IAB one solution of micromobility, e-scooters have become a trend in Germany. However, the concems about the safety of e-scooter riders, influence on pedestrians and the parking issues are growing. In 2020, 2,155 e-scooters involved personal injury accidents were recorded in Germany. The number rose to 5,502 in 2021 meaning an increase of 155.31 %. Compared to cyclists (incl. pedelec cyclists), the increasing rate of personal injury accidents in the same period decreased by 8.75 % [1, 2]. Against the background of accidents with e-scooters in cities, prior studies analysed severity and patterns of injuries caused by such accidents [3, 4]. In addition, comparisons are drawn to the consequences of accidents with other vehicles [5, 6]. Some studies also consider the risk of injuries in relation to the miles travelled [7]. The studies provide valuable findings but the approaches focus on the severe consequences of occurred accidents. At the same time, compared to bicycles, the centre of gravity of e-scooters is lower, they are more manoeuvrable and can still reach speeds of up to 20 km/h [8]. The question remains, if these vehicle characteristics are associated with different interaction behaviour. Hence, the aim of the present study is to reveal the riding behaviour profile in different contexts and investigate e-scooter riders' criticality in interaction behaviour compared with cyclists using surrogate safety measures. We aim to figure out if the interaction behaviour of the two modes differ and what the effects of potential differences are for safety considerations in the system of active mobility.

Against the background of an increasing number of cyclists sharing the infrastructure with an also rising number of e-scooter riders in Germany, the question of considerate coexistence among both modes of transportation, especially on shared infrastructure (on- or off-road) arises. In various contexts (e.g. work, education), studies have shown that social identity has an impact on how members of an ingroup ('us') and outgroup (''them') are perceived. These studies are based on social identity theory, which postulates members of the ingroup are more likely to be favored and members of the outgroup are more likely discriminated and stereotyped. This ingroup favorism or outgroup discrimination can refer to attitudes, cognition, and behavior. Initial research in the traffic context by, on which the present study builds, suggests that social identity also plays a role in traffic. Apart from that, research on social identity in traffic is scarce. The aim of the study is to determine whether the role as cyclist or e-scooter rider in traffic can serve as social identity, and subsequently whether ingroup-outgroup phenomena, such as ingroup favorism and effects of outgroup discrimination can be observed. [from Introduction]

The main aim of this thesis is to design electric scooter, which is ideally adapted for urban mobility and which will be a practical, attractive and environmental friendly alternative to the car with a combustion engine. Emphasis is given to proposal of ergonomic, aesthetic and functional solution of the system, which makes that scooter can be folded into a mobile compact shape. Folded scooter can be carried at public transportation vehicles and park right at home or in the office. The unique design and practical features of a scooter should be attractive not only in terms of personal mobility, but also as a utility vehicle for private companies and public institutions.

El presente proyecto se crea con el principal propósito de implementar un negocio factible para la creación de una empresa que comercializa muebles organizadores de bicicletas, patines, y scooters; a través de dos productos: DISOR Kids y DISOR Adults. En estos mercados, se observó la problemática del desorden generado en los hogares al no tener asignado un espacio específico a dichos vehículos sobre ruedas. Asimismo, existe la necesidad por mantener su hogar con una decoración atractiva y armoniosa tanto en el interior como en el exterior, incluso más cuando se trata de espacios pequeños. Por esta razón que se observa una oportunidad para un producto que combine atributos de un diseño innovador y funcional. Se considera, además, que uno de los aspectos determinantes para el público es la exclusividad en productos tan personales como lo son los muebles del hogar. Para que el negocio se lleve a cabo de manera factible, se plantearon estrategias que permitirán que DISOR se desenvuelva en un mercado altamente competitivo dentro del rubro mobiliario y diferenciar a DISOR como un producto que todos los posibles clientes deberían tener, así como mantenerlos fidelizados gracias a un servicio de venta y post venta personalizado. / The present project has been created with the main purpose of implementing a feasible business for the creation of a company that commercializes furniture organizers of bicycles, skates, and scooters; through two products: DISOR Kids and DISOR Adults. The problem of the disorder generated in the homes was observed in this market due to not having assigned a specific space to said vehicles on wheels. Also, there is a need to keep their home with an attractive and harmonious decoration both inside and outside, even more when it comes to small spaces. For this reason, an opportunity is observed for a product that mix attributes of an innovative and functional design. It is also considered that one of the determining factors for the public is the exclusivity in products as personal as the home furniture. In order for the business to be carried out in a feasible way, strategies were proposed that will allow DISOR to develop in a highly competitive market within the furniture industry and differentiate DISOR as a product that all potential customers should have, as well as keep them loyal thanks to a personalized service and post service. / Trabajo de investigación

Millions of people each year spend some portion of their time using mobility aids to facilitate periods of non-weight bearing ambulation. The use of these devices changes the loading conditions of the lower extremities, which may result in skeletal muscle adaptations. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of 3 types of mobility aids on lower-extremity muscle activity. Evaluation was based on 1) measured muscle activation signals using electromyography (EMG), and 2) measured joint kinematics and ground reaction forces, which were used to predict muscle forces. 16 healthy subjects (7 female, 9 male), ages 18-27 participated in the study. Subjects were instructed to ambulate using each of three mobility aids (crutches, a knee scooter and a temporary-injury prosthesis) as well as normal walking. EMG and motion capture were used to obtain bilateral data from the lower half of the body during ambulation on each of these mobility aids and walking (10 trials on each per subject). Muscles studied were right and left vastus lateralis (VLR, VLL), rectus femoris (RFR, RFL), Biceps femoris long head (BFR, BFL), and gastrocnemius medialis (GMR, GML). Joint kinematics and ground reaction force data (joint kinetics) were acquired using a standard camera-based motion capture system. The measured joint kinetics were used as inputs to the open source musculoskeletal biomechanics software OpenSim (SimTK, Stanford, CA), which allowed prediction of muscle force data for a representative subject during each mode of ambulation. As compared to walking, the following differences in EMG activation were significant. For the knee scooter, increases in VLR, RFR, BFL and decreases in GMR. For the TI prosthesis, increases in VLR, RFR, BFR, VLL, RFL, GML and decreases in GMR. For crutches, increases in BFR, VLL, RFL, BFL, GML and decreases in VLR, GMR. Muscle force results were similar, but demonstrated inadequacy of current musculoskeletal simulation software to resolve muscle forces during non-weight bearing portions of gait based solely on kinetic data. Results for walking data were similar to what is reported in the literature for normal gait. This study provides useful bilateral data that describe measured lower-extremity EMG activation amplitudes and muscle force predictions based on kinetic data during ambulation using three different ambulatory aids, compared to normal walking. Based on a criteria of maintaining muscle activation, the TI prosthesis proved most effective among the devices tested. The data presented will be valuable to clinicians in providing insight into which mobility aid may be best suited for a particular patient. It is anticipated that these data will provide designers of mobility aids with a protocol for evaluation of designs based on their potential to cause or prevent muscle adaptations.

This business plan has been prepared to provide the reader with information about IMBA Motors Limited (IML), including business structure, company goals, projected growth, venture capital requirements, start-up costs, an investment analysis and the industry trends. IMBA Motors Limited has identified eco-friendly two-wheeled transportation as its primary interest and to that end the company has focused its efforts on the establishment of an importership that will import a complete line of hybrid scooters and develop retailer, sales and marketing, and after-sales service functions. We want to provide quality transportation for all socially responsible and environmentally conscious parties. Focused on a quality, eco-friendly lifestyle, IMBA Motors Limited is a company primed to take advantage of an expanding and profitable scooter industry in Taiwan. IMBA Motors Limited is seeking seed capital of NT$ 60 million for initial company operations. IMBA Motors Limited projects gross sales of NT$ 1.3 billion and a net income of NT$78 million in year 3, with an NPV of NT$ 50 million, a payback within 34 months and an IRR of 33%. The initial investor will receive an equity stake in the company and preferential rights to invest in subsequent equity rounds.

Actualmente, la ciudad de Lima se encuentra atravesando un grave problema en cuanto a la congestión vehícular. Por lo que, los habitantes que suelen movilizarse en distritos de alto flujo de vehículos se encuentran en búsqueda de formatos eficientes de transporte donde gasten menos cantidad de tiempo en llegar a sus destinos y, a su vez, sean económicos. Por ello, las empresas y los municipios inician su curso con la adaptación de una nueva modalidad de transporte que ingresa al mercado de Lima bajo la categoría de transporte eléctrico de alquiler y se opera mediante scooters eléctricos. Adicionalmente, el interés por las cuestiones ambientales en la ciudad ha aumentado a medida que los consumidores han optado por tomar decisiones cada vez más conscientes al momento de la compra. Por lo que, un modo de transporte que no emite emisiones de CO2 es atractivo para ellos. Sin embargo, la elección de las pocas empresas que operan actualmente en el mercado dependerá de las acciones online que trabajan como los cupones digitales y la información de uso de esta nueva modalidad de transporte, con el objetivo de llevar al consumidor a la compra offline (en calle). / The city of Lima is currently experiencing a serious problem of vehicle congestion. As a result, the habitants who tend to move around in high-traffic districts are in search of efficient transport formats where they spend less time getting to their destinations and, at the same time, are economic. For that reason, the companies and the municipalities begin their course with the adaptation of a new modality of transport that enters to the Lima market under the category of electric transport of rent and it is operated by means of electric scooters. Additionally, interest in environmental issues in the city has increased as consumers have opted to make increasingly conscious decisions at the time of purchase. Therefore, a mode of transport that does not emit CO2 emissions is attractive to them. However, the choice of the few companies currently operating in the market will depend on the online actions that work as digital coupons and information on the use of this new mode of transport, with the aim of taking the consumer to purchase offline (on the street). / Trabajo de investigación

The topic of this thesis is creating a design of electric snowmobile considering technical, ergonomic and aesthetic requirements of this product. Based on marketing, technical and design analysis a design of electric snowmobile of the near future (5-10 years) is created. Built on knowledge of present models, it develops further certain ergonomic, design and other features. Thesis is focused mainly on the design of snowmobile with possibility of utility use for ski resorts and similar.

This thesis deals with the design of an underwater scooter, which is meant to be used by group of divers. That should be helped by a system of electromagnetic devices, through which could be smaller scooters and other equipment connected with a greater machine. The work is approached more as a design and ergonomics solution, while the construction is associated with conceptual level.

The topic of this master thesis is the design of electric scooter. In the first part of this thesis consists if research of used structural designs and driver types. In following chapters are calculations and selection procedures of the electric motor, batteries and other accessories. Results from previous chapters were used to created complete 3D model of scooter in SolidWorks software. Based on the model, complete technical drawings were created.