Orientador: Alexandre Leite Rodrigues de Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T12:05:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Benitez_SuzanaUlian_M.pdf: 7544701 bytes, checksum: 2e552c7219f0c635a4b0afecffd3204d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Lesões nas raízes dorsais da medula espinal são frequentes e muitas vezes decorrentes de acidentes automobilísticos. Devido à possibilidade de geração de dor neuropática, os procedimentos cirúrgicos não priorizam o reparo do componente aferente, sendo reparado apenas o componente motor. Adicionalmente, a perda das informações sensoriais gera parestesia ou anestesia do membro lesado, bem como descoordenação motora. Nesse contexto, novas terapias precisam ser desenvolvidas para o reparo das raízes dorsais. Uma substância capaz de conectar tecidos por adesão e que promova a hemostase e estabilidade do tecido, como o selante de fibrina (SF), pode ser uma alternativa a ser empregada no reparo de raízes lesadas. Além disso, o emprego conjunto do SF com células-tronco mononuclares de medula óssea (CTMMO) pode potencializar uma eventual regeneração tecidual. Assim, o presente estudo avaliou a resposta glial, a reorganização sináptica, a morfologia das fibras sensoriais e a coordenação motora após reparo com SF e terapia celular. Para isso, foram empregados ratos Lewis fêmeas (6-8 semanas), sendo divididos em três grupos: rizotomia (RZ, n=20), rizotomia reparada com SF (RZ+SF; n=22) e rizotomia reparada com SF e CTMMO (RZ+SF+CT; n=20). O tempo de sobrevida pós-cirúrgico foi de até 8 semanas. Para imunoistoquímica, foram utilizados anticorpos anti-VGLUT1 (terminais pré-sinápticos glutamatérgicos), GAD65 (terminais pré-sinápticos gabaérgicos), sinaptofisina (terminais sinápticos), GFAP (astrócitos), Iba1 (microglia) e BDNF (fator neurotrófico). Além disso, foram realizados citoquímica com Sudan black (coloração para lipídeos) e os testes comportamentais von-Frey eletrônico e walking track test (sistema CatWalk). Os resultados demonstraram regeneração das aferências nos grupos RZ+SF e RZ+SF+CT. Porém, apenas no segundo grupo, houve crescimento axonal até lâminas mais profundas da medula espinal, o que resultou em melhor desempenho nos testes comportamentais. Concluímos que o reimplante de raízes sensitivas com SF e CTMMO pode ser uma alternativa terapêutica para o reparo de lesões dorsais na interface do SNC e SNP / Abstract: Dorsal root lesions are common and often occur in automobile accidents. Due to the possibility of generating neuropathic pain, surgical procedures do not prioritize the repair of the afferent component, focusing on the motor output instead. Moreover, the loss of sensory inputs triggers paresthesis or anesthesia of the injured limb, and motor impairments. In this context, new therapies have to be developed for dorsal root repair. A substance that can promote tissue adhesion and stability and tissue haemostasis, such as fibrin sealant (FS), could be an alternative for the repair of damaged roots. Furthermore, the combined use of FS plus bone marrow mononuclear stem cells (BMSC) may enhance tissue regeneration. Thus, the present study evaluated the glial response, synaptic changes, the cytoarchitecture of the sensory fibers and motor coordination with FS with or without cell therapy for root replantation. Female Lewis rats (6-8 weeks old) were divided into three groups: rhizotomy (RZ, n = 20), rhizotomy repaired with FS (RZ+FS, n = 22) and rhizotomy repaired with SF and BMSC (RZ+FS+SC, n = 20). The survival time after surgery was up to 8 weeks. For immunohistochemistry VGLUT 1 (presynaptic glutamatergic terminals), GAD65 (GABAergic presynaptic terminals), synaptophysin (synaptic terminals), GFAP (astrocytes), Iba1 (microglia) and BDNF (neurotrophic factor) antibodies were used. Also, cytochemistry with Sudan black (lipid staining) and the behavioral tests electronic von-Frey and Walking track test (CatWalk system) were carried out. The results showed regeneration of afferent inputs in groups RZ+FS and RZ+FS+SC. However, only in the group with BMSC, the axonal growth was able to reach deeper laminae of the spinal cord, resulting in a better performance in behavioral tests. We conclude that the sensory root replantation with FS and BMSC may be an alternative therapy for the repair of dorsal root injuries in the CNS and PNS interface / Mestrado / Biologia Celular / Mestra em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

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No description available.

Background: The light-cured resin-based pit and fissure sealants success and longevity are enhanced by sufficient curing. Multiple emission peak Light Emitting Diode Light Curing Units offer a wider range of wavelengths and different levels of irradiances to ensure sufficient curing.The irradiance is considered a main curing factor that can affect the material properties. Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different settings of a multiwave LED LCU on the degree of conversion and microhardness of a pit and fissure sealant comparing the irradiance of 1000 mW/cm2 to 1400 mW/cm2 and 3200 mW/cm2 irradiances of the LCU using manufacturer’s guidelines for curing times at 2, 4 and, 6 mm distances. Methods: A multiwave LED light curing unit was evaluated on three different irradiance levels 1000 mW/cm2 (S), 1400 mW/cm2 (H), and 3200 mW/cm2 (X). A total of 90 samples made from the fissure sealant were fabricated and divided into eighteen groups (n=5/group). Samples were cured following manufacturer’s guidelines of curing times for each curing mode at 2, 4, or 6 mm distance between the light tip and top of samples. The DC was measured using (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The KHN test was performed on five different locations of each specimen using a hardness tester (Leco LM247AT, MI, USA, software; Confident V 2.5.2). Results: The top DC for H-8 was significantly higher than S-10 at 2 and 4mm, H-20 DC was significantly lower than S-30 at only 2mm. The bottom DC for H-8 was significantly higher than S-10 at 2mm only, H-20 DC was significantly lower than S-30 at 4 and 6mm only. H-8 KHN at top surface was significantly lower than S-10 at 2mm only, H-20 was significantly lower than S-30 at 2 and 6mm only. H-8 KHN at bottom surface was significantly lower than S-10 at 4 and 6mm but significantly higher at 2mm. H-20 was significantly lower than S-30 at 2mm but significantly higher at 4 and 6mm. The top DC for X-3 was significantly lower than S-10 at all curing distances with no significant difference at all curing distances between X-9 and S-30. The bottom DC for X-3 was significantly higher than S-10 at all curing distances with no significant difference between X-9 and S-30. X-3 KHN at top surface was significantly lower than S-10s at all curing distances. X-9 was significantly lower than S-30 at 6mm only. X-3 KHN at bottom surface was significantly lower than S-10 at 2 and 4mm only with no significant difference at all curing distances between X-9 and S-30. Conclusions: Using a multiwave LED LCU to polymerize Delton Opaque resin-based fissure sealants will result in an optimal DC and KHN values for any irradiance level if the curing distance is kept at 4 mm or less and with at least two cycles of the shortest curing time recommended by the manufacturer. Using a multiwave LED LCU with 1000, 1400 or 3200 mW/cm2 irradiance levels with shortest curing times recommended resulted in unsatisfactory DC and KHN levels. LED LCU with high and extra high irradiance levels (1400 and 3200 mW/cm2) can result in high DC and KHN levels when used adequately. Xtra Power mode (3200 mW/cm2) used on shortest curing time (3 seconds) resulted in significantly lower mechanical properties and for that reason it is not recommended to be used.

<p dir="ltr">Hemorrhage and aortic aneurysms result from external or internal damage to a vessel wall and can be lethal if timely interventions are not made. Blood clotting and thrombus sometimes have a negative connotation in the medical community, but the coagulation cascade is a vital response to hemorrhage and disease. For hemorrhage, the coagulation cascade forms a plug at the injury site providing potentially life-saving hemostasis. In aortic aneurysms, blood coagulates inside the vessel or vessel wall to form intraluminal or intramural thrombus. The role of intraluminal and intramural thrombus in aneurysm rupture remains poorly understood, but past research suggests it may protect against further vessel damage dependent on its location and time of deposition. My dissertation focuses on application of a new photocurable sealant that surrounds a wound and aids in the coagulation cascade during hemorrhage, and analysis of the intramural and intraluminal thrombus that forms in aortic dissections and abdominal aortic aneurysms, respectively. We used volumetric and pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasound to detect changes in hemodynamics, vessel morphology, aneurysm thrombus deposition, and tracked the photocurable sealant’s performance and degradation <i>in vivo</i>. We used novel scanning electron microscopy analysis techniques in aortic aneurysm studies to uncover and quantify new information about thrombus structure. Our characterization and <i>in vivo </i>feasibility study with the photocurable sealant can serve as evidence for translation to future use in humans, and our techniques and findings in murine aneurysm models can potentially be used to elucidate the role and structure of thrombus in human aortic aneurysms.</p>

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) Indiana University School of Dentistry Master Degree Thesis. / Detection of caries at an early stage is unequivocally essential for early preventive intervention. Longitudinal assessment of caries lesions, especially under the opaque preventive sealant, would be of utmost importance to the dental community. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this two-part in-vitro study is to evaluate the performance of multiple detection methods: The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS); two quantitative light-induced fluorescence systems QLF; Inspektor™ Pro and QLF-D Biluminator™2 (Inspektor Research Systems B.V.; Amsterdam, The Netherlands); and photothermal radiometry and modulated luminescence (PTR/LUM) of The Canary System® (Quantum Dental Technologies; Toronto, Canada). All these are to be evaluated on their detection of caries on posterior human permanent teeth for 1) of primary occlusal lesions, and 2) under the sealant of primary occlusal lesions. METHODS: One hundred and twenty (N = 120) human posterior permanent teeth, selected in compliance with IU-IRB “Institutional Review Board” standards, with non-cavitated occlusal lesions ICDAS (scores 0 to 4) were divided into two equal groups. The second group (N = 60) received an opaque resin dental sealant (Delton® Light-Curing Pit and Fissure Sealant Opaque, Dentsply, York, PA). All lesions were assessed with each detection method twice in a random order except for ICDAS, which was not used following the placement of the sealant. Histological validation was used to compare methods in regard to sensitivity, specificity, % correct, and the area under receiver- operating characteristic curve (AUC). Intra-examiner repeatability and inter-examiner agreement were measured using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: 1) Of primary occlusal lesions, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC values were respectively: 0.82, 0.86 and 0.87 (ICDAS); 0.89, 0.60 and 0.90 (Inspektor Pro); 0.96, 0.57 and 0.94 (QLF-D Biluminator 2); and 0.85, 0.43 and 0.79 (The Canary System). Intra-examiner repeatability and inter-examiner agreement were respectively: 0.81 to 0.87: 0.72 (ICDAS); 0.49 to 0.97: 0.73 (Inspektor Pro); 0.96 to 0.99: 0.96 (QLF-D Biluminator 2); and 0.33 to 0.63: 0.48 (The Canary System). 2) Of primary occlusal lesions under the opaque dental sealants, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC values were respectively: 0.99, 0.03 and 0.67 (Inspektor Pro); 1.00, 0.00 and 0.70 (QLF-D Biluminator 2); and 0.54, 0.50 and 0.58 (The Canary System). Intra-examiner repeatability and inter-examiner agreement were respectively: 0.24 to 0.37: 0.29 (Inspektor Pro); 0.80 to 0.84: 0.74 (QLF-D Biluminator 2); and 0.22 to 0.47: 0.01 (The Canary System). CONCLUSION: Limited to these in-vitro conditions, 1) ICDAS remains the method of choice for detection of early caries lesion due to its adequately high accuracy and repeatability. QLF systems demonstrate potential in longitudinal monitoring due to an almost perfect repeatability of QLF-D Biluminator 2. The Canary System performance and repeatability were not acceptable as a valid method of early caries detection. 2) None of the methods demonstrated acceptable ability in detecting of occlusal caries under the opaque sealant. However, QLF-D Biluminator 2, with limitation to these in-vitro conditions and Delton opaque sealant, demonstrated a fair accuracy AUC (0.70) in detecting of caries under sealants at an experimental threshold of 12.5% ΔF.

Na região do Vale do Ribeira, os resíduos provenientes do beneficiamento e fundição do minério de chumbo (Pb) foram lançados por décadas no rio Ribeira de Iguape ou depositados diretamente na superfície do solo, sem qualquer proteção, constituindo fontes de contaminação do solo e das águas por metais potencialmente tóxicos. O uso do solo local na construção de barreira selante para impermeabilização e retenção dos contaminantes representa uma alternativa para o controle desse tipo de contaminação. Por isso é importante estudar os solos da região, sua capacidade de retenção de metais potencialmente tóxicos, e alternativas de baixo custo para melhorar suas propriedades físicas e químicas. A adição de matéria orgânica é um caminho para aumentar a retenção de cátions. Assim, a presente pesquisa visou verificar se um solo residual proveniente de Eldorado Paulista, no Vale do Ribeira, apresenta características favoráveis para o emprego como barreira selante na disposição de resíduos de mineração desta região; bem como analisar a melhoria da sua capacidade de adsorção de Pb e cádmio (Cd), quando misturado com turfa, um material orgânico com elevada capacidade de retenção de metais e de baixo custo, em proporções de 10 e 20% (m/m). Foram realizados ensaios de caracterização para determinação das propriedades físicas, químicas e mineralógicas do solo. Para avaliação da capacidade de adsorção de Pb e Cd pelo solo e pelas misturas solo-turfa, foram realizados ensaios de equilíbrio em lote. O solo estudado é um solo residual argiloso, cuja fração argilosa é predominantemente composta por caulinita. Ele apresenta alguns pontos favoráveis para que seja utilizado como barreira selante na retenção de cátions metálicos, como granulometria predominantemente fina (54,5% de argila), índice de plasticidade adequado (25,1%), meio oxidante (Eh = +333 mV), predomínio de cargas negativas na superfície dos coloides (&Delta;pH = -0,9 e PESN = 3,6) e baixa condutividade hidráulica quando compactado (na ordem de 10-9 m/s). Por outro lado, algumas características são menos interessantes para a retenção de metais, como baixa capacidade de troca catiônica (41,4 mmolc/dm3), baixo teor de matéria orgânica (9 g/kg) e pH ácido (4,6). A adição de turfa em proporções de 10 e 20% (m/m) ao solo aumentou o teor de matéria orgânica em 4,3 vezes e 6,4 vezes, respectivamente. A CTC também aumentou, variando de 41,4 mmolc/dm3 para o solo a 101,7 mmolc/dm3 para a mistura com 10% de turfa, e ainda a 143,1 mmolc/dm3 para a mistura com 20% de turfa. Não foram observadas mudanças de pH. Observou-se também a melhoria da capacidade de adsorção de Pb e Cd. O solo residual natural apresentou eficiência de remoção de Pb de 54% a 100% para concentrações iniciais de 22 a 232 mg/L deste metal. A mistura com maior teor de turfa (20%) removeu 95,3% a 100% do Pb para concentrações iniciais de 31 a 267 mg/L. O coeficiente de distribuição Kd aumentou de 4,57 cm3/g (para o solo natural) até 58,57 cm3/g (para a mistura com 20% de turfa). O Kf aumentou de 75,75 a 508,86 cm3/g e o KL aumentou de 0,0276 a 0,4118 cm3/g, devido a adição de turfa em 20%. Em relação ao Cd, o solo natural apresentou eficiência de remoção de 30,5 a 72,1% para concentrações iniciais de 17 a 170 mg/L. A mistura com 20% de turfa aumentou a eficiência de 54,9 a 88,9% para concentrações iniciais de 20 a 150 mg/L de Cd. O coeficiente Kd foi de 1,56 cm3/g para o solo natural a 6,42 cm3/g para a mistura com maior proporção de turfa. O Kf foi de 30,06 a 63,88 cm3/g, e o KL foi de 0,0301 a 0,0483 cm3/g. Concluiu-se que a adição de turfa ao solo nas proporções de 10 e 20% contribuiu para a melhoria das propriedades associadas a retenção de cátions metálicos e favoreceu a melhor adsorção de Pb e Cd. / In the Ribeira Valley region, in Brazil, mining waste originated from lead ore beneficiation and smelting was launched for decades in the Ribeira de Iguape river or deposited directly on the soil surface near this river, without any protection. This created sources of soil and water contamination by potentially toxic metals. The use of local soil for construction of sealant barriers aiming to waterproof and retain the contaminants represents an alternative to control this type of contamination. It is important to study the region soils, their capacity of retention of potentially toxic metals, and low cost alternatives to improve their physical and chemical properties. The addition of organic matter to the soil is an alternative to increase cation retention. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to verify if a residual soil collected in the Eldorado Paulista municipality, in the Ribeira Valley, presents suitable characteristics to be used as a sealant barrier for mining waste disposal; and to assess the improvement of its adsorption capacity of lead and cadmium, when mixed with peat (an organic material with high metal retention capacity, and low cost), in proportions of 10 and 20% (w/w). Characterization tests were carried out to determine the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of the soil. For the evaluation of the adsorption capacity of lead and cadmium by the soil and soil-peat mixtures, batch equilibrium tests were performed. The studied soil is a clayey residual soil. Its clayey fraction is predominantly composed of kaolinite. It presents some favorable characteristics to be used as a sealant barrier for retention of metallic cations, such as: predominance of fines (54.5% clay), suitable plasticity index (25.1%), oxidizing medium (Eh = +333 mV), predominance of negative charges on the surface of the colloidal particles (&Delta;pH = -0.9 and PZSE = 3.6) and low hydraulic conductivity when compacted, which reached the order of 10-9 m/s. However, some soil properties are less suitable for metal retention, such as low cation exchange capacity (41.4 mmolc/dm3), low organic matter content (9 g/kg) and low pH (4.6). The addition of peat to the soil in proportions of 10 and 20% (w/w) increased the organic matter content by 4.3 times and 6.4 times, respectively. CTC also increased. It ranged from 41.4 mmolc/dm3 (natural soil) to 107.7 mmolc/dm3 (mixture with 10% peat) and to 143.1 mmolc/dm3 (mixture with 20% of peat). No changes in pH were observed. It was also noticed the improvement of the adsorption capacity of lead and cadmium. The lead removal efficiency of the natural residual soil was from 54% to 100% at initial concentrations from 22 to 232 mg/L of this metal. The mixture with higher peat content (20%) removed 95.3% to 100% of the lead at initial concentrations from 31 to 267 mg/L. The distribution coefficient Kd increased from 4.57 cm3/g (for the natural soil) to 58.57 cm3/g (for the mixture with 20% of peat). The Kf increased from 75.75 to 508.86 cm3/g and the KL increased from 0.0276 to 0.4118 cm3/g, due to the addition of peat in 20%. With regard to cadmium, the natural soil removed 30.5 to 72.1% of this metal for initial concentrations of 17 to 170 mg/L. The mixture with 20% of peat increased the Cd removal efficiency to 54.9 to 88.9% at initial concentrations from 20 to 150 mg/L. Kd was 1.56 cm3/g for the natural soil and increased to 6.42 cm3/g for the mixture with the highest content of peat. Kf increased from 30.06 to 63.88 cm3/g, and the KL increased from 0.0301 to 0.0483 cm3/g. It was concluded that the addition of peat to the soil in proportions of 10 and 20% caused improvement of properties related with metalic cation retention and favored Pb and Cd adsorption.

The presented dissertation thesis is focused on investigating the adhesive properties of façade cladding made of wood and wood-based materials in combination with flexible adhesion/assembly systems. The systems allow the implementation of effective construction joints and provide a solution with uniform stress distribution which allows the transfer of heavy loads, while simultaneously reducing the weight of the entire structure, which is also often connected with substantial cost reductions. Despite all that, little attention has been paid to this area so far. It is not a solution which is properly embodied in technical standards or in designers´, architects´ and contractors´ awarenesses. The aim of this dissertation is to characterise adhesive properties of selected façade cladding representatives made of wood and wood-based materials for the purposes of bonded joint application in a ventilated façade system. To define adhesion of façade joints, numerical and experimental methods are used, taking also various limit conditions into account. The main conclusion of the dissertation is the characterisation of basic parameters which influence adhesion, effectiveness and quality of façade glued joints. The secondary conclusion is the compilation of a simple methodical procedure for testing and implementing façade glued joints. The dissertation also makes a contribution by extending the current state of knowledge of façade adhesive joints.

The subject of this thesis is the preparation and organization of construction of residential buildings in Štětí. In the technological regulations deal with all the layers of flooring from the ceiling construction in residential buildings. The objects are hard floors. For floor coverings will be used PVC roofing, ceramic tiles and concrete coating. It will be used for machining of concrete. Next, I will discuss technological instruction, timing, valuation of all technological stages, construction site equipment, health and safety at work. Also here describe the proper allocation of construction processes into sub-processes to technological stage of completion of work most effectively achieve the objective.

Le traitement sélectif (TS) des vaches laitières au tarissement (où seuls les quartiers ou les vaches infectées sont traités avec des antimicrobiens) constitue une alternative potentielle au traitement universel (TU, où tous les quartiers de toutes les vaches reçoivent des antimicrobiens, quel que soit leur statut infectieux), pour une utilisation plus judicieuse des antimicrobiens. L'objectif de cette thèse était d’apporter plus de lumière sur les décisions de traitement antimicrobien ciblant les quartiers ou vaches infecté(e)s au tarissement. Différents devis et méthodologies ont été utilisés pour répondre à cet objectif. Un essai contrôlé randomisé a été conçu et 569 vaches (2,251 quartiers) provenant de 9 troupeaux laitiers du Québec avec un comptage de cellules somatiques (CCS) du réservoir <250 000 cellules/mL ont été systématiquement enrôlées et réparties au hasard dans 4 groupes : 1) traitement antimicrobien seul pour tous les quartiers ; 2) traitement antimicrobien combiné avec un scellant interne à trayon pour tous les quartiers ; 3) traitement antimicrobien sélectif seul basé sur les résultats de la culture bactériologique du lait sur Petrifilm® ; et 4) traitement antimicrobien sélectif combiné avec un scellant interne à trayon basé sur les résultats de la culture du lait sur Petrifilm®. Dans les groupes de TS, les quartiers non infectés n'ont reçu qu'un scellant interne à trayon. Aucune différence significative n'a été détectée entre le TS par quartier et le TU des vaches laitières au tarissement, en termes d'élimination des infections intramammaires (IIM) et de prévention de nouvelles IIM pendant la période de tarissement, de risque d'un premier cas de mammite clinique (MC), de production laitière moyenne quotidienne et de CCS au cours des 120 premiers jours de la lactation suivante. Un TS reposant sur les résultats d'une culture de lait de quartier sur Petrifilm® au tarissement a permis de réduire l'utilisation d'antimicrobiens de 52% (IC à 95%: 39 – 64) par rapport à un TU. En plus de cet essai contrôlé randomisé, la culture du lait par quartier à l'aide de Petrifilm® a été comparée à l'historique du CCS par une estimation bayésienne de leur précision pour identifier les quartiers ou les vaches qui devraient être traités avec des antimicrobiens dans des protocoles de TS au tarissement. Compte tenu de la disponibilité des données de CCS, de la facilité d'utilisation du dernier test de CCS pré-tarissement et de la valeur prédictive négative élevée qui pourrait être obtenue, les producteurs pourraient envisager d'utiliser uniquement le dernier test de CCS pré-tarissement comme outil potentiel pour identifier les vaches qui devraient être traitées avec des antimicrobiens au tarissement. Le dernier test de CCS pré-tarissement peut être utilisé seul ou en combinaison avec la culture de lait par quartier sur Petrifilm® sur les vaches avec un CCS élevé pour identifier encore plus spécifiquement les quartiers qui doivent être traités. L'ajout d'une culture de lait par quartier à la ferme sur Petrifilm® pour les vaches identifiées comme infectées à l'aide des données du CCS améliorerait la précision du test (principalement la valeur prédictive positive) et réduirait davantage l'utilisation d'antimicrobiens. Également, une revue systématique et une série de méta-analyses ont été menées pour étudier l'efficacité du TS par rapport au TU, afin de guider les décideurs et les utilisateurs qui s'engagent dans une utilisation plus efficace et judicieuse des antimicrobiens au moment du tarissement. Treize articles représentant 12 essais contrôlés, randomisés ou non, étaient disponibles pour les analyses. Le TS a permis de réduire de 66% (IC à 95%: 49 – 80) l'utilisation d'antimicrobiens au moment du tarissement. Les résultats appuient fortement l'idée que le TS réduirait l'utilisation d'antimicrobiens au moment du tarissement, sans effet négatif sur la santé du pis ou la production laitière au cours des premiers mois de la lactation subséquente, si, et seulement si, les scellant internes à trayons sont utilisés pour les quartiers non traités avec des antimicrobiens. Enfin, le suivi de l'utilisation d'un scellant interne à trayon a été effectué pour déterminer la proportion de quartiers qui ont conservé le bouchon de scellant jusqu’à la première traite après le vêlage et la persistance de résidus de scellant dans le lait après le vêlage. Un bouchon de scellant était présent jusqu'à la première traite pour 83% des quartiers, et nous pourrions émettre l'hypothèse que la perte du bouchon s'est produite près du vêlage secondaire à la tétée ou pour une autre raison (ex., la pression hydrostatique du lait), étant donné que les associations observées entre la présence ou non d'un bouchon de scellant observable et les chances de nouvelles IIM étaient relativement faibles. Les résidus de scellant pouvaient être observés dans le lait jusqu'à 12 jours après le vêlage, quoique 75% des quartiers n’excrétaient plus de scellant au bout de 5 jours en lait. / Selective dry cow therapy (SDCT, in which only infected quarters or cows are treated with antimicrobials) represents an alternative to blanket dry cow therapy (BDCT, in which all quarters of all cows at dry off are treated with antimicrobials, regardless of their infection status), for a more judicious use of antimicrobials. The objective of this thesis was to shed more light on targeted antimicrobial treatment decisions of infected quarters or cows at dry-off. Different study designs and methodologies were used to meet this objective. A randomized controlled trial was designed and a total of 569 cows (2,251 quarters) from 9 dairy herds in Québec with bulk tank somatic cell count (SCC) <250,000 cells/mL were systematically enrolled and randomly allocated to 4 groups: 1) antimicrobial treatment alone of all quarters; 2) antimicrobial treatment combined with an internal teat sealant (ITS) of all quarters; 3) selective antimicrobial treatment alone based on milk bacteriological culture results on Petrifilm®; and 4) selective antimicrobial treatment combined with an ITS based on milk culture results on Petrifilm®. In the selective antimicrobial treatment groups, uninfected quarters received only an ITS. No significant differences were detected between quarter-based selective and blanket dry cow therapies, in terms of elimination of intramammary infections (IMI) and prevention of new IMI during the dry period, risk of a first case of clinical mastitis (CM), daily average milk yield and somatic cell count in the first 120 days of the subsequent lactation. A selective antimicrobial treatment relying on results of quarter milk culture using Petrifilm® at dry off enabled a reduction in antimicrobial use of 52% (95% CI: 39 – 64) as compared to blanket dry cow treatment. In addition to this randomized controlled trial, quarter milk culture using Petrifilm® was compared with SCC history through a Bayesian estimation of diagnostic accuracy to identify quarters or cows that should be treated with antimicrobials in selective treatment protocols at dry off. Considering the availability of SCC data, the easiness of using just the last Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) test before dry off, and the high negative predictive value that could be achieved, producers may consider using just the last DHI test before dry off results as a potential tool to identify cows that should be treated with antimicrobials at dry off. The last SCC test before 7 dry off may be used alone or in combination with quarter-level on-farm Petrifilm® milk culture on high SCC cows to more specifically identify quarters that need to be treated. Adding quarter-level milk culture using Petrifilm® to cows identified as unhealthy using cow-level SCC data could improve the test accuracy (mainly the positive predictive value) and further reduced the use of antimicrobials. Also, a systematic review and a series of meta-analyses were conducted to investigate the efficacy of SDCT compared with BDCT, to guide decision-makers and users to engage in a more effective and judicious use of antimicrobials at dry-off. Thirteen articles representing 12 controlled trials, randomized or not, were available for analyses. SDCT reduced the use of antimicrobials at dry off by 66% (95% CI: 49 – 80). Evidences strongly support that SDCT would reduce the use of antimicrobials at dry off, without any detrimental effect on udder health or milk production during the first months of the subsequent lactation, if, and only if, ITS are used for healthy quarters untreated with antimicrobials. Finally, a follow up on the use of ITS was performed to determine the proportion of quarters that had retained the sealant plug until the first milking after calving and the persistence of ITS residues in milk after calving. A sealant plug was present at first milking after calving for 83% of the quarters, and we could hypothesize that the loss of the plug occurred closely around calving due to suckling or for another reason (e.g., milk hydrostatic pressure), since the observed associations between the presence or not of an observable sealant plug and the odds of new IMI were relatively small. The sealant residues could be observed in milk up to 12 days in milk, although 75% of the quarters had expelled the last ITS residues by 5 days in milk.