Existing screening tools are not suitable for the detection of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in South Africa. Study 1 of the current thesis aimed to establish construct validity of a new screening tool, the Cognitive Assessment Tool-Rapid(CAT-Rapid), in a sample of cognitively healthy South African undergraduates (n = 122).Study 2 investigated the tool¡¯s diagnostic validity in a sample of HIV-positive adult South Africans (n = 89). In Study 1 and Study 2, correlational analyses characterizing the associations between CAT-Rapid subtests and analogous standardized neuropsychological tests sought to establish construct validity. In Study 2, ROC curves, and estimates of sensitivity and specificity values, characterized the CAT-Rapid¡¯s diagnostic validity. Results from Study 1 demonstrated adequate construct validity for the CAT-Rapid in the cognitively healthy sample. Results from Study 2 did not demonstrate construct validity of the tool in the clinical sample. Regarding diagnostic properties, at the recommended cut off score ¡Ü 10, the CAT-Rapid did not demonstrate optimal sensitivity and specificity in the detection of HAND. Future research should investigate how the CAT-Rapid compares to paper-and-pencil screening tests that have demonstrated promising results in studies emerging from the global north.

According to the World Health Organization, depression affects about 350 million people worldwide. In 2014, only 50% of the adult patients were screened for depression in the community-based Federally Qualified Healthcare Center (FQHC) for which this doctorate of nursing practice (DNP) project was developed. In an effort to meet the 100% benchmark set nationally for the screening of adult patients in the primary care settings, the FQHC's quality improvement team now requires that 80% of adult patients in the clinic be screened for depression. Framed within the Iowa model of evidence-based practice, the purposes of this project were to: (a) identify an evidence-based protocol and clinical guidelines to direct the use of the Patient Health Questionnaires (PHQ)-2 and PHQ-9 depression screening tools currently available for staff, and (b) develop an educational curriculum for the staff about depression, the use of the protocol, and clinical guidelines for the tools. Two DNP educators served as content experts to evaluate the curriculum plan using a dichotomous nine-item format that revealed that the content met the objectives of the curriculum. The experts also conducted content validation of each of the 15-pretest/posttest items using a Likert scale ranging from 1(not relevant) to 4 (highly relevant). A content validation index of 1.00 showed that the experts strongly agreed that the items reflected the content of the curriculum. Recommendations were made for item construction of the pretest/posttest. The project speaks to social change through promotion of the PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 depression screening tools to facilitate appropriate diagnosis and treatment, thus promoting the health of clients, families, and the community.

Bakgrund: Prevalensen av malnutrition bland äldre patienter på sjukhus är hög. Tillståndet är förknippat med komplikationer som ökad dödlighet, ökad infektionsrisk, försämrad sårläkning och förlängd sjukhusvistelse. Att tidigt identifiera patienter med risk för, eller pågående malnutrition är en förutsättning för att förhindra komplikationer. För att underlätta detta används ett flertal screeningverktyg. Syfte: Att kartlägga hur stor andel patienter som identifieras med risk för malnutrition vid användning av olika screeningverktyg hos äldre patienter på sjukhus. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på åtta kvantitativa empiriska studier. Sökningarna gjordes i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. Kategorisering gjordes av screeningverktygens identifiering av nutritionsstatus. Resultat: Resultatet visar att screeningverktyget Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form har det högst uppmätta värdet av identifierade patienter med risk för, eller pågående malnutrition. Screeningverktyg som har identifierat samma patienter överensstämde inte helt i kategoriseringen av nutritionsstatusen. Konklusion: En samstämmighet kring vilket screeningverktyg som har bäst identifieringsförmåga för äldre patienter på sjukhus saknas. Vidare forskning behövs för att fortsätta utvecklingen av screeningverktyg för identifiering malnutrition. I dagsläget kan utbildning inom användandet av GLIM-kriterierna bidra till en effektiv identifiering, samt implementering av adekvata nutritionsåtgärder. Detta skulle kunna minska lidande för patienter och kostnader för vården. / Background: The prevalence of malnutrition among elderly patients in hospitals is high. Malnutrition is associated with complications such as increased mortality, increased risk of infection, impaired wound healing, and prolonged hospital stay. Early identification of patients at risk, or currently experiencing malnutrition is a prerequisite for preventing these complications. To facilitate this, several screening tools are used. Aim: To investigate the proportion of patients identified at risk for malnutrition using different screening tools among elderly patients in hospitals. Methods: A literature review based on eight quantitative empirical studies. The searches were conducted in the databases Cinahl and PubMed. The screening tools identification of nutritional status were categorized. Results: The screening tool Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form had the highest measured value in identified patients at risk, or currently experiencing malnutrition. Screening tools that identified the same patients did not completely agree on the categorization of nutritional status. Conclusion: Consensus regarding the screening tool with the best identification capability for elderly patients in hospitals is insufficient. Continuous development of screening tools for identifying malnutrition is needed. Education on the GLIM criteria can contribute to effectively identifying and implementing appropriate nutrition interventions. This could reduce suffering for patients and healthcare costs.

Individuals with developmental disabilities are at high risk for sexual abuse, exploitation, sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies. Thorough screening by clinicians in outpatient settings recommending preventative measures to promote reproductive and sexual health, and developing caregiver trust are essential. The aim of this systematic review was to provide screening tools to assist clinicians in assessing the sexual histories of individuals with developmental or intellectual disabilities. The Iowa model and the cognitive behavioral theory were used as the theoretical frameworks that guided and informed this project. A total of 148 articles were sought and, of the 34 articles reviewed, 19 were pertinent to synthesize the literature. Articles were appraised using the John Hopkins evidence-based practice model. Results from the existing literature showed that no screening tools are available to assess the sexual histories of individuals with developmental and intellectual disabilities. Thorough screening the sexual histories of individuals with developmental and intellectual disabilities could empower safe sexual practices and the attainment of a life with personal fulfillment for members of this population. The results of this project can result in positive social change by protecting the population of individuals with developmental and intellectual disabilities from exploitation, unplanned pregnancy, and sexually-transmitted diseases. Future research is needed to fill the gap in the field and develop sexual history screening tools for this population.

Malnutrition is a significant issue affecting the health of many adults over the age of 65. Screening for malnutrition in this population can help identify those in need of a complete nutritional assessment. Many screening tools have been developed to aid healthcare team members in identifying those at risk for malnutrition. A population of dietitians with a focus in older adult nutrition was surveyed to determine dietitians’ perceptions and use of screening tools for the older adult. The results of the study showed many dietitians did not use validated screening tools at their place of work and were not confident in their knowledge regarding the topic. Despite dietitians’ having the expertise in nutrition, other interdisciplinary team members are performing the screening in many settings in the United States and some dietitians’ feel this is an obstacle in identifying older adults at risk.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-10T11:54:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 lucianaxaviersenra.pdf: 1235340 bytes, checksum: 63a5a9672fbf0835eb4d58adab066446 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-08-10T13:03:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lucianaxaviersenra.pdf: 1235340 bytes, checksum: 63a5a9672fbf0835eb4d58adab066446 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T13:03:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lucianaxaviersenra.pdf: 1235340 bytes, checksum: 63a5a9672fbf0835eb4d58adab066446 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-20 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A violência escolar consiste em uma forma de violência interpessoal que vitimiza principalmente crianças e adolescentes com atos e condutas agressivas e violentas diretas e/ou indiretas, traduzidos nas formas física, sexual, moral e psicológica, patrimonial, institucional e virtual. Porém, envolve também a comunidade no entorno da escola, a família, professores e todos aqueles que atuam no processo educacional desses sujeitos. O fenômeno não possui compreensão consensual e desde a década de 1950 tem sido alvo de estudos de diferentes áreas do conhecimento em todo o mundo. Esses seguimentos tentam buscar um consenso acerca do entendimento das formas de manifestação da violência na escola, bem como no que se refere à tentativa de combate-la com vistas a reduzir os impactos desencadeados no curso de vida dos envolvividos. Com base em tais considerações, a presente pesquisa teve por escopo realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre a violência escolar e a respeito das formas pelas quais ela tem sido rastreada no contexto educacional, sobretudo no perído compreendido entre os anos de 2000 à 2015. A delimitação desse período se justifica tendo em vista a divulgação do primeiro levantamento sobre o tema feito no Brasil a partir de meados da década de 1980 seguindo uma tendência mundial; assim como pela necessidade de conceber as maneiras pelas quais o fenômeno continuou a ser investigado e abordado nacional e internacionalmente. A busca dos textos para a revisão ocorreu a partir da eleição das bases de dados mais apropriadas, isto é, com escopo de catalogação de textos sobre o tema em pesquisa, para o levantamento da literatura pertinente. Esse procedimento foi adotado a partir da identificação das bases junto ao site do banco de periódicos capes. As bases assim eleitas foram: Web of Science, Dialnet, Redalyc, Lilacs, Eric, GoogleSchoolar, Jstor e PsyvInfo. Nestas, após consulta ao dicionário de descritores, foram associandos os termos school violence or bullying à questionnaire; scale; instrument; assessment e measure. Objetivou-se, pois, levantar as definições de violência escolar salientadas nas publicações e verificar a ocorrência e uso de instrumentos de rastreio de violência escolar. Foram incluídos na presente revisão artigos científicos que abordassem o tema sem quaisquer associações a outras temáticas tais como problemas de saúde, de desenvolvimento, psiquiátricos ou jurídicos. As publicações indexadas em mais de uma base de dados e/ou referentes a monografias, dissertações, teses e capítulos de livros não foram incluídos no estudo. Para análise dos textos foram empregadas, respectivamente, as técnicas do estudo bibliométrico e da análise do conteúdo. A primeira visa oferecer um panorama da quantidade de publicações no período, por base de dados e autores, de metodologias utilizadas, seguimentos do conhecimento, localidade e periódicos das publicações decorrentes das pesquisas as originaram. A análise de conteúdo foi empregada com intuito de avaliar e compreender as maneiras pelas quais o fenômeno da violência escolar tem sido estudado e concebido, além de buscar compreensão das estratégias sobre o tema adotadas por pesquisadores, na tentativa traçar subsídios mais sistematizados para abordagens nas situações de violência. O levantamento nas bases de dados permitiu identificar 4278 publicações catalogadas. Com a aplicação dos critérios de exclusão, 268 artigos foram elencados para a leitura inicial dos resumos. Essa leitura permitiu identificar 119 (55,6%) publicações com relato de uso de instrumentos de rastreio da violência escolar. As demais (44,4%), consistiram em revisões de literatura e pesquisas qualitativas cujas técnicas envolveram entrevistas abertas, estudos de caso e/ou grupos focais. Dentre os demais resultados, a Redalyc indexou 27,1%(76) das publicações; e Pereira e Fonseca & Veiga representaram 2,33% do total de autorias. O Journal of School Violence e Archives of Scientific Psychology publicaram 12%(32) dos artigos. A classificação tipológica de pesquisa mencionada com maior frequência nas publicações foi a dos estudos transversais, com 35,8%(96). Os instrumentos de rastreio mais citados foram o Questionário de Bullying de Olweus e SVS- School Vitimization Scale, ambos representando 35,5%(50) dos textos estudados. A análise de conteúdo permitiu classificar três grandes categorias de avaliação das publicações: (A) definição de violência escolar; (B) tipos de atos agressivos e violentos perpetrados e sofridos; e (C) características psicométricas dos instrumentos de rastreio da violência escolar. Na categoria A constatou-se que uma tendência predominante em definir e compreender o fenômeno como sinônimo de bullying (53%); na categoria B, verificou-se que os sujeitos do sexo masculinos tendem a ser mais perpetradores do que vítimas dos atos agressivos e violentos, os quais são diversos, podendo ser tanto físicos, quanto morais e psicológicos ou virtuais. A categoria C possibilitou verificar, de modo geral, que os instrumentos predominantemente utilizados são adaptações de instrumento originalmente construídos no idioma inglês, o que evidencia limitações relativas a organização semâtica dos itens e, portanto, podendo comprometer a validade de construto. Os achados desta revisão de literatura indicam a importância da temática e a necessidade da continuidade dos estudos, principalmente que sejam condizentes com o contexto sociocultural do Brasil. / The school violence is a form of interpersonal violence mainly against children and adolescents in physical, sexual, moral, psychological, institutional and virtual forms. But it also involves the community around the school, family, teachers and all those working in the educational process. The phenomenon has no common understanding and since 1950 has been the subject of studies in different fields of knowledge worldwide. These threads try to seek a consensus in understanding the manifestation of these forms of violence in schools, as well as with regard to the attempt to reduce the effects triggered in the lives of those involved. Based on these considerations, the present study aimed to carry out a review of the literature on school violence and on instruments for which was screened in the educational context, especially in the period prescribed in the years 2000 to 2015. The demarcation that period is justified by taking as reference the first research on the subject made in Brazil since the mid 1980s; and the need to find ways in which the phenomenon continued to be investigated and treated in the country. The search for text revision occurred after the election of the most appropriate databases, ie, the collection of relevant texts to the topic under study. This procedure was adopted from the identification of the bases with the website of the Capes Periodicals. The so elected bases were: Web of Science, Dialnet, Redalyc, Lilacs, Eric, GoogleSchoolar, Jstor and PsycInfo. These, after consulting dictionaries descriptors were associated with the terms of school violence or intimidation to the questionnaire; scale; instrument; evaluation and measurement. The goal, therefore, was enumerating the definitions of school violence highlighted in publications and verify the occurrence and use of bullying screening tools and school violence. Were included in this review scientific articles that addressed the issue without any associations to other issues like health problems, developmental, psychiatric or legal. Publications indexed in more than one database and / or relating to monographs, dissertations, thesis and book chapters were not included in the study. For analysis of the texts were used, respectively, the bibliometric study and analysis of the content techniques. The first aims to provide an overview of the number of publications in the period, based on data and authors, used methodologies, knowledge area, site of the search the journal in which the articles were published. The content analysis was used to assess and understand the study of ways and approach to school violence phenomenon; and seek understanding of the strategies adopted by researchers on the subject, in an attempt to define more systematic approaches to subsidies in situations of violence. The search in the databases identified 4278 cataloged publications. With the application of the exclusion criteria, 268 articles were listed for the initial reading summaries. This reading has identified 119 (55.6%) publications use of screening tools reported school violence. The rest (44.4%) consisted of literature reviews and qualitative research techniques involving open interviews, case studies and focus groups. Among other results, the indexed Redalyc 27.1% (76) publications; and Pereira and Fonseca & Veiga represented 2.33% of authorship. The Journal of School Violence e Archives of Scientific Psychology published 12% (32) of the articles. The typological classification research most cited publications were cross-sectional studies, with 35.8% (96). The most cited screening tools were Olweus Bullying Questionnaire and SVS- Vitimization Scale School, both representing 35.5% (50) of the studied texts. Content analysis allowed to classify three publications evaluation categories: (A) the definition of school violence; (B) types of aggressive and violent acts perpetrated and suffered; and (C) psychometric characteristics of school violence screening tools. In category A was predominant tendency to define and understand the phenomenon as a synonym for bullying (53%); in category B, it was found that male subjects tend to be more aggressive perpetrators of acts and violent than females. The types of acts perpetrated most often are the physical, moral, psychological and virtual. The Category C enabled us to verify the predominance of adapted and translated instruments of the English language, which highlights semantic limitations items and therefore may compromise the validity of the construct. The results of this analysis indicate the importance of this issue and the need for further study, especially that are consistent with the social and cultural contexts of Brazil.

No description available.

Sepsis är ett tillstånd med livshotande organdysfunktion orsakat av ett stört systemiskt svar på infektion. Mortaliteten för sepsis beräknas vara två till tre gånger högre än vid akut hjärtinfarkt. Tidig identifiering och behandling av sepsis minskar patientens lidande och ökar patientens chanser till överlevnad. Syftet var att identifiera screeningverktyg som kan stödja ambulanssjuksköterskan att identifiera patienter med sepsis. Metod var litteraturöversikt med en systematisk ansats och en narrativ sammanställning av resultatet. Sökningarna genomfördes i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Sammanlagt inkluderades 18 kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar som alla kvalitetsgranskades före inkludering och analys. Resultatet presenteras under fem kategorier, där likheter och skillnader identifierades utifrån resultatet i inkluderade studier. I de lästa artiklarna identifierades tolv olika screeningverktyg. Dessa screeningverktyg var; BAS 90-30-90, Modified Early Warning Score, Modifierat Robson screening tool, National Early Warning Score, National Early Warning Score 2, Prehospital Earley Sepsis Detecetion, Predict Sepsis Screening tool 1,2 och 3, Prehospital Servere Sepsis score (PreSS), Rapid emergency triage and treatment system for adults, Sepsis Screening Tool, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome och Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assesment. Tio stycken av de inkluderade artiklarna hade studerat användbarheten av screeningsverktyget Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assesment prehospitalt. Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assesment påvisade en låg känslighet för tidig identifiering av patienter med sepsis eller septisk chock. Slutsats från studien var att inget screeningverktyg kunde identifiera sepsis i tidigt skede. Screeningverktygen kunde i viss grad påvisa på ökad mortalitet eller intensivvårds inläggningar. Mer forskning krävs för att tidigt kunna identifiera patienter med sepsis och därmed minska patienternas lidande. / Sepsis is a condition of life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by an impaired systemic response to infection. The mortality rate for sepsis is estimated to be two to three times higher than for acute myocardial infarction. Early identification and treatment of sepsis reduces patient suffering and increases the patient's chances of survival. The objective was to identify screening tools that can support ambulance nurse to identify patients with sepsis. The methodology was a literature review using a systematic approach and a comparative compilation of the results. Searches were conducted in the PubMed and CINAHL databases. A total of 18 quantitative scientific articles were included, all of which were quality reviewedberfore inclusion and analysis. The results are presented in five categories, where similarities and differences were identified based on the findings.Twelve different screening tools were identified. These screening tools are; BAS 90-30-90, Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS), modified Robson screening tool, National Early Warning Score (NEWS), National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2), Predict Sepsis Screening tool 1, 2 and 3, Prehospital Early Sepsis Detection (PRESEP), Prehospital Servere Sepsis score (PreSS), Rapid Emergency Triage and Treatment System for Adults (RETTS-A), Sepsis Screening Tool, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), and Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA). Ten of the included articles had studied the usefulness of Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment screening tool in pre-hospital emergency care. The Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment demonstrated a low sensitivity for early identification of patients with sepsis or septic shock. The conclusion of the study was that no screening tool could identify sepsis at an early stage. The screening tools were able to detect increased mortality or intensive care unit admissions to some extent. More research is needed to identify patients with sepsis early and thereby reduce patient suffering.

Bakgrund: Våld mot kvinnor sker världen över och mörkertalet är stort. Detta kan innefatta fysisk, psykiskt och sexuellt våld. Detta är även ett folkhälsoproblem då det leder till sämre hälsa hos de som blir utsatta för någon typ av våld. Sjuksköterskor har en betydande roll att identifiera och fånga upp dessa kvinnor.  Syfte: Att undersöka sjuksköterskors kunskap gällande identifiering av våldsutsatta kvinnor. Metod: Metoden var en litteraturöversikt som utfördes i överensstämmelse med Fribergs metod. I databaserna PubMed och Cinahl Complete identifierades tio vetenskapliga artiklar vilka svarade på syftet. De valda artiklarna analyserades i två huvudteman och fyra subteman.  Resultat:  Litteraturöversikten resulterade i två huvudteman. Det första temat var: Sjuksköterskans kunskap och kunskapsutveckling med subteman: Brist på kunskap och utbildning kring våld samt Användning av olika screeningverktyg. Det andra temat var: Sjuksköterskans beredskap i vårdmötet med subteman: Att skapa en trygg och tillförlitlig relation och Att ställa frågor om våld. Resultatet diskuterades med Phil Barkers tidvattenmodell som referensram. Sammanfattning: Litteraturöversikten visade att ökad kunskap kring subjektiva och objektiva tecken för våldsutsatta kvinnor behövs för att kunna identifiera kvinnorna i tid. Kunskap om bemötande av våldsutsatta kvinnor och att ställa frågor om våld är betydande för att sjuksköterskan ska känna sig förberedd och kunna ge kvinnor adekvat vård. Sjuksköterskors kunskap om de riktlinjer, policys, vårdprogram samt screeningverktyg som finns är av betydelse för att vidta rätt åtgärder till de våldsutsatta kvinnorna. / Background: Violence against women is happening all over the world and the number of blacks is high. This can include physical, mental and sexual violence. This is also a public health problem as it leads to poorer health of those who are exposed to some type of violence. Nurses have a significant role to play in identifying and capturing these women.  Aim: The purpose was to examine nurses' knowledge regarding the identification of women exposed to violence. Method: The method was a literature review that was performed in accordance with Friberg's method. In the databases PubMed and Cinahl Complete, ten scientific articles were identified which answered the purpose. The selected articles were analyzed in two main themes and four sub-themes. Results: The literature review resulted in two main themes. The first theme was: The nurse's knowledge and knowledge development with sub-themes: Lack of knowledge and education about violence and Use of various screening tools. The second theme was: The nurse's preparedness in the care meeting with sub-themes: Creating a safe and reliable relationship and Asking questions about violence. The results were discussed with Phil Barker's tidal model as a frame of reference. Conclusion: The literature review showed that increased knowledge about subjective and objective signs for women exposed to violence is needed to be able to identify women in time. Having knowledge about treating women exposed to violence and asking questions about violence is important for the nurse to feel prepared and able to provide women with adequate care. Nurses' knowledge of the guidelines, policies, care programs and screening tools that are available is important for taking the right measures for the women exposed to violence.

No description available.