[pt] Um cenário comum atualmente é o de aplicações desenvolvidas usando duas linguagens de programação a fim de otimizar partes onde o desempenho é crítico e permitir extensibilidade através de scripts escritos pelo usuário. Há várias formas de se obter esse tipo de interoperabilidade; idealmente, entretanto, uma linguagem deve prover uma interface de acesso externo (foreign language interface, FLI) que permita ao programador receber e enviar tanto chamadas como dados para outra linguagem. Este trabalho discute as principais questões envolvendo o projeto de APIs para integração de ambientes de execução de linguagens em aplicações C. Apresentamos os principais problemas enfrentados na interação entre código executando em um ambiente com características inerentemente dinâmicas como o de uma linguagem de script com código C. Comparamos aqui as abordagens empregadas por cinco linguagens no tratamento da comunicação entre os espaços de dados de C e do ambiente de execução embutido e as conseqüências destas abordagens no gerenciamento de memória, bem como no compartilhamento de código entre a aplicação C e o da linguagem de script. Ilustramos as diferenças das APIs destas linguagens e o impacto destas no código resultante de uma aplicação C através de um estudo de caso. Diferentes linguagens de script são embutidas como plugins de uma mesma biblioteca, que por sua vez expõe a aplicações clientes uma API genérica de scripting. Assim, o código de cada plugin permite observar de forma clara e isolada os procedimentos adotados em cada linguagem para chamada de funções, registro de funçoes C e conversão de dados entre os ambientes. / [en] Applications written in two programming languages, in order to optimize parts where performance is critical or to obtain extensibility through userwritten scripts, are commonplace nowadays. There are several ways to obtain this kind of interoperability; ideally, however, a language should provide a foreign language interface (FLI), allowing the programmer to send and receive both data and function calls to the external language. This work discusses the main issues involving the design of APIs for the integration of language environments within C applications. We present the main problems faced in the interaction between code executed in an environment with inherently dynamic characteristics such as a scripting language and C code. We compare the approaches employed by five languages when handling communication between the data spaces of C and the embedded runtime environment and the consequences of these approaches in memory management, as well as sharing of code between the C application and that from the scripting language. We illustrate the differences of the APIs of those languages and their impact in the resulting code of a C application through a case study. Different scripting languages were embedded as plugins for a library, which on its turn exposes to client applications a generic scripting API. This way, the code of each plugin allows us to observe in a clear and isolated way the procedures adopted by each language for function calls, registration of C functions and conversion of data between the environments.

Background: Some brands have reached popularity much because of their origin and the "made-in" label can possibly generate a positive differentiating effect to the brand. Adequate examples are the British Burberry or the Italian Gucci, the French Chanel or the American Apple. All these brands strategically communicate their origin as part of their brand and the inspiration for this thesis arose form the Country-of-Origin phenomenon in international marketing (COO). This refers to that brands use cues related to their origin as a component of their brand message. Even the Swedish origin can be a competitive advantage and more companies could perhaps benefit from turning to a COO strategy, as there is a current trend of being local in a global context. This would promote the using of firms' Swedishness to succeed in establishments on foreign markets. The authors of this thesis believe that if more Swedish companies would clearly distinguish as Swedish this could perhaps also enhance the positive image of Sweden. Therefore, this thesis is exploring to what extent some Swedish fashion apparel brands work with their origin as part of their international marketing. Research Question: How do companies exploit their Country-of-Origin as part of their brand in their international marketing communication? Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to explore the exploitation of a Country-of-Origin effect in Swedish fashion apparel brands' international marketing. Methodology: The study ha taken a primarily qualitative research design, which has included two research techniques. A pre-study was conducted, that consisted of a focus group interview where the following issues were discussed: the general view of Sweden, Swedish brands and companies, and their examination with the Country-of-Origin label. The pre-study gave important insights that were used in the main study - semi structured interviews with Swedish companies working in the fashion apparel industry. From the whole population of companies in the Swedish fashion industry, a first sample of 57 companies was made. From this sample a second sample of 11 companies was drawn, that represented approximately 20 percent that was argued to be a fair number of respondents to be able to see some patterns. The data from the interviews were analyzed and interpreted in a qualitative analysis procedure that focused on the finding of keywords and patterns. Results: The results showed that a clear majority of the random interviewed companies, 9 of 11 use their COO in their brand and 8 companies said it is a more or less explicit strategy. The exploitation of their COO was made by using country-related cues in their marketing. The reason why these companies have turned to a COO strategy was that it could give them competitive advantages, since there was a positive match between associations of their brand and Sweden. The general conclusion that could be made was that the benefits from using a COO strategy differ with the product and the country. It can also be assumed that more Swedish companies could benefit from realizing  the potential in using a COO strategy.

No description available.

The ways that categories of immigration are drawn and standards of successful citizenship are measured in Canadian society influence the ways that people script themselves to appear as worthy immigrant applicants and potential Canadian citizens. For immigrant hopefuls, scripting oneself using the language of immigration and positioning oneself as a deserving and desirable immigrant is crucial for gaining mobility and passage into Canadian society. In my thesis, I explore the literature surrounding processes and concepts like borders, mobility, good citizenship, the ???white standard???, and racialization that serve as foundations and outcomes of scripting ???good??? immigrants and ???successful??? citizenship. I embed the experiences of my informants within an analysis of this literature as well as the processes of immigration outlined by Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC). I find that scripting immigrant categories and citizenship can result in immigrants enacting only a limited Canadianness. Immigrant categories involve restrictive policies that can result in exploitation. I also offer that immigrants may live a double-consciousness through their transnationalism and constituting of ???back home???. The larger hope for this project is to provide an understanding of the processes of scripting that work to make exclusive the right to be Canadian so that the vulnerability and suffering caused by the existence of hierarchies of citizenship can be tackled as a public issue and make for a more inclusive and equitable Canada.

Non-Player Character (NPC) behaviors in todays computer games are mostly generated from manually written scripts. The high cost of manually creating complex behaviors for each NPC to exhibit intelligence in response to every situation in the game results in NPCs with repetitive and artificial looking behaviors. The goal of this research is to enable NPCs in computer games to exhibit natural and human-like behaviors in non-combat situations. The quality of these behaviors affects the game experience especially in story-based games, which rely heavily on player-NPC interactions. Reinforcement Learning has been used in this research for BioWare Corp.s Neverwinter Nights to learn natural-looking behaviors for companion NPCs. The proposed method enables NPCs to rapidly learn reasonable behaviors and adapt to the changes in the game environment. This research also provides a learning architecture to divide the NPC behavior into sub-behaviors and sub-tasks called decision domains.

?rea de concentra??o: Educa??o e Tecnologias aplicadas em Institui??es Educacionais. / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-04-12T14:17:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) julio_cesar_costa_silva.pdf: 3442052 bytes, checksum: 418632e21262716d31a67fd4b2f368f5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-04-23T16:45:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) julio_cesar_costa_silva.pdf: 3442052 bytes, checksum: 418632e21262716d31a67fd4b2f368f5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-23T16:45:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) julio_cesar_costa_silva.pdf: 3442052 bytes, checksum: 418632e21262716d31a67fd4b2f368f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Uma das formas de se gerar conte?do adaptado ao estudante passa, primeiro, pela detec??o dos Estilos de Aprendizagem (EA). A teoria dos EA presume que cada aluno tem caracter?sticas pr?prias que o distingue dos demais. A partir dos EA, o Sistema Adaptativo e Inteligente para Educa??o (SAIE) de Dor?a foi idealizado. Seu trabalho objetiva apresentar uma solu??o estoc?stica para provimento de adaptatividade e customiza??o de Sistemas Educacionais por meio da modelagem probabil?stica dos EA. Em s?ntese, seu SAIE visa modelar o estudante, coletando e atualizando seus dados, de forma a descobrir seu EA. Com este fim, o sistema, durante suas itera??es, submete o aluno a avalia??es e, caso as notas sejam insatisfat?rias, o sistema realiza a atualiza??o do modelo do estudante (ME) por meio do Aprendizado por Refor?o (AR). Contudo, AR ? considerada uma t?cnica lenta de aprendizado que demanda muito tempo para ajustar o elemento a ser otimizado. Por sua vez, a t?cnica Dynamic Scripting (DS), uma varia??o da t?cnica de AR, apresenta alta velocidade de converg?ncia, mesmo em ambientes din?micos. DS ? popularmente utilizada na IA de Jogos e consiste em um conjunto de Regras sobre um dom?nio, estruturadas por uma condi??o e uma a??o. Sua forma de aprendizagem atrela um peso a cada regra, o qual determina a qualidade da regra, frente ? sua condi??o, e uma probabilidade da mesma ser aplicada. A condi??o de uma regra ? a representa??o de uma situa??o poss?vel no sistema, e sua a??o ? a interven??o gerada no sistema durante a sua aplica??o. Este trabalho prop?e o aperfei?oamento do SAIE citado, utilizando uma adapta??o do DS, com os objetivos de acelerar a converg?ncia do sistema, reduzir os Problemas de Aprendizagem (PA) e aumentar a nota do estudante. Adicionalmente, devido a caracter?stica din?mica do DS, este trabalho realiza experimentos em situa??es em que o EA Real (EAr) dos alunos variam ao longo do processo de ensino/aprendizagem. A pesquisa parte da elabora??o das regras e implementa??o da estrutura do DS, avan?ando para a substitui??o do m?dulo de AR pelo DS no SAIE de Dor?a. Realizaram-se 30 testes para cada uma das 16 Combina??es de EA (CEA), 16*30 testes para cada uma das 4 abordagens: Dor?a-Est?tico, Dor?a-Din?mico, DS-Est?tico e DS-Din?mico. Nos testes din?micos, modificou-se o EAr a cada 150 intera??es, de forma que ap?s 300 intera??es, o sistema deve convergir para uma CEA oposta ? inicial. Resultados preliminares, em compara??o ? abordagem da literatura, apresentaram uma redu??o m?dia nos PA de 35.8% para os testes din?micos e de 54.1% para os testes est?ticos. Quando o EA Probabil?stico (EAp) inicial ? exatamente igual ao EAr, verificou-se que a abordagem proposta apresentou em m?dia 6 erros na atualiza??o do ME, enquanto a abordagem da literatura apresentou, em m?dia, 23 erros. Verificou-se, portanto, que, preliminarmente, a proposta obteve resultados promissores. / Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Educa??o, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / One of the ways to generate the content adapted to the student passes, first, by the detection of Learning Styles (LS). The LS theory assumes that every time you have distances. From the LS, the Adaptive and Intelligent System for Education (AISE) of Dor?a was idealized. His work aims to present a stochastic solution for the provision of adaptability and customization of Educational Systems through the probabilistic modeling of LS. In summary, your AISE visa model, offering and updating your data, in order to discover your LS. To this end, the system, during its iterations, submits the student to the evaluation and, in case of notes and dissatisfactions, the system performs an updating of the student model (ME) through Reinforcement Learning (RL). However, RL is a slow learning technique that requires a lot of time to adjust the element to be optimized. In turn, a Dynamic Scripting (DS) technique, a variation of the RL technique, presents a high speed of convergence, even in dynamic environments. DS is popularly used in Artificial Intelligence of Games and consists of a set of Rules on a domain, structured by a condition and an action. Its form of learning brings a weight to each rule, which determines a quality of the rule, in front of its condition, and a probability of the same company. The condition of a rule is a representation of a good situation, and its action is an intervention generated without system during its application. This work proposes the improvement of the SAIE mentioned, the use of an adaptation of the DS, with the objectives of accelerating the convergence of the system, reduce the Learning Problems (PA) and increase student grade. In addition, due to the dynamic nature of the DS, this work performs tasks in situations in which students? real LS (LSr) vary throughout the teaching / learning process. A research of elaboration of the rules and implementation of the structure of the DS, advancing to the substitution of the RL module by the DS without AISE of Dor?a. A total of 30 tests were performed for each of the 16 AE combinations (CEA), 16 * 30 testicles for each of the 4 approaches: Dorca-Static, Dynamic Doric, DS-Static and DS-Dynamic. In the dynamic tests, the LSr was modified every 150 interactions, so that after 300 interactions, the system must converge to a CEA opposite to the initial one. Preliminary results, in literature comparison, presented a mean reduction in BP of 35.8 % for dynamic tests and 54.1 % for static tests. When the initial Probabilistic LS (LSp) is exactly the same as the LSr, it was verified that the proposed approach presented on average 6 errors in the updating of the ME, while a literature approach presented, on average, 23 errors. It was therefore found that a proposal had obtained promising results in the first place.

The main question posed in this study is: How do black mineworkers in the goldmining industry conceptualise and experience fatherhood in present-day South Africa? The following four subsidiary research questions were formulated to address this: * How do the respondents characterise fatherhood? * What are the respondents' own recollections of being fathered? * How do migrant and resident respondents' experiences of fatherhood differ? * What influence do biological mothers or female partners have on father-child relationships as described by the respondents? The scripting perspective chosen underscores this study because it is a multilevel approach that takes the fathers' social milieu into account without ignoring their agency. This perspective focuses on three levels - cultural scenarios, interpersonal and intrapsychic scripting. During 2002 a qualitative study was undertaken by way of in-depth interviews conducted with 30 respondents, with ten being re-interviewed in 2003. These interviews were augmented with general observations and fact-finding interviews conducted with key informants. In terms of the first research question regarding the way in which the respondents characterise fatherhood, it was found that the breadwinner role is salient. However, traces of patriarchy and the so-called "new fatherhood" are often intertwined with the economic aspect of fatherhood. The respondents' own recollections of being fathered were found to include a stern disciplinarian pattern ("father is like a lion"), a "bad fatherhood" pattern and a "good fatherhood" pattern. Resident respondents related more involvement with their children compared with migrant respondents, although varying degrees of distant and involved fatherhood could be detected amongst the migrant respondents. Resident respondents conveyed active involvement in father-child activities such as giving guidance to children and playing with them. Some respondents have little contact with those children they fathered with a woman other than their current partner. Female partners tend to hinder any type of relationship with children born as a result of adulterous relationships but children born from previous relationships may be taken care of. However, respondents who openly stated double standards regarding sexual practices for men and women tend to take care of all their biological children and show little concern for their wives' views. / Sociology / D. Litt et Phil (Sociology)

Skriptspråk har under det senaste decenniet fått en ökad spridning, både gällande användare och gällande användningsområden. Från att huvudsakligen ha använts till enklare dagliga administratörsuppgifter används idag skriptspråken inom många områden där tidigare enbart systemspråk var ett alternativ. Denna uppsats undersöker och granskar fem skriptspråk: PHP, Perl, Ruby, Tcl och PostScript. Målet är att undersöka språkens egenskaper och se på skillnader språken emellan. Vi jämför också skriptspråken mot systemspråket C, som dock inte granskas för sig. Vi utför ett test där quicksort-algoritmen används för att sortera ett antal element som läses in från fil. Ett testskript skrivs i varje språk, och dess effektivitet och expressivitet jämförs. Vi kommer i denna uppsats fram till att definitionen för skriptspråk, och det som skiljer skriptspråk från systemspråk, är skriptspråkens avsaknad av ett separat kompileringssteg. En annan viktig aspekt är skriptspråkens användning av dynamisk typbindning för variabler. De tester vi gjort visar att inget av skriptspråken kan mäta sig med systemspråket C vad gäller exekveringstid, däremot är de bättre gällande expressivitet. Av skriptspråken är Perl det språk som är snabbast och PostScript det språk som är långsammast. / During the last decade, scripting languages have seen an increase in both number of users and areas of development. Earlier, scripting languages were mainly used for everyday system administration tasks. Nowadays, scripting languages are used in areas where previously only system languages were an alternative. In this dissertation, five scripting languages are compared and reviewed. The languages are: PHP, Perl, Ruby, Tcl, and PostScript. The goal is to examine characteristics of the languages and illustrate the differences between them. We also compare the scripting languages against the system language C, which is not examined in this dissertation. We perform a test where the quicksort algorithm is used to sort a number of elements which are read from file. A test script is written in every language, and their efficiency and expressiveness are compared. In this dissertation we come to the conclusion that the definition of scripting languages, and the main difference between scripting languages and system languages, is the absence of a separate compiling stage for scripting languages. We also consider the use of dynamic typing regarding variables to be an important aspect of scripting languages. The tests have shown that scripting languages can not compete with the system language C regarding efficiency of execution, but the scripting languages have a higher level of expressiveness. Perl is fastest among the scripting languages and PostScript is the slowest.

This Master's thesis was written to create the extension for an experimental rendering engine CSSBox about scripting support in JavaScript language. In the theoretical section the thesis describes the architecture of the rendering engine and introduces problems of the scripting in HTML documents according to the recommended HTML 5 specification. This thesis deals with thorough analysis of existing scripting engines and their interfaces, which could be used for the extension implementation. Depending on the knowledge gained from the previous parts this thesis focuses only on the scripting engine Rhino and introduces an abstract design of its integration into the CSSBox project. At the end it evaluates the reliability and efficiency of the implemented functionalities and considers possibilities of their further development.

Many web applications are vulnerable to Injection and Cross-site scripting. These attacks are often focused on infrastructural parts of the application. This thesis investigates if Domain-Driven Design can unify existing technical protection mechanisms as well as provide protection for attacks aimed at the business logic of an application. The performance of data validation and transformation performed with components from Domain-Driven Design is evaluated. The evaluation is performed by exposing an E-commerce application to dangerous injection and cross-site scripting strings. The data validation was found to be accurate and flexible and context mapping aided the understanding of correct data treatment depending on where in the application it is located or travelling to.