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Parmi les cinq isotypes d’anticorps présents chez l’Homme, les immunoglobulines A (IgA) prédominent dans les muqueuses. Les IgA sont produites dans le chorion sous forme majoritairement polymérique (pIgA) et sécrétées dans la lumière des muqueuses. Leur transport trans-épithélial est assuré par le récepteur aux immunoglobulines polymériques (pIgR), exprimé au pôle basal des épithéliums. Les pIgA ainsi sécrétées conservent le domaine extracellulaire du pIgR et sont appelées IgA sécrétoires (SIgA). Une fonction essentielle des SIgA intestinales est de maintenir microorganismes et antigènes alimentaires dans la lumière des muqueuses afin d’empêcher leur pénétration dans l'organisme. Néanmoins, la transcytose inverse des SIgA couplées à des bactéries a été décrite dans les plaques de Peyer où elle participe à la génération de la réponse immune contre ces bactéries. En outre, les travaux passés du laboratoire ont suggéré que le récepteur de la transferrine (CD71), surexprimé au pôle apical des entérocytes chez les patients cœliaques, interagit avec les SIgA couplées à des peptides de gliadines et permet leur transcytose inverse à travers l’épithélium intestinal. Ce travail de thèse a eu pour objectif de mieux caractériser l’interaction SIgA-CD71 dans les entérocytes humains. Dans un premier temps, nous avons utilisé la technologie CRISPR-Cas9 pour générer une lignée cellulaire intestinale humaine (Caco-2 TC7) dépourvue du récepteur CD71 (CD71KO). De manière inattendue, nous n’avons observé aucune altération de la fixation des SIgA sur les cellules Caco-2 CD71KO. Ce résultat nous a amenés à réévaluer le rôle de CD71 comme récepteur aux SIgA. Dans un second temps, nous avons vérifié et confirmé que les SIgA interagissent avec CD71, mais nous avons montré que cette interaction est indirecte. Nous avons ensuite criblé les récepteurs aux IgA déjà décrits dans la littérature et montré qu'aucun n'est responsable de la fixation des SIgA à la surface des cellules Caco-2 TC7. Ces résultats nous ont amenés à chercher le(s) autre(s) partenaire(s) du complexe SIgA-CD71. Par immunoprécipitation couplée à la spectrométrie de masse, nous avons identifié les protéines Secretory Carrier Membrane Protein 3 (SCAMP3), B-Cell Receptor-Associated Protein 31 (BCAP31) et Histocompatibility minor 13 (HM13) comme membres du complexe SIgA-CD71. En nous appuyant à nouveau sur la technologie CRIPSR-Cas9, nous avons montré qu’aucun de ses partenaires n’interagit directement avec les SIgA. Néanmoins, nos résultats suggèrent que SCAMP3 est nécessaire à l’oligomérisation de surface des complexes de fixation des SIgA. Enfin, l’internalisation des SIgA n'est pas altérée par l’absence de chacun des partenaires du complexe, suggérant que leur rôle advient durant le transport trans-épithélial des SIgA. L’ensemble de nos travaux montre que les SIgA interagissent avec l'épithélium intestinal via un complexe protéique composé d'au moins cinq membres : CD71, SCAMP3, BCAP31, HM13 et le(s) récepteur(s) inconnu(s) aux SIgA. Ces résultats complètent les travaux antérieurs sur le rôle physiopathologique des SIgA dans la maladie cœliaque et contribuent à souligner la complexité des interactions entre IgA et entérocytes. Une question importante sera d’identifier le(s) récepteur(s) aux SIgA et de déterminer le rôle des partenaires identifiés dans la transcytose inverse des SIgA par l’entérocyte. / Among the five isotypes of antibodies found in Humans, immunoglobulins A (IgA) are the most abundant in the mucosae. In the lamina propria, IgA are produced mainly as polymeric IgA (pIgA) and then secreted in the lumen. In fact, pIgA are translocated across the epithelium via the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), which is expressed at the basolateral side of the epithelium. Once secreted in the lumen, pIgA retain the extracellular domain of the pIgR and are called secretory IgA (SIgA). One of the main functions of intestinal SIgA is to restrain microorganisms and dietary antigens in the lumen, therefore, preventing their uptake through the epithelial barrier. However, retrotranscytosis of SIgA conjugated to bacteria has been described in Peyer’s patches where it participates to immune response. Moreover, previous works from the laboratory have suggested that transferrin receptor (CD71), which is overexpressed at the apical side of enterocytes from coeliac patients, interacts with SIgA bound to gliadin peptides and allows their retrotranscytosis across the intestinal epithelium. This thesis work aimed to further characterize the interaction between SIgA and CD71 in human enterocytes. We, first, generated a human epithelial intestinal cell line (Caco-2 TC7) devoid of CD71 expression (CD71KO) using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing method. Unexpectedly, flow cytometry experiments did not reveal a significant reduction of SIgA binding at the cell surface of CD71KO cells. Overall, our results indicated that CD71-SIgA interaction is indirect and may occur via additional protein partners through the assembly of a multifactorial protein complex. Therefore, we screened IgA receptors already known in the literature and showed that all are dispensable for SIgA binding at the surface of Caco-2 TC7 cells. In the effort to identify partner(s) within SIgA-CD71 complex, we set out mass spectrometry-based immunoprecipitation proteomics experiments and identified secretory carrier membrane protein 3 (SCAMP3), B-cell receptor-associated protein 31 (BCAP31) and histocompatibility minor 13 (HM13) as members of SIgA-CD71 complex. By generating knockout cell lines with the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we showed that none of these partners directly interacts with SIgA. However, our results suggest that SCAMP3 is required for the oligomerization of SIgA complexes at cell surface. Finally, we did not find any role in SIgA internalization for the different members of the complex, suggesting that they may play a role later on during SIgA retrotranscytosis. In conclusion, our work shows that SIgA interact with the intestinal epithelium via a proteic complex composed of at least five members: CD71, SCAMP3, BCAP31, HM13 and one or more unknown SIgA receptor(s). These results complement the previous works on the pathophysiologic role of SIgA in coeliac disease and underline the highly complex interaction between IgA and enterocytes. An important point to address will be to identify SIgA receptor(s) and to determine the role of the four other identified partners in SIgA retrotranscytosis across the intestinal epithelium.

Atualmente, a coqueluche representa um crescente problema de saúde pública em países desenvolvidos. Embora ainda não existam evidências de um aumento do número de casos de coqueluche no nosso país, não se pode descartar a hipótese de uma futura re-emergência da doença, pois dados epidemiológicos de algumas regiões revelam um aumento da incidência, indicando que provavelmente ocorra uma baixa notificação de novos casos ao Ministério da Saúde. A maioria dos casos ainda ocorre em lactentes menores de seis meses de idade, ou seja, crianças ainda não completamente imunizadas. Diversos trabalhos demonstraram a aquisição de anticorpos IgG reativos com Bordetella pertussis pelo recém-nascido através da passagem transplacentária, mas a partir dos dois meses de vida, observa-se um declínio substancial do título destes anticorpos. Neste caso, outro modo de conferir proteção ao neonato é através da transmissão de anticorpos IgA específicos pelo aleitamento materno, que poderia suprir a falta de anticorpos IgG até que o esquema de vacinação esteja completo. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram analisar a transferência passiva de anticorpos IgG e IgA anti-B. pertussis para o recémnascido a termo e investigar a habilidade destes anticorpos em neutralizar a patogenicidade bacteriana em um modelo experimental in vivo utilizando camundongos desafiados por via intracerebral com B. pertussis viável. Foram coletadas 40 amostras pareadas de sangue materno, de cordão umbilical e de colostro. Foram demonstrados títulos equivalentes de anticorpos IgG anti-B. pertussis entre as amostras de soro materno e de cordão (medianas de 1:225 e 1:265, respectivamente) com taxa de transferência de 118%. Foram observados títulos variáveis de anticorpos IgA específicos nas amostras de colostro materno com mediana de 1:74. O Immunoblotting realizado com extrato bruto de B. pertussis e Pools de soro materno, de soro de cordão e de colostro com alto e baixo título de anticorpos específicos revelou um perfil de reconhecimento idêntico entre os Pools de soro materno e dos respectivos neonatos. Os Pools de colostro apresentaram, em seu perfil de reconhecimento, diferentes intensidades que variaram de acordo com os títulos de anticorpos IgA específicos. No desafio intracerebral com B. pertussis, embora todos os Pools de soro materno, de cordão e de colostro tenham apresentado capacidade significativa de neutralizar a patogenia bacteriana quando comparados ao controle positivo, os Pools com alto título de anticorpos revelaram maior capacidade neutralizante. Os Pools de soro e colostro absorvidos com B. pertussis e, portanto, sem anticorpos IgG e IgA específicos, protegeram 30% dos animais testados e anticorpos IgG purificados, apresentando alto título de anticorpos anti-B. pertussis (1:2.560), protegeram 65% dos camundongos. Nossos dados confirmaram a transferência de anticorpos reativos com B. pertussis para o neonato via placenta e aleitamento materno e sua eficácia na neutralização da patogênese bacteriana, o que pode proteger a criança contra infecções respiratórias causadas por Bordetella pertussis. / Pertussis is currently considered an important public health problem in developed countries. Although there is no evidence of an increase in the number of pertussis cases in our country, can not rule out the hypothesis of a future re-emergence of disease, as epidemiological data from some regions show an increase in incidence, indicating that probably there is a low report of new cases to the public health authorities. Most cases still occurs in infants under six months of age, i.e. children not fully immunized. Several works have demonstrated the acquisition of IgG antibodies reactive with Bordetella pertussis by the newborn through placental transfer, but by age of two months it was observed a substantial decay of titers these antibodies. In this case, another way to confer protection the neonate is through the transmission of IgA antibodies via breast-feeding, which could supply the lack of IgG antibodies until the vaccination schedule will be completed. The aims of this work were to analyze the passive transfer of IgG and IgA anti-B. pertussis antibodies to term newborns and to investigate the ability of these antibodies to neutralize the bacterial pathogenicity in an experimental model in vivo using mice intracerebrally challenged with viable B. pertussis. It was collected 40 paired samples of maternal blood, cord umbilical blood and colostrum. Equivalent titers of anti-pertussis IgG antibodies were demonstrated between maternal and cord serum samples (medians of 1:225 and 1:265, respectively) with transfer rate of 118%. It was observed variable specific IgA titers in maternal colostra with a median of 1:74. Immunoblotting performed with B. pertussis crude extract and Pools of maternal serum, cord serum and colostrum with high and low specific antibody titers revealed an identical recognition profile between paired maternal and newborn serum Pools. Colostrum Pools presented, in their recognition profile, different intensities that varied according to specific IgA antibody titers. In the intracerebral challenge with B. pertussis, although all maternal and cord serum and colostrum Pools presented a significant bacterial neutralizing ability when compared with positive control group, Pools with high antibody titers revealed higher neutralizing capacity. Serum and colostrum Pools absorbed with B. pertussis and, thus, without specific IgG and IgA antibodies, protected 30% of the animals tested and purified IgG antibodies, presenting a high anti-pertussis antibody titer (1:2,560), protected 65% of the mice. Our data confirmed the transfer of antibodies reactive with B. pertussis to the neonate via placenta and breast-feeding and their effectiveness in bacterial pathogenesis neutralization, which could protect infants against respiratory infections caused by Bordetella pertussis.

Atualmente, a coqueluche representa um crescente problema de saúde pública em países desenvolvidos. Embora ainda não existam evidências de um aumento do número de casos de coqueluche no nosso país, não se pode descartar a hipótese de uma futura re-emergência da doença, pois dados epidemiológicos de algumas regiões revelam um aumento da incidência, indicando que provavelmente ocorra uma baixa notificação de novos casos ao Ministério da Saúde. A maioria dos casos ainda ocorre em lactentes menores de seis meses de idade, ou seja, crianças ainda não completamente imunizadas. Diversos trabalhos demonstraram a aquisição de anticorpos IgG reativos com Bordetella pertussis pelo recém-nascido através da passagem transplacentária, mas a partir dos dois meses de vida, observa-se um declínio substancial do título destes anticorpos. Neste caso, outro modo de conferir proteção ao neonato é através da transmissão de anticorpos IgA específicos pelo aleitamento materno, que poderia suprir a falta de anticorpos IgG até que o esquema de vacinação esteja completo. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram analisar a transferência passiva de anticorpos IgG e IgA anti-B. pertussis para o recémnascido a termo e investigar a habilidade destes anticorpos em neutralizar a patogenicidade bacteriana em um modelo experimental in vivo utilizando camundongos desafiados por via intracerebral com B. pertussis viável. Foram coletadas 40 amostras pareadas de sangue materno, de cordão umbilical e de colostro. Foram demonstrados títulos equivalentes de anticorpos IgG anti-B. pertussis entre as amostras de soro materno e de cordão (medianas de 1:225 e 1:265, respectivamente) com taxa de transferência de 118%. Foram observados títulos variáveis de anticorpos IgA específicos nas amostras de colostro materno com mediana de 1:74. O Immunoblotting realizado com extrato bruto de B. pertussis e Pools de soro materno, de soro de cordão e de colostro com alto e baixo título de anticorpos específicos revelou um perfil de reconhecimento idêntico entre os Pools de soro materno e dos respectivos neonatos. Os Pools de colostro apresentaram, em seu perfil de reconhecimento, diferentes intensidades que variaram de acordo com os títulos de anticorpos IgA específicos. No desafio intracerebral com B. pertussis, embora todos os Pools de soro materno, de cordão e de colostro tenham apresentado capacidade significativa de neutralizar a patogenia bacteriana quando comparados ao controle positivo, os Pools com alto título de anticorpos revelaram maior capacidade neutralizante. Os Pools de soro e colostro absorvidos com B. pertussis e, portanto, sem anticorpos IgG e IgA específicos, protegeram 30% dos animais testados e anticorpos IgG purificados, apresentando alto título de anticorpos anti-B. pertussis (1:2.560), protegeram 65% dos camundongos. Nossos dados confirmaram a transferência de anticorpos reativos com B. pertussis para o neonato via placenta e aleitamento materno e sua eficácia na neutralização da patogênese bacteriana, o que pode proteger a criança contra infecções respiratórias causadas por Bordetella pertussis. / Pertussis is currently considered an important public health problem in developed countries. Although there is no evidence of an increase in the number of pertussis cases in our country, can not rule out the hypothesis of a future re-emergence of disease, as epidemiological data from some regions show an increase in incidence, indicating that probably there is a low report of new cases to the public health authorities. Most cases still occurs in infants under six months of age, i.e. children not fully immunized. Several works have demonstrated the acquisition of IgG antibodies reactive with Bordetella pertussis by the newborn through placental transfer, but by age of two months it was observed a substantial decay of titers these antibodies. In this case, another way to confer protection the neonate is through the transmission of IgA antibodies via breast-feeding, which could supply the lack of IgG antibodies until the vaccination schedule will be completed. The aims of this work were to analyze the passive transfer of IgG and IgA anti-B. pertussis antibodies to term newborns and to investigate the ability of these antibodies to neutralize the bacterial pathogenicity in an experimental model in vivo using mice intracerebrally challenged with viable B. pertussis. It was collected 40 paired samples of maternal blood, cord umbilical blood and colostrum. Equivalent titers of anti-pertussis IgG antibodies were demonstrated between maternal and cord serum samples (medians of 1:225 and 1:265, respectively) with transfer rate of 118%. It was observed variable specific IgA titers in maternal colostra with a median of 1:74. Immunoblotting performed with B. pertussis crude extract and Pools of maternal serum, cord serum and colostrum with high and low specific antibody titers revealed an identical recognition profile between paired maternal and newborn serum Pools. Colostrum Pools presented, in their recognition profile, different intensities that varied according to specific IgA antibody titers. In the intracerebral challenge with B. pertussis, although all maternal and cord serum and colostrum Pools presented a significant bacterial neutralizing ability when compared with positive control group, Pools with high antibody titers revealed higher neutralizing capacity. Serum and colostrum Pools absorbed with B. pertussis and, thus, without specific IgG and IgA antibodies, protected 30% of the animals tested and purified IgG antibodies, presenting a high anti-pertussis antibody titer (1:2,560), protected 65% of the mice. Our data confirmed the transfer of antibodies reactive with B. pertussis to the neonate via placenta and breast-feeding and their effectiveness in bacterial pathogenesis neutralization, which could protect infants against respiratory infections caused by Bordetella pertussis.

Secretory immunoglobulin-A (S-IgA) in saliva may reflect levels of immune defence at other mucosal sites. Reduced levels of salivary S-IgA have been associated with an increased risk for upper respiratory symptoms (URS) in athletes. Previously, the consumption of a nutrition supplement, bovine colostrum (BC) by distance runners, was shown to significantly increase levels of salivary S-IgA compared to baseline; however the mechanism was not known. The immunomodulatory effect of BC is investigated further in these current studies. Twenty-five swimmers (12 males [M], 13 females [F], age 14-23 years) training at an elite level, 28 lightly-exercising students (9M, 19F, age 18-27 years), and 45 healthy older adults (20M, 20F, age 65-76 years), consumed a supplement of either BC or placebo for ten weeks. Saliva samples were collected at baseline, weekly for four weeks during supplementation and post-supplementation. Blood samples were collected at baseline, monthly during supplementation and post-supplementation. No significant changes were seen in levels of S-IgA in either BC or placebo groups within any of the cohorts. There was a trend towards a significant difference in URS reportage between BC and placebo groups in the swimmers cohort, but not in the students or older adults. There was also a trend towards a difference in the number of swimmers reporting URS. Fewer numbers of swimmers consuming BC reported URS compared the placebo (P=0.062) after consuming BC for four weeks compared to those consuming the placebo. Post-exercise plasma cortisol results were significantly reduced in the BC subgroup compared to the placebo (P=0.004). These results do not support the findings of previous intervention studies investigating the immunomodulatory effect of BC in athletes. However the reduced reportage of URS, among swimmers consuming the BC supplement, suggested there was some benefit to their health. A possible explanation is that BC has impacted on non-infectious causes of URS. Growth factors present in BC may enhance intestinal repair which could be advantageous to athletes recovering from bouts of prolonged intensive exercise. The effect of gastrointestinal disturbances on local and systemic immunity may be minimised which benefits immune protection. However an inconsistent effect of BC supplementation on immune protection in athletes means further research is still required. In these studies there was no benefit to immune protection in the student or older adult cohort. Further investigation into the safety of BC for all population groups is still required.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-03-29T12:26:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marciojosedasilvacampos.pdf: 1176619 bytes, checksum: 2a8507a8f5f473e63daeeccfac1ec957 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-30T11:19:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marciojosedasilvacampos.pdf: 1176619 bytes, checksum: 2a8507a8f5f473e63daeeccfac1ec957 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-30T11:19:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marciojosedasilvacampos.pdf: 1176619 bytes, checksum: 2a8507a8f5f473e63daeeccfac1ec957 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-09 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A Dor é comumente relatada durante o tratamento ortodôntico, sendo proveniente da força aplicada aos dentes e de lesões traumáticas na mucosa bucal, onde a Imunoglobulina A secretora (sIgA) é a principal proteção e pode participar na manutenção da sua integridade. A dor pode aumentar o estresse psicológico, que relaciona-se com a alfa-amilase salivar. A intensidade da dor pode variar segundo a idade do paciente e sua motivação ao tratamento. O objetivo foi avaliar a intensidade de dor e sua relação com a motivação dos pacientes e com as concentrações salivares de sIgA e alfa-amilase, em adultos e crianças durante duas fases do tratamento ortodôntico. Vinte indivíduos (10 crianças e 10 adultos) responderam à um questionário de avaliação da motivação ao tratamento. Amostras de saliva foram coletadas e a intensidade de dor foi registrada diariamente, antes e após a colagem dos bráquetes e após a inserção do arco inicial. Apenas uma questão, relacionada à percepção da severidade da má oclusão, apresentou correlação com a intensidade de dor. Não houve diferença significante na intensidade de dor e na concentração sIgA entre adultos e crianças. De modo geral as crianças exibiram menor prevalência de dor, porém com maior intensidade. Houve uma tendência de correlação negativa entre a dor na mucosa bucal e a concentração de sIgA nas crianças, o que pode indicar a importância da sIgA na proteção da mucosa bucal. A concentração de alfa-amilase não teve correlação significante com a intensidade de dor, porém apresentou um aumento progressivo durante o período de avaliação, provavelmente devido ao estresse psicológico causado pela presença e ativação do aparelho fixo. / Pain is usually reported during orthodontic treatment. It comes from the strength applied to the teeth and traumatic lesions in the buccal mucosa, where secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) is the main protection and plays a role in integrity maintenance. Pain can increase the psychological stress, which induces changes in salivary alpha amylase. Pain intensity can vary according to patient’s age and his/her motivation towards treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate pain intensity and its relation with patient’s motivation and salivary levels of slgA and alpha amylase, in adults and children, during two stages of orthodontic treatment. Twenty individuals (10 children and 10 adults) answered a questionnaire regarding their motivation towards treatment. Saliva samples were collected and pain intensity was evaluated on a daily basis, after and before the bonding of brackets and after the insertion of the initial arch. Only one question regarding the perception of malocclusion severity correlated with pain intensity. There was no significant difference in pain intensity and in slgA concentrations between adults and children. In general, pain prevalence in children was lower, yet reported pain was more intense. Pain in the buccal mucosa was negatively correlated with slgA concentrations in children, a finding that suggests a protective effect of slgA in the buccal mucosa. Although there was no significant correlation between the concentrations of alpha amylase and pain intensity, the levels of this enzyme increased during the evaluation period, probably due to the psychological stress caused by the presence and activation of the fixed braces.