A Matemática Intervalar se assenta em dois conceitos fundamentais, a propriedade da inclusão-monotonicidade de sua aritmética e uma topologia de Hausdorff definida no conjunto dos intervalos. A propriedade da inclusão-monotonicidade tem se revelado uma ferramenta útil na elaboração de algoritmos intervalares, enquanto a topologia de Hausdorff não consegue refletir as características lógicas daquela propriedade, comprometendo, desse modo, a construção de uma lógica cujo modelo seria a estrutura intervalar munida dessa topologia. Essa lógica seria necessária para fundamentação da matemática intervalar como uma teoria de algorítmos da análise real. Neste trabalho se mostra que o insucesso na construção dessa fundamentação se deve a incompatibilidade entre a propriedade da inclusão-monotonicidade e a topologia de Hausdorff. A partir dessa constatação se descarta essa topologia e define-se uma outra topologia - a topologia de Scott - que é compatível com essa propriedade, no sentido de que todo resultado obtido usando-se a lógica, isto é, a propriedade da inclusão-monotonicidade, obtém-se também usando-se a ferramenta topológica e reciprocamente. A teoria resultante da substituição da topologia de Hausdorff pela topologia de Scott tem duas características fundamentais. A Análise Funcional Intervalar resultante possui a maioria das propriedades interessantes da Análise Real, suprimindo, assim, as deficiências da Análise Intervalar anterior. A elaboração da propriedade da inclusão-monotoniciadade permite construir uma lógica geométrica e uma teoria lambda cujo modelo é essa nova matemática intervalar. Além disso, a partir dessa lógica e da teoria lambda se elabora uma teoria construtiva, como a teoria dos tipos de Martin-Löf, que permite se raciocinar com programas dessa matemática. Isso significa a possibilidade de se fazer correção automática de programas da matemática intervalar. Essa nova abordagem da matemática intervalar é desenvolvida pressupondo, apenas, o conceito de número racional, além, é claro, da linguagem da teoria dos conjuntos. Desse modo é construído o sistema intervalar de um modo análogo ao sistema real. Para isso é generalizado o conceito de corte de Dedekind, resultando dessa construção um sistema ordenado denominado de quasi-corpo, em contraste com o números reais cujo sistema é algébrico, o corpo dos números reais. Assim, no sistema intervalar a ordem é um conceito intrínseco ao sistema, diferentemente do sistema de números reais cuja a ordem não faz parte da álgebra do sistema. A lógica dessa nova matemática intervalar é uma lógica categórica. Isto significa que todo resultado obtido para domínios básicos se aplica para o produto cartesiano, união disjunta, o espaço de funções, etc., desses domínios. Isto simplifica consideravelmente a teoria. Um exemplo dessa simplificação é a definição de derivada nessa nova matemática intervalar, conceito ainda não bem definido na teoria intervalar clássica. / The Interval Mathematics is based on two fundamental concepts, the inclusion-monotonicity of its arithmetics and a Hausdorff topology defined on the interval set. The property of inclusion-monotonicity has risen as an useful tool for elaboration of interval algorithms. In contrast, because the Hausdorff topology does not reflect the logical features of that property, the interval mathematics did not, permit the elaboration of a logic whose model is this interval mathematics with that topology. This logic should be necessary to the foundation of the interval mathematics as a Real Analysis Theory of Algorithms. This thesis shows that the theory of algorithms refered above was not possible because of the incompatibility between the property of inclusion-monotonicity and the Hausdorff topology. By knowing the shortcoming of this topology, the next step is to set it aside and to define a new topology - the Scott topology - compatible with the refered property in the sense that every result, obtained via the logic is also obtainable via the topology and vice-versa. After changing the topology the resulting theory has two basic features. The Interval Functional Analysis has got the most, interesting properties belonging to Real Analysis, supressing the shortcomings of previous interval analysis. The elaboration of the inclusion-monotonicity property allows one to construct a geometric logic and a lambda theory whose model is this new interval mathematics. From this logic and from the lambda theory a constructive theory is then elaborated, similar to Martin-Löf type theory, being possible then to reason about programs of this new interval mathematics. This means the possibility of automatically checking the correctness of programs of interval mathematics. This new approach assumes only the concept, of rational numbers beyond, of course, the set theory language. It is constructed an interval system similar to the real system. A general notion of the concept of Dedekind cut was necessary to reach that. The resulting construction is an ordered system which will be called quasi-field, in opposition to the real numbers system which is algebraic. Thus, in the interval system the order is an intrinsic concept, unlike the real numbers sistems whose order does not belong to the algebraic system. The logic of this new interval mathematics is a categorical logic. This means that, every result got for basic domains applies also to cartesian product, disjoint union, function spaces, etc., of these domains. This simplifies considerably the new theory. An example of this simplication is given by the definition of derivative, a concept not, derived by the classical interval theory.

Este trabalho analisa diferentes concepções da ideia de animalidade a partir de três obras de escritores contemporâneos: Hotel Hell, de Joca Reiners Terron; Húmus, de Paulo Bullar; e Ainda Orangotangos, de Paulo Scott. Os pontos de convergência das diversas animalidades presentes nestas obras são: a indistinção homens/animais e cidade/selva; a pele (superfície) geradora de sentidos; a relação homem/animal mediada pelo devir; a aproximação das ideias de animalidade e de mal. Os principais textos utilizados nas reflexões teóricas foram os Mil Platôs, de Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, e A cultura popular na Idade Média e no Renascimento – O contexto de François Rabelais, de Mikhail Bakhtin. / This work analyses different conceptions of the animality idea from three books of contemporary writers: Hotel Hell, by Joca Reiners Terron; Húmus, by Paulo Bullar; and Ainda Orangotangos, by Paulo Scott. The points of convergence of the various animalities ideas in these books are the indistinctness of men/animals and city/jungle; the skin (surface) that generates senses; the men/animal relationship mediated by becoming; the approximation of the animality and evil concepts. The main texts used in theoretical reflections was Mil Platôs, by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, and A cultura popular na Idade Média e no Renascimento – O contexto de François Rabelais, by Mikhail Bakhtin.

This essay uses Gerard Genette’s theory of intertextuality – in particular, architextuality - in order to establish the connection between Shakespearean tragedies and F. Scott Fitzgerald’s last novel, The Last Tycoon. The essay relies mainly on known Shakespeare critic A.C Bradley and the categories he uses in order to establish what makes a Shakespearean tragedy a Shakespearean tragedy. This framework will then be used to further elaborate upon the architextual connection between Shakespeare and Fitzgerald. The essay also compares the characters from The Last Tycoon directly to characters from Shakespeare’s tragedies in order to further show the intertextual connections. For example, Fitzgerald's main character Monroe Stahr is compared to Julius Caesar, from Shakespeare's play of the same name, while the antagonist Mr Brady is compared to both Cassius from the previously mentioned Julius Caesar, as well as Iago from Othello

in English The aim of this thesis is to interpret and categorize the lesser known novel Thaddeus of Warsaw by the Scottish author Jane Porter. The novel is characterised by the use of several genre conventions - most importantly those commonly found in the conservative anti-jacobin novel or national tale, historical novel and novel of sensibility. Porter's novel is interpreted from all three perspectives and also compared to other relevant novels from roughly the same period: Self- Control by Mary Brunton, The Old English Baron by Clary Reeve and The Wild Irish Girl by Lady Morgan. The comparison aims at the contextualization of Thaddeus of Warsaw and the observation of similarities and differences in the approach to certain themes or motives. The most important motives is that of a trial that shows the character of the protagonist in action, continuity, universality and even a certain parabolic nature of history, an emphasis on virtue and the use of sentimental conventions to portray the emotions of characters. This analysis is preceded by an interpretation of two authorial prefaces. The new one (from 1831) claims that the work it comments on is a historical novel published even before Sir Walter Scott's Waverley, usually considered the first historical novel. The older preface published alongside...

The Recursive Multi-Threaded (RMT) software process management tool gives software developers the following capabilities: break a large project into a sequence of prototypes (or threads) track these threads individually, and estimate the progress and completion date of the project from these individual threads. The goal of this project is to provide the RMT Tool with an ability to support multi-database for collaborative software development. As a demonstration, actual data is used from several previous algorithma projects.

The perception that the epistolary form was rejected by novelists during the Romantic Era has largely been accepted by scholars. However, in looking at the period's two most prominent authors, Walter Scott and Jane Austen, we see that the epistolary form remained vibrant long after its supposed demise. Throughout their careers, both Austen and Scott employed embedded letters as a tool to create authenticity. Both Austen and Scott use what I call "literary letters" to create a sense of realism in their novels that contributed to the rise of the novel. Scholars often claim that Austen eschewed the epistolary form with Lady Susan and solidified her rejection by revising both Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice from epistolary novels to third person narration. But a careful examination shows that Austen followed Richardson's tradition with Lady Susan, that Sense and Sensibility was not originally written in epistolary form, and that Austen retained sixteen critical letters in Pride and Prejudice. In fact, Darcy's five-page letter to Elizabeth signals Austen's continued reliance on the form as it completely changes the dynamics of the novel and transforms Elizabeth from a static protagonist to a dynamic heroine. Further indication that Austen found value in the form is seen in her later and often considered more mature novels, Emma and Persuasion, where she found innovate ways to turn the epistolary form into an embedded narratological device. The value of letters in Scott's novels is often overlooked. For instance in Heart of Midlothian, Jeanie Down's claim that letters cannot feel is often cited as an argument that oral testimony is more valuable than written, yet it is a letter that ultimately gets her an audience with the queen. In fact, in both Heart of Midlothian and Redgauntlet, Scott explains the legal implications of the written testimony, its preference over oral testimony, and its power in persuading both in and out of court. And in Guy Mannering, Scott relies on embedded letters to develop important plot points including the identity of the lost heir, create believable characters, and explore the conflict between Scottish traditions and law. And although Redgauntlet is often considered the moment Scott eschewed the epistolary form, the way he employs letters to create the illusion that his characters are authentic historical figures helps him explore notions of national identity.

This dissertation puts into historical context allegations of farm labour abuse during the period 1948 to 1960 on the eastern Transvaal Highveld. It not only gives an exposition of these events, but importantly analyses these allegations of abuse in the context of the South African government’s intervention into farm labour for this period. The dissertation, however, first gives an overview of the government’s policies of regulating and providing farmers with black labour in the period 1910 to 1948. It deals specifically with the dubious measures introduced and coercive actions taken by the National Party government after 1948 to provide farmers with “cheap and plentiful labour”. The reactions to the accusations of abuse by the South African government, the farmers, the conservative, liberal and leftist press, and other independent bodies, such as the churches, Black Sash and the South African Institute of Race Relations, are also explored. The reaction of the African National Congress and the Potato Boycott launched in 1959 by this organisation in response to the mistreatment of farm labourers, also receives specific attention. It concludes with a discussion of how the farm labour scandals and the reaction during the 1950s and more specifically the Potato Boycott of 1959 are still relevant today by considering the contested nature of the commemoration of this event in 2009 AFRIKAANS : Hierdie verhandeling plaas bewerings van die misbruik van plaasarbeid gedurende die periode 1948 tot 1960 op die oostelike Transvaalse Hoëveld in historiese konteks. Dit bied nie net ‘n uiteensetting van hierdie gebeure nie, maar ontleed dié bewerings van mishandeling teen die agtergrond van die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se ingryping ten opsigte van plaasarbeid vir dié tydperk. Die verhandeling bied ten eerste ‘n oorsig van die regering se beleid van die regulering en voorsiening van swart arbeid aan boere gedurende die periode 1910 tot 1948. Dit handel spesifiek oor die twyfelagtige dwangmaatreëls wat deur die Nasionale Partyregering na 1948 geïmplementeer is om boere van “goedkoop en voldoende arbeid” te voorsien. Die reaksies op die bewerings van mishandeling deur die Suid-Afrikaanse regering, die boere, die konserwatiewe, liberale en linkse pers, as ook ander selfstandige instansies, soos die kerke, Black Sash en die Suid-Afrikaanse Instituut van Rasseverhoudinge word ook ondersoek. Die reaksie van die African National Congress en die aartappelboikot wat deur die organisasie in 1959 van stapel gestuur is in reaksie op die mishandeling van plaaswerkers, work ook ontleed. Die studie sluit af met ‘n bespreking van hoe die plaasarbeidskandale, die reaksie in die 1950s en meer spesifiek die aartappelboikot van 1959, steeds vandag relevant is teen die agtergrond van die omstrede herdenking van die gebeurtenis in 2009. / Dissertation (MHCS)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted

Two locations on Scott Creek, located 12 miles north of Santa Cruz California, are being considered for the installation of a streamgage to measure discharge. Each location offers unique considerations and challenges in gage construction and discharge measurement capabilities. A detailed flood frequency analysis was completed using a direct watershed comparison, direct equations developed by Waananen and Crippen, a Log Pearson Type III Frequency Distribution, a regional analysis, and two-station comparisons. Final results indicate a 100-year recurrence interval of 6,310 ft3/s at the Upper Scott Creek location and 6,520 ft3/s at the lower location. A detailed indirect measurement revealed that the Lower Scott Creek gage location can only maintain a discharge of 2,500 ft3/s, or a 10-year frequency event, before bank overflow. Therefore, a cableway spanning the width of the design flow cannot be constructed and stage readings at extreme peak events will not accurately represent the true hydrograph. A bridge at the Upper Scott Creek gage location will provide a means for measuring high flow events; however, the channel is in a state of disequilibrium due to debris jams within the 140 foot reach above the bridge. This site is also problematic due to the occurrence of channel avulsion which is scouring and incising a new channel which threatens to undermine the left bank wingwall of the bridge. Remediation measures have been proposed, including the installation of a cross-vane and wing-deflectors, to mitigate negative effects of erosion and reestablish a natural channel condition. The upstream location has been selected as the preferred alternative given the remediation measures are successful.

As Sweden has moved towards an assessment-driven education system, an increase in studies reporting the decline of students’ well-being has also followed. The studies indicate a strong correlation between said decline and the potential negative effects of assessment such as stress and emotional distress. Defining well-being as a balance between the students’ abilities and their aims, this essay investigates how and why Ender’s Game by Orson Scott Card (1991) can be used as a tool for identifying the possible impact of assessment on this   balance while simultaneously working towards both abstract and concrete goals of current curricula and the Education Act. Foucauldian theory is utilized as a way of identifying and dismantling structures of assessment with key factors such as surveillance, testing and categorization constituting the main foci in the analysis of Ender’s Game. The extremes of assessment at Card’s Battle School provide an excellent opportunity for students to gain awareness of their own situation at a safe distance while identifying potential similarities in the Swedish Education System and their effects on well-being.

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald encapsulates the Roaring Twenties, a period of social and political change. The economy is thriving, and the American Dream, with its promise of monetary wealth, happiness and upward mobility, is seemingly within reach. Females gain suffrage, and a New Woman emerges, the flapper, who can be seen challenging stereotypical gender roles with her short skirts and bobbed hair. Ostensibly enjoying increased freedom, she dances the night away at speakeasies, a cigarette in one hand and a drink in the other, defying Prohibition. This essay aims to evidence that the American Dream as constructed in the novel is a dream available only to the male gender, as the women remain shackled by a patriarchal society. By looking at The Great Gatsby through a feminist lens and with the help of well-established concepts within feminist critical theory and feminist narratology, this essay analyzes how the female characters are portrayed, along with their language, and their actions. The result reveals that in Gatsby’s world women orbit around the men, maneuvering for their attention, affection, and material wealth. Any transgressions of stereotypical gender roles result in punishment: loss of status, withheld affections, dismissal, or death. Consequently, instead of following their own American Dream, women are limited to pursuing the man who most successfully embodies it. Thus, for the females in The Great Gatsby, the American Dream stays an elusive idea as they remain reliant on the men to manifest it.