Tyrolean type water-intake structures are commonly used on mountain rivers to supply water to hydropower stations. The amount of water to be diverted from the main channel is the major concern in these kind of structures and should not be less than the design discharge. In this study a physical model of a Tyrolean type water-intake structure was built at the laboratory and the diverted flow from the main channel through the intake structure having steel racks and perforated plates of different types were measured. The experiments were conducted in two stages. In the first stage the tests were carried out with only steel racks having three different bar openings and slopes, and in the second stage, perforated screens of three different circular openings and screen slopes were used. Applying dimensional analysis to the related parameters of the system the dimensionless terms were defined for the water capture efficiency and discharge coefficient of the system, and their variations with the relevant parameters were plotted. Using these diagrams one can determine the amount of water to be diverted by a Tyrolean weir of known geometry and main channel discharge.

While much attention has been paid to the usability of desktop computers, mobile com- puters are quickly becoming the dominant platform. Because mobile computers may be used in nearly any situation--including while the user is actually in motion, or performing other tasks--interfaces designed for stationary use may be inappropriate, and alternative interfaces should be considered. In this dissertation I consider the idea of microinteractions--interactions with a device that take less than four seconds to initiate and complete. Microinteractions are desirable because they may minimize interruption; that is, they allow for a tiny burst of interaction with a device so that the user can quickly return to the task at hand. My research concentrates on methods for applying microinteractions through wrist- based interaction. I consider two modalities for this interaction: touchscreens and motion- based gestures. In the case of touchscreens, I consider the interface implications of making touchscreen watches usable with the finger, instead of the usual stylus, and investigate users' performance with a round touchscreen. For gesture-based interaction, I present a tool, MAGIC, for designing gesture-based interactive system, and detail the evaluation of the tool.

During the last 40 years, Drosophila melanogaster has become an invaluable tool in understanding innate immunity. The innate immune system of Drosophila consists of a humoral and a cellular component. While many details are known about the humoral immune system, our knowledge about the cellular immune system is comparatively small. Blood cells or hemocytes constitute the cellular immune system. Three blood types have been described for Drosophila larvae. Plasmatocytes are phagocytes with a plethora of functions. Crystal cells mediate melanization and contribute to wound healing. Plasmatocytes and crystal cells constitute the blood cell repertoire of a healthy larva, whereas lamellocytes are induced in a demand-adapted manner after infection with parasitoid wasp eggs. They are involved in the melanotic encapsulation response against parasites and form melanotic nodules that are also referred to as tumors. In my thesis, I focused on unraveling the mechanisms of how the immune system orchestrates the cellular immune response. In particular, I was interested in the hematopoiesis of lamellocytes. In Article I, we were able to show that ectopic expression of key components of a number of signaling pathways in blood cells induced the development of lamellocytes, led to a proliferative response of plasmatocytes, or to a combination of lamellocyte activation and plasmatocyte proliferation. In Article II, I combined newly developed fluorescent enhancer-reporter constructs specific for plasmatocytes and lamellocytes and developed a “dual reporter system” that was used in live microscopy of fly larvae. In addition, we established flow cytometry as a tool to count total blood cell numbers and to distinguish between different blood cell types. The “dual reporter system” enabled us to differentiate between six blood cell types and established proliferation as a central feature of the cellular immune response. The combination flow cytometry and live imaging increased our understanding of the tempo-spatial events leading to the cellular immune reaction. In Article III, I developed a genetic modifier screen to find genes involved in the hematopoiesis of lamellocytes. I took advantage of the gain-of-function phenotype of the Tl10b mutation characterized by an activated cellular immune system, which induced the formation blood cell tumors. We screened the right arm of chromosome 3 for enhancers and suppressors of this mutation and uncovered ird1. Finally in Article IV, we showed that the activity of the Toll signaling pathway in the fat body, the homolog of the liver, is necessary to activate the cellular immune system and induce lamellocyte hematopoiesis.

This thesis sets out to investigate and understand behaviours and interactions between individuals while using a large touch screen to plan a holiday trip. By using this approach, the tool digital visual planning by Yolean is indirectly examined. The tool is examined by looking at how it is used and the environment it is used in. The research question in this research paper is “How is interaction between individuals affected by using large touch screens with a digital visual planning tool in a meeting?”. Itis answered by using a mixed method approach containing grounded theory and design research methodology applied to an observation study. The results suggest that a group working for the same goal tend to get a leader without appointing them directly. This leader is also usually the person who stands in front of the rest and dictates what goes where. If problems arise, a shift in leadership occurs naturally and fluently. The digital visual planning tool helped the participants to easier express themselves and to motivate decisions. By using their whole body, they could more easily communicate. / Denna uppsats ämnar undersöka beteenden och interaktioner mellan individer i ett mötessammanhang användandes av ett digitalt visualiserings verktyg. Verktyget används på en stor pekskärm och är skapat av Yolean. Verktyget undersöks indirekt genom att utgå från hur verktyget används och miljön runt om verktyget. Forskningsfrågan som besvaras i uppsatsen lyder: ” Hur påverkas interaktion mellan individer genom att använda stora pekskärmar med ett digitalt visuellt planeringsverktyg i ett möte?”. Frågan besvaras genom en observationsstudie som utgår från blandade metodiker från både”grounded theory” (teoribildning genom empiri) samt designforskning. Resultatet tyder på att en grupp som arbetar tillsammans för att uppnå samma mål tenderar att få en ledare utan att specifikt tilldela denne rollen. Uppstår problem tenderar ett skifte av ledarskap ske. Skiftet sker naturligt och då utan verbala tilldelningar. Det visuella planeringsverktyget hjälpte deltagarna att uttrycka sina tankar och funderingar. Deltagarna kunde kommunicera med hela kroppen och att peka på specifika objekt som de ville diskutera. Genom denna frihet kunde de mer noggrant kommunicera sina förslag och tankar till resten av gruppen.

A range of biochemically diverse molecules located in the plasma membrane— such as proteins, glycans, and lipids—mediate cellular recognition events, initiation of signalling pathways, and the regulation of processes important for the normal development and function of multicellular organisms. Interactions mediated by cell surface receptors can be challenging to detect in biochemical assays, because they are often highly transient, and membrane-embedded receptors are difficult to solubilise in their native conformation. The biochemical features of low-affinity extracellular protein interactions have therefore necessitated the development of bespoke methods to detect them. Here, I develop a genome-scale cell-based genetic screening approach using CRISPR-Cas9 knockout technology that reveals cellular pathways required for specific cell surface recognition events. Using a panel of high-affinity monoclonal antibodies, I first establish a method from which I identify not only the direct receptor but also other required gene products, such as co-receptors, post-translational modi cations, and transcription factors contributing to antigen expression and subsequent antibody-antigen recognition on the surface of cells. I next adapt this method to identify cellular factors required for receptor interactions for a panel of recombinant proteins corresponding to the ectodomains of cell surface proteins to the endogenous surface receptors present on a range of cell lines. In addition to finding general cellular features recognised by many ectodomains, I also identify direct interaction partners of recombinant protein probes on cell surfaces together with intracellular genes required for such associations. Using this method, I identify IGF2R as a binding partner for the R2 subunit of GABAB receptors, providing a mechanism for the internalisation and regulation of GABAB receptor signalling. The results here demonstrate that this single approach can identify the molecular nature and cell biology of surface receptors without the need to make any prior assumptions regarding their biochemical properties.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The growth in the generation of electrical and electronic equipment waste (WEEE) has won global importance and cell phones are highlighted between these wastes because of short life cycle and its amounts of hazardous materials. In LCD screens, there is a mixture of indium tin oxide (ITO), typically tin oxide (10-20 %) and indium oxide (80-90 %). The indium (In) is a metal of relatively limited resources and has extensive use. Thus, this work aims to obtain an effective method for extraction of In from LCD screens of mobile phones. To this purpose, after manual separation of LCD screens followed by mechanical treatment, leaching at atmospheric pressure comparing the citric, malic and acetic acids, were carried out varying parameters like temperature, concentration of acid, solid:liquid ratio, volume peroxide hydrogen and reaction time. Therefore, the best conditions set out in the leaching at atmospheric pressure were used for extraction in supercritical CO2, where the employment of different temperatures and critical pressures were studied, in order to make the process faster and more efficient. The In concentration extracted in both cases was determined by atomic absorption (AAS). The extraction using 1M citric acid, 90 °C, 1:20 solid:liquid ratio with 5 % of the volume of H2O2 performed for 3 hours resulted in extraction of 76.5 % of In present in the LCD screens from obsolete cell phones. The leaching process using supercritical fluid in the presence of co-solvents, provided reduction in extraction time and higher percentage of metal extraction, reaching 90.2 % when were used 1 M citric acid, 80 °C, 1:20 ratio solid:liquid with 5 % v/v of H2O2, pressure of 150 bar and 30 minutes of process time. In order to transfer the obtained In in solution to a solid phase, the adsorption process was carried out with activated carbon and Spirulina as adsorbent, yielding removal 77.8 and 67.8 %, respectively. Thus, a new process for In recovery was developed, which in addition to reducing environmental pollution generated by the incorrect disposal of LCD screens of mobile phones and the employment of inorganic acids conventionally used, reduces the consumption of natural resources, making the promising process. / O crescimento na geração de resíduos de equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos (REEE) tem ganhado importância mundial e, os telefones celulares ganham destaque entre esses resíduos pelo ciclo de vida curto e quantidade de materiais perigosos que possuem. Nas telas de LCD, presentes neste tipo de resíduo, há uma mistura de óxido de estanho (10-20 %) e índio (80-90 %), denominada ITO. O índio (In) é um metal de recursos relativamente limitados e que possui ampla utilização. Assim, o presente trabalho possui como objetivo a obtenção de um método eficaz para extração de In presente em telas de LCD de telefones celulares. Para tal, após a separação manual das telas de LCD seguido de processamento mecânico, foram realizadas lixiviações sob pressão atmosférica comparando os ácidos cítrico, málico e acético, variando parâmetros como temperatura, concentração de ácido, relação sólido:líquido, volume de peróxido de hidrogênio e tempo de reação. Logo, as melhores condições estabelecidas nas lixiviações sob pressão atmosférica foram utilizadas para extração de In com CO2 supercrítico, onde se estudou o emprego de diferentes temperaturas e pressões críticas, a fim de tornar o processo mais rápido e eficiente. A concentração de In extraída, em ambos os processos, foi determinada por absorção atômica (AAS). A extração a pressão atmosférica utilizando ácido cítrico a 1 M, 90 °C, razão sólido:líquido de 1:20, com 5 % do volume de H2O2 realizada durante 3 horas proporcionou a extração de 76,5 % de In das telas de LCD obtidas a partir de celulares obsoletos. O processo utilizando a lixiviação com fluido supercrítico, na presença de co-solventes, proporcionou redução no tempo de extração, além de maior percentual de extração do metal, chegando a 90,2 % de extração quando utilizado ácido cítrico a 1 M, 80 °C, razão sólido:líquido de 1:20, com 5 % do volume de H2O2, pressão de 150 bar e tempo de processo de 30 min. Visando a recuperação do In da fase aquosa obtida na lixiviação, realizou-se o processo de adsorção utilizando carvão ativado e Spirulina como adsorventes, obtendo-se remoção de 77,8 e 67,8 %, respectivamente. Assim, um novo processo de recuperação de In foi desenvolvido, que além de reduzir a poluição ambiental gerada pelo descarte incorreto de telas de LCD de telefones celulares e pelos ácidos inorgânicos convencionalmente utilizados, diminui o consumo de recursos naturais, tornando o processo promissor.

Syftet med denna uppsats var att identifiera designprinciper vid migrering av stationära spel till Apples iPhone. Litteraturstudier, heuristisk utvärdering, enkätundersökning och djupintervjuer användes som metoder. Resultaten visade på att framför allt inmatningsmetoder, brist på feedback och skärmstorlek är problemområden i migrerade spel. Slutsatser inkluderar att spel aldrig bör migreras exakt som de stationära versionerna, nya inmatningsmetoder hos mobiltelefoner bör utnyttjas bättre och det bör övervägas om vissa spel överhuvudtaget bör migreras beroende på genre. / The purpose of this thesis was to identify design principles for use at migrations of stationary games to Apple’s iPhone. Literature studies, heuristic evaluation, survey and in-depth interviews were used as methods. The results showed that especially input methods, lack of feedback and screen size are problematic ares in migrated games. Conclusions include that games should never be migrated exactly like the stationary versions, new input methods in mobile phones should be utilized in a better way and it should be considered if some games are suitable to be migrated at all depending on genre.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Because of the constant introduction of new technologies to market growth of electronic waste generation has gained importance on the world stage, among these residues are cell phones. Deliver useful life increasingly short. Mobile phones are made up of several components, including LCD screens. In these screens there is a mixture of indium oxide (In) and tin (Sn), known as ITO, which 80-90% consists of In and 10-20% by Sn. There are already several studies that show ideal conditions for comminution and leaching of LCD screens, therefore, this study aims to establish an effective method for concentrating In present in aqueous solution coming from the acid leaching processes and thus regain In the form metal. Tests were conducted electrodialysis (ED), using synthetic solution In2(SO4)3 in order to work with a more environmentally acceptable method. Thus, initially tested for different current densities in a time of 120 minutes, monitoring pH and conductivity and varying the concentration of In every 30 minutes. The In concentration was determined by atomic absorption (AAS). The optimal current density was 0.96 mA/cm2, where was obtained 62.77% current efficiency. After setting the optimal current density applied in the same test of 131 hours, which resulted in a concentration of 521 mg/L In. Despite the use of electrodialysis have been able to concentrate the solution, the value of 521 mg/L is still not enough to recover In for electrowinning. Thus, we apply the solvent extraction method. Was used as DEHPA extractant diluted in commercial kerosene and evaluated the best contact time between the aqueous phase (A) and organic (O), pH, ratio A:O, better DEHPA concentration in the organic phase. For stripping evaluated the best molar concentration of HCl, relative A:O and contact time between phases. The best conditions laid down have been applied in real solution In, obtained leaching LCD screens, with concentration 32.44 mg/L. The best conditions are obtained in the extraction ratio A:O of 40:1, in 20 minutes, at pH 0,5 e obtained a 96,67% efficiency applied after the stripping in the loaded organic solution with In, with respect to 1:10 with concentration of HCl 4M in 10 minutes, resulting in a efficiency of 61,10% and concentration of 7,712 g/L In. Also performed were tests electrowinning (EO) evaluated three different current densities, and 150 A/m² was obtained a 50.71% efficiency at a concentration of 7 g/L. Therefore, two further phases in In recovery process were developed in recovering In its metallic form giving opportunity for new applications, reducing the consumption of natural resources. / Devido a constante introdução de novas tecnologias no mercado, o crescimento da geração de resíduos eletroeletrônicos tem ganhado importância no cenário mundial, dentre esses resíduos estão os telefones celulares. Estes equipamentos apresentam um tempo de vida útil cada vez mais curto. Os celulares são constituídos por diversos componentes, dentre eles as telas de LCD. Nessas telas há uma mistura de óxido de índio (In) e estanho (Sn), conhecida como ITO, onde de 80-90% é composta por In e 10-20% por Sn. Já existem diversos estudos que mostram condições ideais para cominuição e lixiviação das telas de LCD, assim sendo, este trabalho tem por objetivo estabelecer um método eficaz para concentrar o In presente em solução aquosa oriunda dos processos de lixiviação ácida e assim recuperar o In na forma metálica. Foram realizados testes de eletrodiálise (ED), utilizando solução sintética de In2(SO4)3, a fim de trabalhar com um método mais ambientalmente aceitável. Desta forma, inicialmente testou-se diferentes densidades de corrente em um tempo de 120 minutos, monitorando pH e condutividade e variação da concentração do In a cada 30 minutos. A concentração de In foi determinada por absorção atômica (AAS). A densidade de corrente mais adequada dentro das condições experimentais foi de 0,96 mA/cm2, onde se obteve 62,77% de eficiência de corrente. Após a definição da densidade de corrente ideal aplicou-se a mesma num ensaio de 131 horas, onde resultou em uma concentração 521 mg/L de In. Apesar do emprego da eletrodiálise ter conseguido concentrar a solução, o valor de 521 mg/L ainda não é suficiente para recuperar o In por eletro-obtenção. Desta forma, aplicou-se o método de extração por solventes. Utilizou-se como extrator DEHPA diluído em querosene comercial e avaliou-se o melhor tempo de contato entre as fases aquosa (A) e orgânica (O), pH, relação A:O, melhor concentração de DEHPA na fase orgânica. Para a re-extração avaliou-se a melhor concentração molar de HCl, relação A:O e tempo de contato entre as fases. As melhores condições estabelecidas foram aplicadas em solução real de In, obtida de lixiviação de telas de LCD, com concentração 32,44 mg/L. As melhores condições obtidas foram na extração a relação A:O de 40:1, em 20 minutos, com pH 0,5 e obteve-se uma eficiência de 96,67%, após aplicou-se a re-extração na solução orgânica carregada com o In, com relação de 1:10, HCl com concentração 4 M em 10 minutos, resultando em uma eficiência de 61,10% e uma concentração de 7,712 g/L de In. Também foram realizados testes de eletro-obtenção (EO), avaliando três diferentes densidades de corrente, sendo que com 150 A/m² obteve-se uma eficiência de 50,71%, com concentração de 7 g/L. Sendo assim, duas novas etapas no processo de recuperação de In foram desenvolvidas, recuperando In em sua forma metálica dando oportunidade para novas aplicações, reduzindo o consumo de recursos naturais.

Although philosopher Robert Solomon and rhetorician Kenneth Burke wrote in isolation from one another, they discuss similar concepts and ideas. Since its introduction in Burke's A Rhetoric of Motives, identification has always been important to rhetorical theory, and recent studies in emotion, such as Solomon's, provide new insight into modes of identification—that human beings can identify with one another on an emotional level. This paper places Solomon and Burke in conversation with one another, arguing that both terministic screens and emotions are ways of seeing, acting, engaging, and judging. Hence, terministic screens and emotions affect ethos, or character, both in a specific moment and over periods of time as they are cultivated through habit. Because emotions influence ethos, it is important for a speaker to cultivate the right emotions at the right time—Solomon's notion of emotional integrity. Emotional integrity facilitates Burkean identification between speaker and audience because it enables human beings to see the other as synecdochically related to themselves, a part of the whole. Hence, this paper ultimately argues that a speaker will improve his or her ethos by cultivating emotional integrity.

Target-based screening projects for bioactive (orphan) compounds have been shown in many cases to be insufficiently predictive for in vivo efficacy, leading to attrition in clinical trials. Phenotypic screening has hence undergone a renaissance in both academia and in the pharmaceutical industry, partly due to this reason. One key shortcoming of this paradigm shift is that the protein targets modulated need to be elucidated subsequently, which is often a costly and time-consuming procedure. In this work, we have explored both improved methods and real-world case studies of how computational methods can help in target elucidation of phenotypic screens. One limitation of previous methods has been the ability to assess the applicability domain of the models, that is, when the assumptions made by a model are fulfilled and which input chemicals are reliably appropriate for the models. Hence, a major focus of this work was to explore methods for calibration of machine learning algorithms using Platt Scaling, Isotonic Regression Scaling and Venn-Abers Predictors, since the probabilities from well calibrated classifiers can be interpreted at a confidence level and predictions specified at an acceptable error rate. Additionally, many current protocols only offer probabilities for affinity, thus another key area for development was to expand the target prediction models with functional prediction (activation or inhibition). This extra level of annotation is important since the activation or inhibition of a target may positively or negatively impact the phenotypic response in a biological system. Furthermore, many existing methods do not utilize the wealth of bioactivity information held for orthologue species. We therefore also focused on an in-depth analysis of orthologue bioactivity data and its relevance and applicability towards expanding compound and target bioactivity space for predictive studies. The realized protocol was trained with 13,918,879 compound-target pairs and comprises 1,651 targets, which has been made available for public use at GitHub. Consequently, the methodology was applied to aid with the target deconvolution of AstraZeneca phenotypic readouts, in particular for the rationalization of cytotoxicity and cytostaticity in the High-Throughput Screening (HTS) collection. Results from this work highlighted which targets are frequently linked to the cytotoxicity and cytostaticity of chemical structures, and provided insight into which compounds to select or remove from the collection for future screening projects. Overall, this project has furthered the field of in silico target deconvolution, by improving the performance and applicability of current protocols and by rationalizing cytotoxicity, which has been shown to influence attrition in clinical trials.