<p>Den inkommande turismen till Sverige ökar hela tiden och enligt Naturvårdsverket är naturturismen en av orsakerna till det ökade intresset för Sverige som destination. I dagsläget finns det inte mycket forskning angående utländska turister i den svenska naturen men författarna vill fördjupa sig i ämnet och har därför som syfte med uppsatsen att klargöra vilka som nyttjar den svenska naturen, varför de reser hit samt hur den svenska naturen marknadsförs.</p><p>För att få svar på uppsatsens frågor har författarna valt att använda sig av en expertgrupp där var och en i gruppen har fått svara på ett visst antal intervjufrågor. Resultatet visar hur utländska besökare attraheras av stillheten, lugnet och den lättillgängliga orörda naturen som finns i Sverige. Olika aktiviteter tas upp som attraktionskraft och uppsatsen beskriver även de vanligaste segmenten; WHOPs, DINKs och Active Family. Expertgruppen förklarar hur turistorganisationer i Sverige arbetar med marknadsföring och i slutet av uppsatsen diskuteras ”nature-light” och tidsmässigt korta resor som nya trender inom naturturism. Författarna avslutar med att diskutera möjliga förbättringar inom marknadsföringen genom bland annat ett nytt förslag på hur ”marknadsmixens fyra P:n” kan användas och vad som är viktigt att ha i åtanke vid arbete med utländska besökare i svensk natur.</p>

Differences in gait biomechanics have been observed between obese and healthy weight adults. It is possible that body segment parameters, particularly the thigh, contribute to the differences in knee biomechanics observed during gait between obese and healthy weight adults. The purpose of this study was to determine if increases in thigh circumference and/or mass associated with obesity alter walking biomechanics in healthy weight males and females. Thigh mass and circumference were increased proportional to a 10 unit increase in body mass index. Frontal and sagittal plane knee angles and moments, and temporospatial variables were recorded. For all dependent variables no main effect for gender was observed. Peak knee flexion angle was similar across conditions with no interaction. There was an interaction for peak internal knee extension moment however post hoc comparisons did not reveal differences in condition among males or females. A main effect for condition was observed for peak knee adduction angle, however post hoc comparisons did not reveal differences among conditions. Peak internal knee abduction moment was similar across conditions with no interaction. Stance time and step width increased during the experimental conditions compared to the control. A interaction was observed for stance time. Females had a longer stance time during the circumference only condition compared to the control condition. A greater step width was observed in conditions that increased thigh circumference. Overall, thigh segment parameters altered gait temporospatial variables. Increases in stance time and step width in obese adults compared to healthy weight adults could be a result of their larger thigh segment parameters.

Den inkommande turismen till Sverige ökar hela tiden och enligt Naturvårdsverket är naturturismen en av orsakerna till det ökade intresset för Sverige som destination. I dagsläget finns det inte mycket forskning angående utländska turister i den svenska naturen men författarna vill fördjupa sig i ämnet och har därför som syfte med uppsatsen att klargöra vilka som nyttjar den svenska naturen, varför de reser hit samt hur den svenska naturen marknadsförs. För att få svar på uppsatsens frågor har författarna valt att använda sig av en expertgrupp där var och en i gruppen har fått svara på ett visst antal intervjufrågor. Resultatet visar hur utländska besökare attraheras av stillheten, lugnet och den lättillgängliga orörda naturen som finns i Sverige. Olika aktiviteter tas upp som attraktionskraft och uppsatsen beskriver även de vanligaste segmenten; WHOPs, DINKs och Active Family. Expertgruppen förklarar hur turistorganisationer i Sverige arbetar med marknadsföring och i slutet av uppsatsen diskuteras ”nature-light” och tidsmässigt korta resor som nya trender inom naturturism. Författarna avslutar med att diskutera möjliga förbättringar inom marknadsföringen genom bland annat ett nytt förslag på hur ”marknadsmixens fyra P:n” kan användas och vad som är viktigt att ha i åtanke vid arbete med utländska besökare i svensk natur.

It is difficult to think of any activity that does not require some degree of turning. Despite the prevalence of turning in daily activities and the challenge it poses to mobility-impaired individuals such as those with Parkinson’s disease, there is far less known about the multi-segmental control of turning than the control of standing and straight walking especially in elderly individuals and patient populations. The purpose of this thesis was to examine the coordination of body segment reorientation in healthy older adults and people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) during on-the-spot turns when standing and turns initiated when walking. The coordination of body segments was examined for small and large magnitude turns in both populations. PD participants were examined when “off” and “on” dopamine-replacement medication to determine the effects of medication on multi-segmental coordination when turning. The effect of walking velocity on the multi-segmental coordination of turning also was examined in healthy elderly participants for three different walking velocities. This research revealed differences in coordination patterns for standing versus walking turns and for healthy older adults versus persons with PD. Healthy older adults reorient their head, shoulder, and pelvis in unison, followed by mediolateral foot displacement, during standing turns. This coordination pattern was observed for both small and large turns. By contrast, turns initiated by healthy older adults while walking displayed a top-down temporal sequence similar to that reported for healthy young adults, i.e., the head turns first, followed by the shoulder and pelvis, and finally mediolateral displacement of the foot. This is a robust behavior which was not affected by the magnitude of the turn or walking velocity. PD participants (“off” and “on” medication) displayed temporal coordination patterns similar to age-matched healthy older adults for both standing and walking turns. However, PD participants (“off” and “on” medication) differed from healthy older adults with respect to the velocity and magnitude of reorientation of body segments, i.e., spatial parameters of coordination. The peak angular velocity of each body segment was significantly smaller for PD participants than the healthy older adults during both standing and walking turns; this was observed for both small and large magnitude turns. The magnitude of reorientation of each body segment was measured at the onset of mediolateral foot displacement; this measure revealed significantly smaller head and shoulder rotations for PD participants versus healthy older adults during standing turns, but not walking turns. Medication had no significant effect on the temporal or spatial parameters of body segment coordination during standing and walking turns. Medication increased the magnitude of head turn during the 90° standing turns; however, the magnitude of head turn remained smaller than that of healthy older adults. Multi-segmental coordination patterns differ for turns performed when standing (on-the-spot turn) versus when walking. The temporal parameters of these coordination patterns are not influenced by the magnitude of the turn or the velocity of walking and remain intact in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease modifies the spatial parameters of coordination; reducing the velocity and early magnitude of reorientation of each body segment. These spatial parameters are not affected by dopaminergic medication.

FlexRay, developed by a consortium of over hundred automotive companies, is a real-time in-vehicle communication protocol for automotive networks. It is being used as a higher-performance, time-triggered, and deterministic serial bus in automobiles for many safety-critical and x-by-wire systems. In x-by-wire systems the hydraulic parts of systems such as steering and braking are replaced with electronics. As x-by-wire systems are safety-critical, they must be fault-tolerant, deterministic, and should have synchronized time base (global time). FlexRay fulfils all these requirements as it is a deterministic and fault-tolerant serial bus system with data rates of 10 Mbps for extremely safety- and time-critical applications. As, FlexRay has become the de-facto standard for high speed safety-critical communications in automotive domain, and timing analysis of FlexRay still continues to generate significant research interest. The FlexRay allows both time-triggered and event-triggered messages. The static (ST) segment allows time-triggered transmission, while dynamic (DYN) segment allows event-triggered transmission. As the DYN segment transmits messages based on their priorities; so the delay suffered by a message depends on the interferences by its higher priority messages. Computing interferences of the higher priority messages is a challenging problem for the DYN segment of FlexRay [32]. So, in order to compute interferences of the higher priority messages one way is to use simulation technique. The SystemC simulator proposed in this thesis is used to model and simulate the behaviour of the DYN segment of the FlexRay protocol. This modelling and simulation is done on system level using the system description language SystemC. The simulator estimates the delay suffered by a message instances because of the interferences of higher priority messages. This estimation of delay is done by taking no-jitter/jitter into consideration. Finally, in both the cases the delay suffered by each and every message instance is plotted.

It is difficult to think of any activity that does not require some degree of turning. Despite the prevalence of turning in daily activities and the challenge it poses to mobility-impaired individuals such as those with Parkinson’s disease, there is far less known about the multi-segmental control of turning than the control of standing and straight walking especially in elderly individuals and patient populations. The purpose of this thesis was to examine the coordination of body segment reorientation in healthy older adults and people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) during on-the-spot turns when standing and turns initiated when walking. The coordination of body segments was examined for small and large magnitude turns in both populations. PD participants were examined when “off” and “on” dopamine-replacement medication to determine the effects of medication on multi-segmental coordination when turning. The effect of walking velocity on the multi-segmental coordination of turning also was examined in healthy elderly participants for three different walking velocities. This research revealed differences in coordination patterns for standing versus walking turns and for healthy older adults versus persons with PD. Healthy older adults reorient their head, shoulder, and pelvis in unison, followed by mediolateral foot displacement, during standing turns. This coordination pattern was observed for both small and large turns. By contrast, turns initiated by healthy older adults while walking displayed a top-down temporal sequence similar to that reported for healthy young adults, i.e., the head turns first, followed by the shoulder and pelvis, and finally mediolateral displacement of the foot. This is a robust behavior which was not affected by the magnitude of the turn or walking velocity. PD participants (“off” and “on” medication) displayed temporal coordination patterns similar to age-matched healthy older adults for both standing and walking turns. However, PD participants (“off” and “on” medication) differed from healthy older adults with respect to the velocity and magnitude of reorientation of body segments, i.e., spatial parameters of coordination. The peak angular velocity of each body segment was significantly smaller for PD participants than the healthy older adults during both standing and walking turns; this was observed for both small and large magnitude turns. The magnitude of reorientation of each body segment was measured at the onset of mediolateral foot displacement; this measure revealed significantly smaller head and shoulder rotations for PD participants versus healthy older adults during standing turns, but not walking turns. Medication had no significant effect on the temporal or spatial parameters of body segment coordination during standing and walking turns. Medication increased the magnitude of head turn during the 90° standing turns; however, the magnitude of head turn remained smaller than that of healthy older adults. Multi-segmental coordination patterns differ for turns performed when standing (on-the-spot turn) versus when walking. The temporal parameters of these coordination patterns are not influenced by the magnitude of the turn or the velocity of walking and remain intact in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease modifies the spatial parameters of coordination; reducing the velocity and early magnitude of reorientation of each body segment. These spatial parameters are not affected by dopaminergic medication.

Abstract As a part of the strategic planning process a company has to formulate a marketing strategy before entering a new market. For global marketers, formulation of a global marketing strategy is of big importance since it contributes benefits, including raising the efficacy of new-products launches, cost reduction and improving product quality and market share performance. India is a fast growing subcontinent and it is predicted to be among the top five economies in the world by the year 2025. The driving force in the Indian economy is the growing number of people from the middle class, which currently consists of over 300 million Indians. They are consuming progressively more western brands and more and more foreign companies are establishing in the country. The purpose of this thesis is to get a better understanding of the Indian market in order to formulate a strategy for this market. The thesis aim to identify how a business to business company, with baby products aimed for the upper class segment, should formulate their marketing strategy. To be able to answer our research question we have conducted a number of qualitative interviews, including a focus group interview with potential Indian consumers. The result of our interviews, empirical data along with our collected theory shows that the Indian market is fragmented and diverse. This thesis tells us that a company offering exclusive products should focus on consumers living in urban areas of India. A company should considerate on important aspects when formulating a marketing strategy for the Indian market: Assessment and adjustment of core strategy (choice of competitive strategy), formulation of a global strategy (choice of competitive strategy, choice of segment, marketing in India, the purchase process, culture) and development of global marketing program (degree of standardization).

In this Thesis, we propose a mechanism to dynamically adjust the video bit rates through the segmentation and the reassembly of SVC (Scalable Video Coding) segments in a P2P network. At the transmitter, an SVC film is segmented into a number of segments with different sizes. Each segment is further chopped into Torrents according to three scalabilities of SVC (Temporal, Quality, and Spatial). The Torrents with three scalabilities are referred to as 3D-Torrents. At the receiver, we present three approaches of grabbing Torrents (Temporal-First, Quality-First and Interleaving) form P2P networks to validate that the proposed 3D-Torrent reassembly can adapt to different bandwidths and to fit different hardware equipments so that any possible video freeze-up time can be avoided. To demonstrate how the proposed 3D-Torrent reassembly affect video bit rates in the P2P video streaming environment, we implement the segmentation, grabbing, and reassembly of Torrents on a Linux platform. In the P2P network built by Hadoop, we study (i) the video freeze-up time with/without adopting 3D-Torrent reassembly, (ii) video quality under different grabbing approaches using two different types of video, static and active background. To compare the video quality at the transmitter to that at the receiver, we modify the conventional PSNR equation. Two new dimensions, Temporal and Spatial, are included in the new PSNR3D equation to compare the video quality between the transmitter and the receiver. From the experimental results, we observe that the freeze-up time approaches zero using the 3D-Torrent reassembly and video bit rates can be dynamically adjusted according to the available bandwidth.

¡@¡@In this Thesis, we proposed a new SVC Layer Scheduling Algorithm (CSDB, Chunk Scheduling with Delay-trend and Bandwidth-monitoring) in SVC-P2P Video Streaming by using RTT Probing and Bandwidth Monitoring mechanisms to measure RTT/2 and historic bandwidth between peers simultaneously. When transmission delay (TD) dominates in the end-to-end delay and when instantaneous bandwidth increases, peer will quickly increase the downloading layers of video segment (VS). On the other hand, when instantaneous bandwidth decreases, peer will decrease the number of layer chunks (LCs) not in time according to RTT/2 and historic bandwidth. When queuing delay (QD) and propagation delay (PD) dominate in the end-to-end delay, peer will assume RTT/2 is accurate because every LC is in time. In this case, peer will quickly increase the downloading layers; otherwise, peer assumes there is a big difference between RTT/2 and one-way delay (OWD) such that it will decrease the downloading layers to half. When peer cannot grab VS in time according to measured RTT/2 but every LC grabbed is in time, peer will assume there is a big difference between measured RTT/2 and OWD. In this case, peer will keep no change in downloading layers; otherwise, peer will assume measured RTT/2 is close to OWD, and it will decrease the downloading layers to half. ¡@¡@In order to demonstrate the advantages of CSDB, we designed a simulator written in C++. In the simulation, we consider two scenarios: 1) When TD dominates. 2) When QD and PD dominate. Simulation results show that peer can achieve high quality SVC video by balancing the number of received layers and the number of LCs not it time.

By using the E.B.M model, this research sets the traditional tea consumer behavior for dependent variable, demographics and life style variables for independent variable to form the research structure. We ran a statistic analysis for the data that is proceeding purposive sampling to the traditional tea drinkers and examed it. The research mainly discusses the concern with the life style and tea consumer behavior in Kaohsiung area. The results show that the life style factors of Kaohsiung tea drinkers consist of ¡§strict budgeting¡¨¡B¡§traditional home¡¨¡B¡§fashion & extrovert¡¨¡B¡§health & leisure¡¨. By the result of factor analysis, we devided the Kaohsiung tea drinkers to four groups: ¡§canny & balance ¡¨¡B¡§conservative & traditional¡¨¡B¡§sensitive ¡¨¡B¡§casual ¡¨. Each cluster has a significant difference between marriage status¡Bsex¡Bage¡Baveragely monthly income¡Beducation and occupation. According to those five parts of consumer behavior, the business can adjust its marketing strategies by aiming at what the consumers are most interested in. For example, the business can supply different tastes of tea for different groups and satisfy a large number of consumers to increase the sales volume. The promotion of ¡§ tea art¡¨ attracts consumers and creates higher consumer demand. Business can take advantage of mass media to reinforce marketing channel and make the business go up. According to the analysis result, there are some suggestions for different groups. Consumers who are married, over 30 years old, income of 10 to 50 thousand dollars, education under collage, most of them belong to a group which has more sensitive and higher willing for bargaining and the firm should always focus on the pricing strategy. Consumers who are unmarried, under 30 years old, income under 10 thousand dollars, education of collage and above, belong to the group which named casual. Consumers of this group care about to have good interpersonal relationship and healthy lives more than other groups. Consumers who are 21 to 30 years old, income over 80 thousand dollars, education of collage, occupation of self-employment, sex of male, belong to the group which named ¡§canny & balance ¡¨. Consumers of this group care about all the items equally. Consumers who are unmarried, 21 to 30 years old, income of 30 to 50 thousand dollars or under 10 thousand dollars, education of collage, sex of female, belong to the group which named ¡§conservative & traditional¡¨. Consumers of this group are used to go to the same store for purchasing and they have higher brand loyalty than other groups. To sum up, the business should make different marketing strategies for different clusters.