Thesis advisor: Gail Kineke / Turbidity maxima are areas of elevated suspended-sediment concentration commonly found at the head of the salt intrusion in partially-mixed estuaries. The suspended-sediment distribution in the Connecticut River estuary was examined to determine where turbidity maxima exist and how they form. Areas of enhanced suspended-sediment concentration were found to exist at all phases of the tide near the head of the salt intrusion as well as downstream of this point in deeper parts of the estuarine channel. These areas are locations where peaks in the longitudinal salinity gradient exist, suggesting the presence of a front, or zone of flow convergence. During flood conditions there is a layer of landward-flowing water in the middle of the water column that decelerates upon entering deep parts of the estuary; thus enhancing particle settling. During ebb conditions, stratification and therefore settling from surface waters is enhanced. The combination of processes acting throughout the tidal cycle focuses and, potentially, traps sediment in the deeper parts of the Connecticut River estuary. / Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2012. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: Geology & Geophysics Honors Program. / Discipline: Earth and Environmental Sciences.

Thesis advisor: Noah P. Snyder / Thesis advisor: Gail Kineke / Fluvial terraces form in both erosional and depositional landscapes and are important recorders of land-use, climate, and tectonic history. Terrace morphology consists of a flat surface bounded by valley walls and a steep-sloping scarp adjacent to the river channel. Combining these defining characteristics with high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) surveys, several methods have been developed to identify and map terraces. This research introduces a newly developed objective terrace mapping method and compares it with three existing DEM-based techniques to determine which is most applicable over entire watersheds. This work also tests multiple methods that use lidar DEMs to quantify the thickness and volume of fill terrace deposits identified upstream of dam sites. The preliminary application is to the Sheepscot River watershed, Maine, where strath and fill terraces are present and record Pleistocene deglaciation, Holocene eustatic forcing, and Anthropocene land-use change. Terraces were mapped at four former dam sites along the river using four separate methodologies and compared to manually delineated area. The methods tested were: (1) edge detection using MATLAB, (2) feature classification algorithms developed by Wood (1996), (3) spatial relationships between interpreted terraces and surrounding natural topography (Walter et al., 2007), and (4) the TerEx terrace mapping toolbox developed by Stout and Belmont (2013). Thickness and volume estimates of fill sediment were calculated at two of the study sites using three DEM-based models and compared to in situ data collected from soil pits, cut bank exposures, and ground penetrating radar surveys. The results from these comparisons served as the basis for selecting methods to map terraces throughout the watershed and quantify fill sediment upstream of current and historic dam sites. Along the main stem and West Branch of the Sheepscot River, terraces were identified along the longitudinal profile of the river using an algorithm developed by Finnegan and Balco (2013), which computes the elevation frequency distribution at regularly spaced cross-sections normal to the channel, and then mapped using the feature classification (Wood, 1996) method. For terraces upstream of current or historic dam sites, thickness and volume estimates were calculated using the two best performing datum surfaces. If all analyzed terraces are composed of impounded sediment, these DEM-based results suggest that terraces along the main stem and West Branch of the Sheepscot River potentially contain up to 1.5 x 106 m3 of fill. These findings suggest powerful new ways to quickly analyze landscape history over large regions using high-resolution, LiDAR DEMs while relying less heavily on the need for detailed and costly field data collection. / Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2014. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Geology and Geophysics.

L’érosion des sols est intense dans les petits bassins versants montagneux en climat tropical. Lorsqu’ils atteignent les rivières, ces sédiments posent divers problèmes à l’aval. L’identification des sources de sédiments et la compréhension de leur dynamique au sein des bassins versants est donc cruciale pour proposer des mesures de lutte efficaces contre ces problèmes. Cette thèse vise à tester et à développer des méthodes de traçage qui consistent à comparer les propriétés physico-chimiques des sols à celles des sédiments transportés dans les rivières pour en définir les sources et pour en contraindre les temps de transfert. Le site d’étude est un bassin de 22,4 km² au Laos équipé d’un emboîtement de stations de suivi et soumis à un régime de mousson. Trois campagnes de prélèvements ont permis de collecter des échantillons de sols de surface, de ravines et de berges ainsi que des eaux de pluies, de ruissellement et de rivières, les matières en suspension (MES) associées et des laisses, au cours de 3 crues de début de mousson en mai 2012 et juin 2013. Les échantillons ont été analysés afin de déterminer leurs activités en radionucléides apportés au sol par les pluies de manière ponctuelle (¹³⁷Cs) ou continue (⁷Be, ²¹ºPb), la teneur et la composition de la matière organique (C organique, N, C/N, δ¹³C et δ¹⁵N), la granulométrie des MES et la composition de l’eau (conductivité électrique, δ¹⁸O). Plusieurs expériences méthodologiques ont permis de tester et valider les hypothèses qui sous-tendent l’utilisation du marquage en ⁷Be et en excès de ²¹ºPb des sédiments (adsorption rapide sur les particules de sol, rapport ⁷Be / ²¹ºPbxs des particules transportées par le ruissellement comparable à celui de la pluie correspondante). Durant la crue de mai 2012, la contribution des sédiments récemment érodés est élevée en début d’événement (25-35%), mais elle est ensuite diluée par la remobilisation de particules déposées sur le lit du cours d’eau ou stockées dans les zones de dépôt. La caractérisation combinée du carbone organique particulaire (COP) et de l’activité en ¹³⁷Cs des particules a mis en évidence la prédominance de l’érosion des sols de surface marqués par leur signature C₃ à l’amont, et l’augmentation de la contribution de l’érosion des berges (marquage C₄) dans la partie aval du bassin. Les valeurs les plus élevées des taux d’exportation de sédiments (43,3 Mg km-2) et de C (0,83 MgC km-2), du coefficient de ruissellement (11,7%) et du pourcentage d’eau de ruissellement dans l’écoulement total (78-100%) ont été observées au niveau de la station drainant en grande partie des versants sous teck. Les teneurs en C mesurées et les flux de COP calculés ici sont beaucoup plus élevés que ceux qui ont été estimés lors de travaux réalisés il y a 10 ans dans le même bassin versant, lorsque la surface couverte de teck y était beaucoup plus faible (2,5% en 2002-2003 contre 32% en 2012). Ainsi, à l’aval, le taux d’exportation spécifique de C lors d’une seule crue en 2012 s’est révélé être 2,6 fois plus important que celui observé au cours de l’année hydrologique 2002-2003 (34 crues érosives). Lors des deux crues de juin 2013, la variabilité spatio-temporelle des retombées de ⁷Be et ²¹ºPb a pu être quantifiée. Ces résultats indiquent qu’il est indispensable de mesurer le signal d’entrée du marquage ⁷Be /²¹ºPb de chaque événement et qu’il est préférable de réaliser un échantillonnage en plusieurs points du bassin plutôt que de le fractionner en un seul point au cours du temps. Durant ces crues, la composition des sédiments a pu être étudiée le long d’un continuum de dix stations emboitées (0,1 ha à 19,8 km²). Les contributions respectives des différentes sources de sédiments, et leur propagation à travers le bassin, ont pu être déterminées à l’aide des mêmes traceurs que lors de la crue de mai 2012. À l’avenir, la combinaison de traceurs proposée dans cette thèse pourrait être appliquée à d’autres évènements ou d’autres sites. / Soil erosion is particularly intense in small mountainous tropical catchments. When supplied to the rivers, eroded sediment leads to numerous problems downstream (transfer of pollutants, increase of water turbidity, dam siltation…). Identifying sediment sources and understanding their dynamics across catchments constitutes a prerequisite to design and implement efficient measures to reduce these problems. This thesis aimed at testing and developing fingerprinting methods, by comparing physico-chemical properties of soils and riverine suspended sediment to define their origin and constrain their transfer across catchments. The study site is a 22.4 km² catchment in northern Laos equipped with nested monitoring stations and submitted to monsoon rainfalls. Three field campaigns were conducted to collect samples of surface soils, gullies, riverbanks, and rainwater, overland flow, river water, suspended matter and deposited sediment during three floods at the beginning of the monsoon in May 2012 and June 2013. Collected samples were analysed to determine fallout radionuclide activities (¹³⁷Cs, ⁷Be and ²¹ºPb), organic matter composition (organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations, C/N ratio, δ¹³C et δ¹⁵N), particle size distribution and water composition (electric conductivity and δ¹⁸O). Several methodological experiments were performed to check assumptions underlying the use of atmospheric 7Be and ²¹ºPb as tracers of sediment (quick adsorption of rainwater radionuclides to soil particles; similarity between /210Pbxs activity ratio measured in overland flow particles and corresponding rainfall signature). During the flood studied in May 2012, the contribution of recently eroded sediment was high at the beginning of the rising stage (25-35%), but was then diluted by sediment remobilization from the riverbed and deposition areas (swamps). The combined determination of particulate organic carbon (POC) and ¹³⁷Cs activity of sediment indicated the dominance of surface soil ( C₃ vegetation labelling) erosion in upstream parts and the increase of riverbank (labelled by C₄ plants) erosion contribution in the downstream part of the catchment. The highest runoff coefficient (11.7%), sediment specific yield (43.3 Mg km-2), total organic carbon specific yield (0.83 MgC km-2) and overland flow contribution (78–100%) were found at the station draining mainly the areas covered with teak plantations. Total organic carbon concentrations and POC specific yields calculated during this thesis are much higher than those obtained during a previous study carried out 10 years earlier in the same catchment, when teak plantations covered a much lower proportion of its area (2.5% in 2002-2003 vs 32% in 2012). At the downstream station, carbon specific yields for the studied flood in 2012 were twice higher than the annual ones observed in 2002-2003 (34 erosive events). During the two floods analysed in June 2013, the spatial and temporal variability of ⁷Be and ²¹ºPb wet deposition was investigated and quantified. The results indicate that the input signal of ⁷Be/²¹ºPb labelling associated with each storm should be determined and that spatially distributed collection of rainfall should be privileged to the sequential time-fractionated sampling at a single location. During these floods, the composition of exported suspended sediment could be studied along a continuum of ten nested stations draining areas between 0.1 ha and 19.8 km². Respective contributions of the different surface and subsurface sources of sediment and their propagation across the catchment, were successfully determined with the same tracers as during the May 2012 event. In future, the panel of parameters used in this thesis could be applied to characterise suspended matter behaviour during floods occurring later in the rainy season, or along a longer continuum of nested monitoring stations.

Compostos fenólicos vêm despertando preocupação nos últimos anos e incitando grande atenção em todo o mundo ao desenvolvimento de métodos de determinação e monitoramento contínuo no ambiente devido a sua elevada toxicidade e persistência no meio ambiente, principalmente no sedimento, que devido sua característica em acumular compostos faz desse um dos compartimentos mais importantes na avaliação do nível de contaminação de ecossistemas aquáticos continentais. Neste estudo foi desenvolvido um método analítico utilizando cromatografia a gás acoplada ao detector de espectrometria de massas (GC/MS) para a determinação de seis compostos fenólicos e foi avaliada a presença dos mesmos em amostras de sedimento do Reservatório Guarapiranga, um reservatório de usos múltiplos da água, destinado principalmente para abastecimento público de água potável da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Para garantir a reprodutibilidade do método de forma confiável atendendo aos objetivos e qualidade propostos, a metodologia desenvolvida foi submetida ao processo de validação, em que os parâmetros seletividade, linearidade, faixa de trabalho, limite de detecção, limite de quantificação, tendência/recuperação, precisão (repetitividade, precisão intermediária e reprodutibilidade) e robustez foram avaliados. A metodologia aqui proposta mostrou ser adequada para alcançar o objetivo de avaliar os compostos em estudo, e pela sua aplicação foi constatada a presença dos compostos fenol e 3-metilfenol no sedimento do reservatório. Nas amostras de sedimento coletadas em 2011, o fenol foi o composto encontrado com maior frequência, com alguns resultados acima do LQ, principalmente em pontos com maior influência urbana, em concentrações de 0,09 a 0,19 μg g-1. Também foi encontrado o 3-metilfenol com resultados acima do LQ em dois pontos de coleta, G-11 e G-13, nas concentrações de 0,10 e 0,19 μg g-1 respectivamente. Já na coleta realizada em outubro de 2014, o composto 3-metilfenol foi quantificado em dois pontos de coleta, G-02 e G-07, nas concentrações de 0,07 e 0,08 μg g-1 respectivamente, sendo detectado abaixo do LQ em diversos pontos ao longo do reservatório. A presença destes compostos mesmo em baixas concentrações pode indicar uma contaminação decorrente de atividades industriais nas margens do reservatório e considerando-se que os compostos em sedimento com o tempo podem ser liberados na coluna dágua e causar contaminação na água de abastecimento este estudo fornece subsídios para revisão da legislação vigente que não estabelece limites para os compostos fenólicos na matriz de estudo. / Phenolic compounds are molecules with increased toxicity and persistence in the environment, mainly in the sediment. Furthermore, these molecules are capable of accumulate compounds, making them one of the most important at the evaluation of the contamination level on aquatic ecosystems in the continent. These features increased the preoccupation in the last years, inciting great attention around the globe about the development of methods to determine and continuously monitor these compounds in the environment. In this study, a new analytical methodology was developed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry system (GC/MS) at the determination and evaluation of six phenolic compounds in sediment samples of the Guarapiranga Reservoir, a water reservatory with multiple uses, intended primarily for public drinking water supply in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. This methodology was submitted to the validation process, to ensure the reproducibility of the method in a trustworthy way, according to the objectives and quality proposed. Selectivity, linearity, working range, detection limit, quantification limit, trend/recovery, precision (repeatability, intermediate precision and reproducibility) and robustness are the parameters evaluated in this process. This methodology revealed itself adequate to achieve the goal of evaluating the compounds studied. Through this method, it was verified that the compounds phenol and 3-methylphenol are present at the reservoir´s sediment. In sediment samples collected in 2011, phenol was the compound found most frequently, with some results above LQ, especially on points with greater urban influence, in concentrations from 0.09 to 0.19 μg g-1. It was also found 3-methylphenol with results above LQ on two collected points, G-11 and G-13 at concentrations of 0.10 and 0.19 μg g-1 respectively. In 2014, the 3-methyl phenol compound was quantified in two collected points, G-02 and G-07 at concentrations of 0.07 and 0.08 μg g-1 respectively, being detected below the LQ at various points along the reservoir. The presence of these compounds, even in low concentrations, can indicate a contamination from industrial activities at the reservoir margin. Considering that these compounds in the sediment can, with time, be released in the water column and contaminate the water supply, this study provides subsidies for a review of the current legislation, that do not sets limits to the concentration of phenolic compounds on sediment matrix.

Thesis advisor: Gail Kineke / The Penobscot River Estuary is heavily contaminated with mercury; previous studies indicate maximum mercury concentrations of 4.6 ppm within the Frankfort Flats reach. The transport and trapping of this contaminant is linked to the transport and trapping of fine sediment within the estuary. Hydrographic and flow measurements, coupled with a spatial and temporal characterization of the bottom sediments, were performed during and following the freshet in 2010 to determine the mechanisms driving sediment transport and trapping within the estuary. The Penobscot River likely has a turbidity maximum associated with the landward extent of the salinity intrusion that is positioned over the Frankfort Flats reach during average discharge and tidal conditions. This turbidity maximum may be responsible for a patch of fine sediments in the Frankfort Flats reach in an otherwise coarse-grained bed. Additional transport and trapping of fine sediments within this reach is the result of secondary circulation driven by centripetal acceleration around meanders in the channel. Close proximity of meanders at Frankfort Flats, within ~5 km, creates opposite secondary circulation of magnitude ~0.2 m/s during flood and ebb conditions. / Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2011. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Geology & Geophysics Honors Program. / Discipline: Earth and Environmental Sciences.

Neste trabalho foi utilizada uma metodologia eletroanalítica para o estudo do comportamento dos pesticidas triazínicos, Atrazina e Ametrina em água e sedimentos do rio Mogi-Guaçu. Para isto utilizou-se a técnica de voltametria de onda quadrada (SWV) e o eletrodo de gota suspensa de mercúrio (HMDE). Inicialmente, os parâmetros experimentais (e voltamétricos) foram otimizados a fim de se obter a melhor resposta, em termos de intensidade de corrente de pico e definição do perfil voltamétrico. As melhores condições encontradas foram: eletrólito suporte CaCl2 0,01 mol L-1 em pH 3,0 e 2,3, para Ametrina e Atrazina, respectivamente, f = 100 s-1; a = 50 mV e DEs=2,0 e 10,0, para Ametrina e Atrazina respectivamente. Após a otimização, curvas de trabalho foram construídas para os dois pesticidas. Foram determinados os limites de detecção (LD) e quantificação (LQ), fatores de recuperação, repetibilidade, reprodutibilidade e sensibilidade da metodologia utilizada. Os resultados obtidos utilizando esta metodologia eletroanalítica foram comparados com os obtidos por HPLC-UV. Para Ametrina e Atrazina em eletrólito preparado com água do Milli-Q, os valores de LD encontrados foram de 2,12 ?g L-1 e 1,16 ?g L-1 e os de LQ foram de 7,06 ?g L-1 e 3,90 ?g L-1, respectivamente. Os valores de LD obtidos utilizando HPLC-UV para Ametrina e para a Atrazina foram de 2,69 ?g L-1 e 1,37 ?g L-1, enquanto aqueles para o LQ foram de 9,01 e 10,62 ?g L-1, respectivamente. Observou-se, desta maneira, que os resultados obtidos usando as duas técnicas são muito próximos e inferiores aos valores recomendados pela Comissão Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) para águas residuais e efluentes industriais, 50 ?g L-1 para a Atrazina. Além disto, os valores reportados acima são tão baixos quanto os valores máximos aceitos pela Enviromental Protection Agency (EPA - USA) para águas potáveis, 3 ?g L-1 e pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), também para águas potáveis, 2 ?g L-1. A aplicação da mesma metodologia para águas naturais forneceu parâmetros importantes para verificar o comportamento destes pesticidas em águas, principalmente no que se refere à sua persistência. Foram determinados os limites de detecção (LD) e quantificação (LQ), assim como os fatores de recuperação para amostras de água do Rio Mogi-Guaçu, coletadas em três pontos diferentes, utilizando a técnica de SWV. Para Ametrina em eletrólito preparado com água do rio, os valores de LD variaram entre 15,41 e 29,54 ?g L-1 enquanto que os valores de LQ situaram-se entre 51,38 e 98,49 ?g L-1. Já para a Atrazina, os valores de LD variaram entre 4,90 e 6,19 ?g L-1 e os valores de LQ entre 16,36 e 20,65 ?g L-1 respectivamente. Os fatores de recuperação para Ametrina variaram entre 98,12 e 98,50% e para Atrazina entre 98,00 e 98,80%. As fotodegradações dos pesticidas foram estudadas com a exposição à radiação solar de soluções contendo os pesticidas e preparadas com água do Milli-Q, água de rio e água de rio contendo amostras de sedimentos. Os decaimentos da corrente de pico de redução da Ametrina e da Atrazina com o tempo de exposição à luz solar, variaram conforme o ponto de coleta da água do rio Mogi- Guaçu e a natureza do pesticida. Assim, para a Ametrina as porcentagens de decaimento de corrente após 32 horas de exposição foram de 19,10% (água do Milli-Q); 28,24% (ponto 1); 47,62% (ponto 2) e 30,92% (ponto 3). Já para a Atrazina, as respectivas porcentagens de decaimento das correntes de pico de redução foram de 37,50%; 45,90%; 46,10% e 36,53%. Para soluções contendo os sedimentos, a porcentagem de degradação ficou por volta de 30% para Ametrina enquanto que para a Atrazina a diferença foi marcante, ficando em torno de 86%. Os valores dos coeficientes das isotermas de adsorção de Freundlich obtidos indicaram uma dependência da adsorção com o teor de matéria orgânica e argila no sedimento para os três pontos de coleta do sedimento. De acordo com o critério adotado pelo IBAMA, os pesticidas Ametrina e Atrazina apresentam adsorção baixa, ficando pouco adsorvidos no sedimento. Os valores do 1/n da isoterma de Freundlich variaram entre 1,00 e 1,15 indicando uma característica de partição linear para todos os pontos. Os valores de matéria orgânica para os três pontos de coleta, variaram de 5,45 a 15,16%. A matéria orgânica encontra-se revestindo grande parte das frações minerais do solo e sedimento. Estas frações minerais variam de 15,7 a 20,8%, sendo os teores de silte de 12,3 a 16,3%. / An electroanalytical methodology was employed aiming to study the behaviour of the triazinic pesticides Atrazine and Ametrine in water and sediment collected from the Mogi-Guaçu River. The square wave voltammetry (SWV) and the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) were employed. In a first step, the experimental (and voltammetric) parameters were optimized in order to yield the highest current signals as well as the most well defined voltammetric profiles. The best conditions were achieved as: 0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2 as the support electrolyte at pH 3.0 and 2.3 for Ametrine and Atrazine respectively, f = 100 s-1, a = 50 mV and ?Es = 2.0 and 10.0 for Ametrine and Atrazine respectively. After this initial step, analytical curves were obtained for both pesticides. The corresponding detection (LD) and determination (LQ) limits were calculated, as well as the recovering factors, repeatability, reproducibility and sensibility for the analytical methodology, which was compared with those, obtained using the HPLC-UV. For Ametrine and Atrazine, in pure electrolyte the LD values were 2.12 and 1.16 ?g L-1, while the LQ ones were 7.06 and 3.90 ?g L-1, respectively. The same parameters, obtained with HPLC-UV yielded LD values of 2.69 and 1.37 ?g L-1 for Ametrine and Atrazine, respectively, while the LQ ones were 9.01 and 10.62 ?g L-1, respectively. In this way, it is apparent that the results obtained in this work were very close for both techniques and lower than the minimum limit allowed by the Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) for waste water or industrial effluents, 50 ?g L-1. Moreover, they are close to the maximum allowed value for drinking water postulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA – USA), 3 ?g L-1 and the Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), 2 ?g L-1. The application of the same methodology for natural water samples yielded important parameters to establish the behaviour of pesticides, mainly concerning with its persistency. It were determined the detection and quantification limits and recovering factors by the SWV technique, for river water samples collected in three different points. For Ametrine, the LD values for electrolytes prepared with river waters, varied between 15.41 and 29.54 ?g L-1, while the values for LQ were between 51.38 and 98.49 ?g L-1. The same values for Atrazine were determined between 4.90 and 6.19 for LD and 16.36 and 20.65 for LQ. The recovering factors for Ametrine were found to be between 91.12 and 98.50% and for Atrazine between 98 and 98.8%. The photodegradations of pesticide molecules were studied by exposition to daylight of solutions containing the pesticides prepared with Milli-Q water, river water and river water containing sediments. The peak current decaying for Ametrine and Atrazine with exposition time varied accordingly the water collection point in the Mogi-Guaçu River and the nature of the pesticide. In this way, for Ametrine the percentage of decaying after 32 hours of exposition were 19.10% for Milli-Q water, 28.24% point 1, 47.62% point 2 and 30.92% point 3. For Atrazine, the respective decaying percentages of peak currents were 37.5%, 45.90%, 46.10% and 36.53% respectively. For solutions containing sediments (also collected in points 1, 2 and 3) the degradation percentage was around 30% for Ametrine, while for Atrazine the difference, around 86%. The coefficients from Freundlich adsorption isotherms presented values depending on the organic matter and clay present in the sediment samples. The pesticides presented low adsorption characteristic on the sediments. The 1/n values from Freundlich isotherm varied between 1.00 and 1.15, indicating a linear partition coefficient characteristic in all points. In this way, it is possible to associate the Kf values with the partition coefficients (Kd). The organic matter content for the three collection points varied between 5.45 and 15.15. The organic matter is found to be covering the mineral fractions of soils and sediments. These mineral fractions varied from 15.7 to 20.8%, while silt content were among 12.3 and 16.3%.

Com o intuito de conhecer o histórico da comunidade bentônica no reservatório do Guarapiranga para futuro estudo sobre a influência das diferentes formas de poluição na represa sobre o zoobentos, este trabalho foi desenvolvido a fim de coletar dados históricos da fauna de fundo e se houve variação na estrutura da comunidade ou não. Foram analisados quatro trabalhos realizados no período de inverno em quatro regiões médio-profundal do reservatório (Guarapiranga, Embu-Mirim, Embu-Guaçu e Parelheiros) ao longo dos anos, 1939, 1976, 1996 e 2010. A riqueza de dados presentada nos trabalhos refletiu a evolução do conhecimento em estudos limnológicos no Brasil e no mundo. A densidade de Oligochaeta apresentou aumento ao longo dos anos, assim como a de Chaoboridae. Por outro lado, Chironomidae que apresentava 30% em 1974 é pouco representativo em 2010. O ambiente mostrou forte e crescente enriquecimento orgânico em todos os pontos ao longo dos anos e isso colaborou para uma maior diversidade de grupos detritívoros (Tubificinae e Naidinae - Oligochaeta), por exemplo. Os níveis de oxigênio dissolvido no fundo diminuíram ao longo dos anos em todos as regiões. Chama-se a atenção para a necessidade de biomonitoramento nas 4 regiões da represa, utilizando inclusive os macroinvertebrados bentônicos e análises físicas e químicas do sedimento e a adoção de uma nova forma de gerenciamento deste manancial / With the purpose to know the history of the benthic community in Guarapiranga reservoir for future study about the influence of different sources of pollution in the reservoir over zoobenthos, this study was conducted to collect historical data of benthic fauna and variation in community structure. Four studies conducted during winter in four regions of the reservoir medium-profundal (Guarapiranga, Embu-Mirim, Embu-Guaçu and Parelheiros) over the years, 1939, 1976, 1996 and 2010 were analysed. The best richness of data presented in the works reflected the evolution of knowledge in limnological studies, in Brazil and worldwide. The density of Oligochaeta had an increase over the years as well as the Chaoboridae. On the other hand, Chironomidae presented 30% in the 70\' community and was not representative anymore in 2010. The environment showed strong organic enrichment for all regions along the years, and this has contributed to a greater diversity of detritivorous groups (Tubificinae and Naidinae - Oligochaeta), for example. The dissolved oxygen levels at the bottom declined over the years in all regions. Attention is called to the necessity of biomonitoring in 4 regions of the reservoir, using benthic macroinvertebrates and physical and chemical sediment analyses and the adoption of a new way of managing this system

Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) por serem considerados contaminantes persistentes, pela sua ubiqüidade no meio ambiente e pelo reconhecimento de sua genotoxicidade, têm estimulado atividades de pesquisa com o objetivo de determinar e avaliar as origens, transporte, transformação, efeitos biológicos e a acumulação em compartimentos de ecossistemas aquático e terrestre. Nesta dissertação, a matriz estudada foi o sedimento coletado na represa do Parque Pedroso em Santo André, SP. A técnica analítica empregada foi a cromatografia líquida em fase reversa com detector UV/Vis. O tratamento dos dados foi estabelecido durante o processo de desenvolvimento da metodologia para que houvesse confiabilidade nos resultados. As etapas envolvidas foram avaliadas usando o conceito da Validação de Ensaios Químicos. Os parâmetros selecionados para a validação analítica foram Seletividade, Linearidade, Intervalo de Trabalho, Sensibilidade, Exatidão, Precisão, Limite de Detecção, Limite de Quantificação e Robustez. Esses parâmetros apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, o que permite a aplicação da metodologia desenvolvida, sendo ainda um método simples que permite a minimização da contaminação e da perda de compostos por excesso de manipulação. Para os HPAs estudados não foram encontrados resultados positivos, acima do limite de detecção, em nenhuma das amostras coletadas na primeira fase. Já na segunda coleta foram encontradas pequenas alterações principalmente em acenaftileno, fluoreno e benzo[a]antraceno. Embora a área se encontre preservada, já se notam pequenos sinais de contaminação. / The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), by being considered persistent contaminants, by their ubiquity in the environment and by the recognition of their genotoxicity, have stimulated research activities in order to determine and evaluate their sources, transport, processing, biological effects and accumulation in compartments of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In this work, the matrix studied was sediment collected at Pedroso Park\'s dam at Santo André, SP. The analytical technique employed was liquid chromatography in reverse phase with a UV/Vis detector. Statistics treatment of the data was established during the process of developing the methodology for which there was reliable results. The steps involved were evaluated using the concept of Validation of Chemical Testing. The parameters selected for the analytical validation were selectivity, linearity, Working Range, Sensitivity, Accuracy, Precision, Limit of Detection, Limit of quantification and robustness. These parameters showed satisfactory results, allowing the application of the methodology, and is a simple method that allows the minimization of contamination and loss of compounds by over-handling. For the PAHs tested were no found positive results, above the limit of detection, in any of the samples collected in the first phase. But, at the second collection, were found small changes mainly acenaphthylene, fluorene and benzo[a]anthracene. Although the area is preserved, it is possible to realize little signs of contamination.

O objetivo desta tese foi avaliar os impactos decorrentes das mudanças de uso da terra e da variabilidade climática nos recursos hídricos (vazão e fluxo de sedimentos), em mesoescala (bacia do rio Piracicaba) e em pequena escala (microbacia do Ribeirão das Posses), através de um estudo de modelagem numérica com o modelo SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). Foram utilizados dados de modelo numérico de terreno, mapas de solo e uso da terra, temperatura, precipitação, vento, radiação solar e umidade relativa para forçar o modelo SWAT. O modelo mostrou resultados satisfatórios de desempenho na comparação com dados observados, conforme mostram os índices estatísticos na bacia do rio Piracicaba (COE entre 0,97 e 0,99 para vazão e de 0,90 para fluxo de sedimentos) e no Ribeirão das Posses (COE de 0,53 para a vazão e 0,7 para fluxo de sedimentos). Nas simulações de modificações de uso da terra os resultados indicam que em ambas as bacias as maiores vazões ocorrem nos cenários de desflorestamento, sendo o cenário de pastagem o de valores mais expressivos. O modelo correspondeu às evidências de que as vazões máximas, por exemplo os eventos de inundações, podem ser mitigados com o reflorestamento e que o cenário de antropização com gramíneas, no caso das pastagens e cana-de-açúcar, os eventos extremos tendem a ser aumentados ainda mais. Na avaliação da simulação dos fluxos de sedimentos, o cenário de reflorestamento por eucalipto mostra redução na perda do solo, porém ainda abaixo do cenário de reflorestamento por vegetação nativa, que apresentou os menores valores de fluxo de sedimentos, em ambas as bacias. Na simulação levando-se em consideração as mudanças climáticas, os resultados mostram aumento de vazão para o futuro (2078-2098) e consequente aumento de fluxo de sedimento, sendo um aumento médio de 12 % nas vazões do Piracicaba e de 19 % no fluxo de sedimentos. No Ribeirão das Posses este padrão de resposta também ocorreu, com aumento de 46% na vazão e 40 % no fluxo de sedimentos. / The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the impacts of changes in land use and climate variability on water resources (discharge and sediment fluxes), into mesoscale (Piracicaba River basin) and small-scale (watershed Ribeirão das Posses) processes throughout a study of numerical modeling with SWAT model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). Data of numerical model of terrain, soil maps and land use, temperature, precipitation, wind speed, solar radiation and relative humidity forced the SWAT model. The model showed a satisfactory performance in comparison with the observed data, as showed by the statistical indices of the Piracicaba River Basin (COE between 0.97 and 0.99 to 0.90 for flow and sediment fluxes) and Ribeirão das Posses (COE of 0.53 to 0.7 for flow and sediment fluxes). In simulations of changes in land use the results indicate that in both basins larger flows occur in the case of deforestation scenarios, being the scene of the pasture the highest values. The model corresponded to the evidence that peak flows, for example the events of flooding can be mitigated with reforestation and the scenario of anthropogenic with grasses for grazing land and sugar cane, extreme events tend to be further enhanced too. In assessing the simulation of sediment flows, the scenario of reforestation with eucalyptus shows reduction in soil loss, but still below the scenario reforestation with native vegetation, which presented the lowest values of sediment flux in both basins. In the simulation taking into account climate change, the results show increased flow to the future (2078-2098) and consequent increase in stream sediment, with an average 12% increase in the flows of Piracicaba and 19 % in the flow sediment. In Ribeirão das Posses this response pattern also occurred with a 46% increase in throughput and 40 % in the stream sediments.

For the last several decades, beach nourishment has been a widely implemented erosion mitigation strategy along many developed coastlines. Measuring subsequent patterns of erosion and accretion can help elucidate local sediment transport trends, improve time scale predictions of profile equilibration, decrease renourishment intervals, and adjust future engineering design of nourishments. This study evaluates the morphologic evolution of two beach nourishment projects (e.g., characterized as a full and partial nourishment) at the same location in Boca Raton, Florida using time series beach profiles, surface sediment samples, and wave data. More than 85% of sediment volume was retained within the full nourishment six months after project completion, compared to 50% retained eight months after completion of the partial nourishment. Wave energy largely influenced immediate post nourishment change. Profile equilibration was controlled by high-energy events (i.e., hurricanes) for both nourishments. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection