementation and characteristics of the municipalities, the following associations were found: dissemination of the purchasing process with the number of students (p=0,038) and the municipality\'s Gross Domestic Product (p = 0,020); guidance on food management to the school leaders and the population of the municipality (p = 0,011), number of public schools (p = 0,040) and GDP (p=0,003); occurrence of training with school cooks and the population of the municipality (p=0,005); greater variety of food from family farming and the population (p=0,027), number of students (p =0,025), territorial area (p=0,025) and the Municipal Human Development Index (p=0,001). The 30 per cent minimum use of resources with the acquisition from family farming was associated with: dissemination of the family farming purchasing process (p =0,003), improvements in kitchen structure (p =0,039), training with school cook (p=0,020) and greater variety of food from family farming (p =0,004); there was no association with municipal characteristics. Conclusions - The centralized management of school feeding was the most prevalent in the municipalities of São Paulo. Some characteristics of the implementation of the purchase from family farming were associated with the kind of management of PNAE and the characteristics of the municipalities

Introdução: O Governo Federal aprovou a Lei 11.947 de junho de 2009, a qual dispõe sobre o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) e consolida a sua vinculação com a agricultura familiar (AF). Esta legislação prevê que do total dos recursos financeiros repassados pelo governo federal aos estados e municípios, no mínimo 30% deverão ser utilizados na aquisição de produtos alimentícios diretamente da AF e do empreendedor familiar rural e que esta aquisição poderá ser realizada dispensando-se o procedimento licitatório. A operacionalização desta política é um processo complexo, posto que envolve distintos setores do governo e da sociedade, além de fatores territoriais, os quais juntos podem facilitar ou dificultar para que esta vinculação tenha sucesso. Objetivo: Descrever a prevalência da compra direta da AF para o PNAE e analisar os fatores associados à sua implementação. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo transversal. Foram analisados dados coletados na pesquisa O encontro entre o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) e a agricultura familiar: avaliação do processo de implementação e dos possíveis efeitos das compras locais, segundo a lei 11.947/2009, o qual avaliou 38 municípios do estado de São Paulo (25 que compraram da AF e 13 que não compraram). Variáveis sobre características socioeconômicas dos municípios e de gestão do PNAE, divulgação do processo de compras da AF para o PNAE, apoio institucional para a implementação das compras da AF, planejamento do cardápio, condições das escolas para implementação das compras da AF e compra da AF foram analisadas. Para descrição da compra da AF, foram utilizadas proporções; para verificação de associação, foram utilizados teste exato de Fisher e teste de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney; o nível de significância estatística foi de p0,05. Resultados: Municípios nos quais existiam projetos ou ações da prefeitura dirigidos aos agricultores familiares para apoiar o processo de implementação das compras da AF (p=0,02) e nos quais todas as escolas apresentavam merendeiras em número suficiente para manipulação e preparo dos alimentos da AF (p=0,03) apresentaram associação com a compra direta da AF para o PNAE. Dos municípios estudados 40% utilizaram no mínimo 30% dos recursos repassados na compra de alimentos da AF; compraram de agricultores familiares do mesmo município 64% dos municípios; tinham todas as escolas com condições adequadas para receber, armazenar e preparar os alimentos da AF 36% dos municípios; apoiaram aos agricultores familiares na logística de entrega dos produtos 64% dos municípios; avaliaram a qualidade geral dos alimentos da AF como de ótima ou boa 92% dos municípios; melhorias na adesão às refeições por parte dos escolares e da qualidade das refeições foram relatadas pelos nutricionistas na maioria dos municípios (56% e 80%, respectivamente). Conclusões: O apoio institucional aos agricultores familiares por meio de projetos ou ações que facilitem sua vinculação com o PNAE é um fator crucial para o sucesso da implementação das compras da agricultura familiar. Avaliar as condições das cozinhas das escolas para o recebimento e preparo dos de alimentos da agricultura familiar é prioritário. / Introduction: The federal government of Brazil approved the Law 11.947, which establishes standards for the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) and consolidates its relationship with the family farming (FF). The law states that the total financial resources allocated by the federal government to states and municipalities for school meals at least 30 per cent should be used to purchase products directly from FF and that this acquisition can be performed dispensing with the bidding process. The implementation of this initiative is a complex process because it involves different sectors of government and society, and territorial factors, which may allow or hinder the success of this binding. Objective: This study aims to describe the prevalence of direct purchase of AF for the PNAE and analyze some of the factors that may be related Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Were analyzed data collected in the survey: \"The meeting of the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) and the family farming: evaluation of the implementation process and the possible effects of local purchases, according to law 11.947/2009\", which evaluated 38 municipalities in the São Paulo state (25 who bought from FF and 13 who not bought). Socio-economic characteristics of the municipalities and management of PNAE, divulgation of purchasing process, institutional support for the implementation of FF purchases, menu planning, infrastructure conditions of kitchens and staff capacity on the schools for store and prepare the products from FF were analyzed. For a description of the FF purchase, were used proportions; for verification of association, were used Fisher\'s exact test and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test; the level of statistical significance was set at p 0.05. Results: Municipalities where had projects or share directed to family farmers to support the process of implementation of FF purchases (p = 0.02) and where all schools had staff in sufficient number for handling foods from FF (p = 0.03) were associated with the direct purchase from FF to PNAE. 40 per cent of municipalities have used at least 30 per cent of the funds transferred to purchase foods from FF; 64 per cent of municipalities bought from family farmers the same municipality; Only 36 per cent of municipalities had all schools with adequate conditions for receiving, storing and preparing foods from FF; 64 per cent of the municipalities supported farmers in the delivery logistics of products; 92 per cent of the municipalities assessed the overall quality the foods from FF of as excellent or good; improvements in adherence to meals by the school and the quality of the meals were reported by nutritionists in most municipalities (56 per cent and 80 per cent , respectively). Conclusions: Institutional support to family farmers through projects or actions to facilitate their connection with the PNAE is a crucial factor for the successful implementation of purchases of family farming. Assess the conditions of school kitchens for receiving, storing and preparing the family farming foods is high-priority.

The School Feeding programs find to generate benefits to students, are nutritional, through the partial supply of nutritional requirements and prevent truancy, and provide greater social interaction between teachers, students and school community. However, in order to contribute to the discussion about the School Feeding Program, this dissertation presents two articles: the first it is a narrative review, which discusses the current situation of the School Feeding programs in Latin America, of which we sought identify: type of coverage, population served, modality, offered meals, nutritional recommendations and for the purchase of products from the family farm. About 70% of countries have a program with universal, more than 80% meets the urban and rural population, on average 50% refer or recommend the use of food from family farms in their guidelines. Countries showed great heterogeneity among programs, suggesting the need for review and discussion of distribution of meals, as well as its qualitative and quantitative composition. The second original article refers to a cross-sectional study in Maceió / AL, which sought to evaluate the nutritional adequacy of the meals served and consumed by Early Childhood Education Centers of children served by the National School Feeding Programme and quantifying food waste in these institutions. All served and consumed preparations were analyzed by three non-consecutive days in all institutions. Meals of 364 children aged between 17 and 63 months assisted by the program were analyzed. The nutritional value obtained for the served and consumed meals were compared with reference values for energy, carbohydrate, protein, lipid, vitamins A and C, iron, calcium, zinc, magnesium, sodium and fiber. Food waste was determined by the rest-intake rate. Meals served and consumed attended approximately 50% of the recommended for energy and macronutrients. In short, the comparison between the average offered nutrients consumed and showed statistical significance (p <0.05) for fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, iron and zinc. Of the 85 food / gifts preparations on the menu, 58 (68%) had high-rest intake percentage, more than 10%. The results showed that both the foods served and those actually consumed did not guarantee the recommended nutritional recommendations, with a high amount of wasted food, with a statistically significant difference between specific nutrients offered and consumed. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Os Programas de Alimentação Escolar buscam gerar benefícios aos estudantes, sejam nutricionais, por meio do suprimento parcial das necessidades nutricionais, bem como evitam a evasão escolar, além de proporcionarem maior interação social entre professores, alunos e comunidade escolar. Todavia, visando contribuir com a discussão acerca dos Programas de Alimentação Escolar, esta dissertação apresenta dois artigos: o primeiro trata-se de uma revisão narrativa, a qual discorre sobre o panorama atual dos Programas de Alimentação Escolar na América Latina, dos quais se buscou identificar: tipo de cobertura, população atendida, modalidade, refeições ofertadas, recomendações nutricionais e em relação a aquisição de produtos oriundos da agricultura familiar. Cerca de 70% dos países possuem um Programa com caráter universal, mais de 80% atende a população urbana e rural, em média 50% referem ou recomendam a utilização de alimentos provenientes da agricultura familiar em suas diretrizes. Os países apresentaram grande heterogeneidade entre os Programas, sugerindo a necessidade de revisão e discussão sobre distribuição das refeições, bem como sua composição quantitativa e qualitativa. O segundo artigo original refere-se a um estudo transversal realizado na cidade de Maceió/AL, que buscou avaliar a adequação nutricional das refeições servidas e consumidas por crianças de Centros de Educação Infantil atendidas pelo Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, bem como quantificar o desperdício de alimentos nestas instituições. Todas as preparações servidas e consumidas foram analisadas por três dias não consecutivos em todas as instituições. Foram analisadas as refeições de 364 crianças com idade entre 17 e 63 meses assistidas pelo Programa. O valor nutricional obtido para as refeições servidas e consumidas foram comparadas com os valores de referência para energia, carboidrato, proteína, lipídio, vitaminas A e C, ferro, cálcio, zinco, magnésio, sódio e fibra. O desperdício de alimentos foi determinado pelo índice de resto-ingestão. As refeições servidas e consumidas atenderam aproximadamente 50% do recomendado para energia e macronutrientes. Em suma, a comparação entre as médias dos nutrientes ofertados e consumidos revelou significância estatística (p<0,05) para fibra, vitamina A, vitamina C, cálcio, ferro e zinco. Dos 85 alimentos/preparações presentes no cardápio, 58 (68%) apresentaram percentual de resto-ingestão elevado, superior a 10%. Os resultados demostraram que tanto os alimentos servidos quanto os efetivamente consumidos não garantiram o atendimento das recomendações nutricionais preconizadas, constatando-se elevada quantidade de alimentos desperdiçados, com diferença estatisticamente significante entre nutrientes específicos ofertados e consumidos.

Introdução: O Governo Federal aprovou a Lei 11.947 de junho de 2009, a qual dispõe sobre o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) e consolida a sua vinculação com a agricultura familiar (AF). Esta legislação prevê que do total dos recursos financeiros repassados pelo governo federal aos estados e municípios, no mínimo 30% deverão ser utilizados na aquisição de produtos alimentícios diretamente da AF e do empreendedor familiar rural e que esta aquisição poderá ser realizada dispensando-se o procedimento licitatório. A operacionalização desta política é um processo complexo, posto que envolve distintos setores do governo e da sociedade, além de fatores territoriais, os quais juntos podem facilitar ou dificultar para que esta vinculação tenha sucesso. Objetivo: Descrever a prevalência da compra direta da AF para o PNAE e analisar os fatores associados à sua implementação. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo transversal. Foram analisados dados coletados na pesquisa O encontro entre o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) e a agricultura familiar: avaliação do processo de implementação e dos possíveis efeitos das compras locais, segundo a lei 11.947/2009, o qual avaliou 38 municípios do estado de São Paulo (25 que compraram da AF e 13 que não compraram). Variáveis sobre características socioeconômicas dos municípios e de gestão do PNAE, divulgação do processo de compras da AF para o PNAE, apoio institucional para a implementação das compras da AF, planejamento do cardápio, condições das escolas para implementação das compras da AF e compra da AF foram analisadas. Para descrição da compra da AF, foram utilizadas proporções; para verificação de associação, foram utilizados teste exato de Fisher e teste de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney; o nível de significância estatística foi de p0,05. Resultados: Municípios nos quais existiam projetos ou ações da prefeitura dirigidos aos agricultores familiares para apoiar o processo de implementação das compras da AF (p=0,02) e nos quais todas as escolas apresentavam merendeiras em número suficiente para manipulação e preparo dos alimentos da AF (p=0,03) apresentaram associação com a compra direta da AF para o PNAE. Dos municípios estudados 40% utilizaram no mínimo 30% dos recursos repassados na compra de alimentos da AF; compraram de agricultores familiares do mesmo município 64% dos municípios; tinham todas as escolas com condições adequadas para receber, armazenar e preparar os alimentos da AF 36% dos municípios; apoiaram aos agricultores familiares na logística de entrega dos produtos 64% dos municípios; avaliaram a qualidade geral dos alimentos da AF como de ótima ou boa 92% dos municípios; melhorias na adesão às refeições por parte dos escolares e da qualidade das refeições foram relatadas pelos nutricionistas na maioria dos municípios (56% e 80%, respectivamente). Conclusões: O apoio institucional aos agricultores familiares por meio de projetos ou ações que facilitem sua vinculação com o PNAE é um fator crucial para o sucesso da implementação das compras da agricultura familiar. Avaliar as condições das cozinhas das escolas para o recebimento e preparo dos de alimentos da agricultura familiar é prioritário. / Introduction: The federal government of Brazil approved the Law 11.947, which establishes standards for the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) and consolidates its relationship with the family farming (FF). The law states that the total financial resources allocated by the federal government to states and municipalities for school meals at least 30 per cent should be used to purchase products directly from FF and that this acquisition can be performed dispensing with the bidding process. The implementation of this initiative is a complex process because it involves different sectors of government and society, and territorial factors, which may allow or hinder the success of this binding. Objective: This study aims to describe the prevalence of direct purchase of AF for the PNAE and analyze some of the factors that may be related Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Were analyzed data collected in the survey: \"The meeting of the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) and the family farming: evaluation of the implementation process and the possible effects of local purchases, according to law 11.947/2009\", which evaluated 38 municipalities in the São Paulo state (25 who bought from FF and 13 who not bought). Socio-economic characteristics of the municipalities and management of PNAE, divulgation of purchasing process, institutional support for the implementation of FF purchases, menu planning, infrastructure conditions of kitchens and staff capacity on the schools for store and prepare the products from FF were analyzed. For a description of the FF purchase, were used proportions; for verification of association, were used Fisher\'s exact test and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test; the level of statistical significance was set at p 0.05. Results: Municipalities where had projects or share directed to family farmers to support the process of implementation of FF purchases (p = 0.02) and where all schools had staff in sufficient number for handling foods from FF (p = 0.03) were associated with the direct purchase from FF to PNAE. 40 per cent of municipalities have used at least 30 per cent of the funds transferred to purchase foods from FF; 64 per cent of municipalities bought from family farmers the same municipality; Only 36 per cent of municipalities had all schools with adequate conditions for receiving, storing and preparing foods from FF; 64 per cent of the municipalities supported farmers in the delivery logistics of products; 92 per cent of the municipalities assessed the overall quality the foods from FF of as excellent or good; improvements in adherence to meals by the school and the quality of the meals were reported by nutritionists in most municipalities (56 per cent and 80 per cent , respectively). Conclusions: Institutional support to family farmers through projects or actions to facilitate their connection with the PNAE is a crucial factor for the successful implementation of purchases of family farming. Assess the conditions of school kitchens for receiving, storing and preparing the family farming foods is high-priority.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Aim: To assess the effects of initial nutritional status on the responses to a school feeding programme (SFP) among school children in the Millennium Villages Project (MVP), Siaya District, Kenya. Objectives: To establish baseline data on the dietary intake, prevalence of undernutrition, body composition, prevalence of anaemia, body iron stores and vitamin A status in order to assess the impact of the SFP over a 30-month period on the same outcomes. Further, the study assessed the effect of initial nutritional status on the responses to the SFP on growth, the prevalence of anaemia, body iron stores and vitamin A status. Methods: In the MVP, a school meal additional to the children’s usual daily food intake was provided consisting of locally available foods (containing whole fish omena and beef). The meals contributed approximately 25% of the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER), 70% of the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for protein, and 18% of EAR for fat. A school meal, additional to the children’s usual daily food intake, was introduced to the control group 6 months into the study as a project scale up initiative. The meal provided 15% EER, 49 % EAR for protein and 10% EAR for fat. A total of 235 children participated in the study and were followed up for 30 months, with 118 in the MVP and 117 in the control group. Statistical analysis included descriptive, Pearson’s chi-square test, repeated measures ANOVA and multivariate logistic regression models. Results: The mean subject age was 7.9 years (2.0 SD) at baseline, and half (51.4%) were boys. More than half of the children (66%) had energy intakes less than the EER. At baseline, the prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight was 16.9%, 6.0% and 3.6% respectively. Prevalence of linear growth deficit based on height-for-age z-score ≤-1 standard deviation was 48%. Anaemia was higher in the MVP group (82.2%; P < 0.0001) compared to controls (58.1%) while depleted body iron stores was observed in 10.7% of the children. Half of the children in the control group and 30% in the MVP group had an inadequate vitamin A status while 11% of the children had infection/inflammation. At six months after initiation of the intervention, anaemia prevalence was reduced to 41.2% among the controls and 9.3% in the intervention group (P < 0.001). Among the MVP group, children with initial inadequate nutritional status based on weight-for-age z-score WAZ ≤ -1 SD had a higher (P < 0.01) height velocity (2.3 cm/six months) by the 24th month study interval compared to those who had an initial adequate nutritional status based on weight-for-age z-score WAZ > -1 SD. Conclusion: SPF menus were associated with potential for improved growth, gain in lean body mass and reduced anaemia prevalence when inadequate nutritional status was present at baseline. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Doel: Om die verband tussen skoolkinders se aanvanklike voedingstatus en die respons op ’n skoolvoedingsprogram (SVP) in die Millennium Villages Project (MVP), Siaya-distrik, Kenia, te bepaal. Doelwitte: Om basislyn data te versamel ten opsigte van dieetinname, prevalensie van ondervoeding, liggaamssamestelling, prevalensie van anemie, ysterstore en vitamine A status ten einde die impak van die SVP oor ‘n 30-maande periode op genoemde uitkomste te bepaal. Verder het die studie ook die effek van aanvanklike voedingstatus op die respons tot die SVP bepaal ten opsigte van groei, die prevalensie van anemie, ysterstore en vitamine A status. Metode: In die MVP is ‘n skoolmaaltyd addisioneel tot die kinders in beide studiegroepe se daaglikse voedselinname voorsien. Die SVP se spyskaarte het bestaan uit plaaslik beskikbare voedsel (bevattende die vissoort omena en beesvleis) en het ongeveer 25% van die kinders se geraamde energievereistes (EER), 70% van hul proteïenvereistes (EAR) en 18% van hul vetvereistes (EAR) voorsien. ‘n Skoolmaaltyd is addisioneel tot die kinders in die kontrolegroep se gewoontelike daaglikse voedselinname ingesluit 6 maande na aanvang van die studie as deel van die MVP se uitbreidingsinisiatief. Dié maaltyd het in 15% van die kinders se energievereistes (EER), 49% van hul proteïenvereistes (EAR) en 10% van hul vetvereistes (EAR) voorsien. Altesaam 235 kinders is by die studiegroep ingesluit – 118 in die MVP en 117 in kontrolegroepe – en is vir 30 maande bestudeer. Statistiese ontleding het beskrywende ontleding, Pearson se chi-kwadraattoets, ANOVA met herhaalde metings, en multivariansie logistiese regressiemodelle ingesluit. Resultate: Die gemiddelde ouderdom van die kinders by basislyn was 7.9 jaar (2.0 SD) en die helfte (51.4%) van die respondente was seuns. Meer as die helfte van die kinders (66%) het ‘n energieinname minder as die EER getoon. By basislyn was die prevalensie van belemmerde groei, uittering en ondergewig onderskeidelik 16.9%, 6.0% en 3.6%. Die voorkoms van onvoldoende lengtegroei gebaseer op lengte-vir-ouderdom z-telling < -1SD was 48%. Anemie was hoër in die MVP groep (82.2%; p<0.0001) vergeleke met die kontroles (58.1%), terwyl 10.7% uitgeputte ysterstore getoon het. Onvoldoende vitamine A status het voorgekom in die helfte van die kinders in die kontrolegroep en 30% van die MVP groep, en infeksie / inflammasie was teenwoordig in 11% van die kinders. Die voorkoms van anemie op ses maande na aanvang van intervensie het verbeter tot 41.2% in die kontrolegroep en 9.3% in die intervensiegroep (P < 0.001). Op 24 maande het kinders met aanvanklike onvoldoende voedingstatus (WAZ < -1SD) in die MVP-groep groter lengtetoename (2.3 cm/6 maande) getoon as hul groepgenote met aanvanklike voldoende voedingstatus gebaseer op WAZ > -1 SD (P < 0.01). Gevolgtrekking: Die skoolvoedingsprogram spyskaarte het die potensiaal getoon tot ‘n verbetering in groei, toename in maer liggaamsmassa en ‘n verlaagde voorkoms van anemie onder kinders wie se basislynvoedingstatus onvoldoende was.

Purpose: To access long-term sustainability of Manitoba SBP by examining the beliefs, attitudes and values of the diverse stakeholders involved in ensuring that SBP run. Sample/ Setting: Eighteen participants from the public school system, government departments and private funders in Manitoba. Method: Semi structured interviews to explore the perceptions, attitudes, and experiences of participants. Results: The perceived impact of SBP varied between each group of stakeholders though all shared a common belief that SBPs were beneficial to students. Major barriers identified were related to funding and manpower. Conclusion: All stakeholders support SBP because they understand and value the positive health, educational and social benefits SBP have for students and the wider school community. Long-term sustainability of SBP depends on creating and maintaining a positive policy environment in which SBP are seen as a valuable tool in supporting child nutrition so that funding and resources are allocated appropriately. / October 2015

Thesis (M. Tech. (Food Service Management, Dept. of Hospitality, Tourism and PR Management)--Vaal University of Technology / Introduction. Most of the children aged between five and 15 around the world live under difficult circumstances, which lead to a high dropout rate from school before the end of the secondary level. Most of them have poor nutrition, are undernourished and are exposed to a large range of harmful, parasitic and infectious diseases (Shariff et al, (2000:265). Purpose. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the nutritional status of primary school children in Orange Farms informal settlement in terms of their nutritional needs in order to implement a school feeding programme and assess its impact on the nutritional status of these children. Methodology. A cross-sectional baseline survey was conducted two weeks before commencing with the school feeding programme. The measurements taken during this phase were socio-demographic and health by means of a questionnaire, as well as dietary intake and food consumption patterns by means of a quantified food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour recall, weight and height measurements. The anthropometric measurements included height and weight and the biochemical measurements included serum ferritin, C-reactive protein, total protein, albumin, vitamin B 12, folate, glucose, full blood count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, red blood cell count, mean cell volume, white blood cell count, vitamins A, E and zinc. A single matched "placebo" -controlled, parallel group, clinical trial of ten months followed in a randomly selected sample of 100 participants, 50 forming part of the control group receiving a fruit and 50 forming part of the experimental group receiving com-soy blend porridge. After the 10-month period, the same measurements for the baseline survey were repeated, except for the sociodemographic and health measurements. Results. Malnutrition, including under and over nutrition, remains a major problem among primary school children globally. This was also true in both the experimental and control school groups in this study where 18.6 percent, 34.9 percent and 4.7 percent were underweight, stunted and wasted especially in the experimental group compared to 9.1 percent severe underweight, and 9.1 per cent each for severe stunting and wasting in the control group at baseline. A mainly carbohydrate based diet was consumed with limited vegetable and animal protein intakes. The socio-demographic data indicated that household food insecurity contributed to the poor dietary intake of the sample, as the majority of the caregivers were unemployed in both groups. This was further confirmed by the limited monthly household income of less than R 1000 for a relatively large family size of up to 5 members in the control group compared to 5-10 household members in the experimental group. The implementation of a school feeding programme that included a nutritious and acceptable meal in the form of enriched corn-soy blend or a fruit as part of the programme, also proved to be a relatively easy and cost-effective way to address hunger in these primary schools. Furthermore, the dietary intake levels for both groups showed statistically significant improvements for various macro- and micronutrients when compared to DRis. Conclusion Although few statistically significant differences were observed between the groups with regard to dietary intake patterns, biochemical changes and nutritional status indices, positive changes were observed in both groups, indicating that any food provision may have a positive impact on undernourished children. The results of the intervention indicated an improvement in dietary intake which could result in an improved nutritional status, specifically related to micronutrients. However, the anthropometric indices and certain biochemical parameters showed significant improvements in both groups after the intervention. School feeding programmes are a good strategy for addressing malnutrition among primary school children if monitored effectively. However, it does not impact directly on household food security. A long-term clinical intervention trial is recommended to measure the impact of a food-based approach to address specific micronutrient deficiencies prevalent among children in these age groups. / National Research Foundation

Thesis (D. Tech. (Food Service Management, Dept. of Hospitality))--Vaal University of Technology, 2008 / School feeding programmes are defined as interventions that deliver a meal or snack to children in the school setting, with the intent of improving attendance, enrolment, nutritional status and learning outcomes. The Primary School Nutrition Programme (PSNP) was introduced in South Africa as a Presidential Lead Project in 1994 with the specific aim to improve education by enhancing active learning capacity, school attendance and punctuality. However, not all children qualify to participate in the PSNP and a variety of alternative products, of which little information is known, are used as part of school feeding programmes implemented by non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The aim of this study was to investigate such programmes used in the Vaal Region. Five different products used in school feeding programmes in a primary school in Eatonside and two primary schools in Orange Farm were compared in terms of the nutritional content of the products, the impact of these products after a seven month intervention on the nutritional status of the children by analysing their dietary intakes as well as biochemical and anthropometrical measurements, menu cost, compliance of the products by conducting sensory analyses and shelf life studies, and the impact on school attendance. Based on the results of this study, guidelines on the optimal school feeding strategy would be provided to NGO’s and to the Gauteng Department of Education. The five products were a micronutrient dense “vetkoek”, PSNP, two commercial products namely Corn Soya Blend (CSB) and Sejo and, lastly, fruit, which was used as the control. In the Sethlabotja school in Eatonside, the sample consisted of 160 randomly selected boys and girls (40 children participating in the PSNP, and 60 children in each of the vetkoek and fruit groups) and in Sinqobile and Reitumetse schools in Orange Farm the sample included 45 randomly selected children in each of the CSB and Seja groups. Pre-intervention results indicated poor nutritional status. Mean daily energy intake of all the children was below the Dietary Reference Intakes for children between seven and ten years. A mainly carbohydrate-based diet was followed, with inadequate fruit and vegetable intake. The anthropometric indices indicated acute and chronic food shortage. The biochemical results indicated that normal values were present for the majority of the parameters. The post-intervention results indicated that the food consumption patterns did not change substantially during the intervention but the mean energy intake of the children as well as weight, height and body mass index increased with all the interventions. Although few statistically significant differences were observed between the five groups with regard to nutritional status indices, positive changes were observed in each of the groups. The products evaluated in this study proved to be within the range of the provincial school feeding budget. CSB and Sejo were the cheapest programmes because they are subsidised. Compliance to the products was good. No significant differences between commercial and home-prepared food items were found. School attendance was not formally recorded in all the groups. However, a decrease in absenteeism was noted in those groups where it was recorded. It is recommended that further research is conducted on the impact of school feeding on the cognitive performance of school learners in the Vaal Region. / National Research foundation ; Central Research Council