A complete two-phase numerical model of film condensation from a mixture of a vapour and a non-condensing gas that is based on the two-dimensional elliptic governing equations with variable physical properties is presented. The model predicts the full viscous flow and heat and mass transfer for the mixture around the tube and in the entire liquid film from the top of the tube to the falling film below the tube. A finite volume method is used with a segregated solution approach and a dynamically moving computational grid that tracks the phase interface sharply. Fundamental balances of mass, energy, and force are enforced accurately at the phase interface. The model was developed in steps and validated against various experimental and theoretical works in the literature for different two-phase flows. The validation tests included stratified flow of liquid and gas in a horizontal channel, falling liquid film over a vertical wall, and condensation of steam from a steam-air mixture in a vertical channel. The model was used to simulate laminar film condensation from a downward flowing steam-air mixture over an isothermal horizontal tube. The validity of this new model is demonstrated by comparisons with previous theoretical and experimental studies. New results are presented on the effects of free-stream-to-tube temperature difference, upstream Reynolds number, free-stream gas mass fraction, and free-stream pressure on the condensate film development, the local and average heat transfer coefficients, and the total condensate mass flow rate. It was found that the temperature difference had the greatest effect on the condensation rate and film thickness. The presence of non-condensing gas in the vapour has a strong negative impact on the condensation process. For the pure steam case, moderate changes in the upstream Reynolds number showed slight increases in condensate mass flow rate with increased Reynolds number. For the mixture case, however, moderate increase in upstream Reynolds number increases significantly the condensate mass flow rate and film thickness. This trend becomes more noticeable as the free-steam gas mass fraction increases. Changing the free-stream pressure demonstrated that property variation had a relatively smaller effect than temperature difference and gas mass fraction changes. / February 2017

Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka och analysera vilka kommunikationsbarriärer som finns på vårdcentraler i ett segregerade områden i Sverige, samt hur man arbetar med dessa barriärer. Jag har ställt mig två frågor; Vilka kommunikationsbarriärer finns på en vårdcentral i ett segregerat område? Hur hanterar vårdcentralernas personal kommunikationsbarriärer?   Arbetet bygger på en kvalitativ fältstudie som jag utfört på två vårdcentraler lokaliserade i segregerade områden i Sverige. Jag har gjort både observationer och deltagande observationer samt haft både informella och semistrukturerade samtal med flera anställda på båda vårdcentralerna för att samla in data. I resultatet behandlar jag användandet av tolk samt de fem olika barriärer som jag identifierat; språkbarriären, kunskapsbarriären, förståelsebarriären, kulturbarriären och erfarenhetsbarriären. Resultatet visar att barriärerna yttrar sig på många olika vis och att personalen ofta behöver vara kreativa i sitt sätt att hantera dem. Det är vanligt att vårdtagarna inte talar och/eller förstår svenska samt inte har kunskap om det svenska sjukvårdsystemet och inte vet vad en vårdcentral är. Det är också vanligt att de saknar eller har bristande kunskaper om människokroppen, sjukdomar och behandlingar. Tolkar fungerar bra som en mellanled för att förstärka kommunikationen och minska risken för missförstånd, men användning av tolk kan också vara krångligt och det kan vara svårt att få tag på en bra tolk i tid. Kommunikationsbarriärerna som uppstår ökar risken för missförstånd och misstro vilket kan leda till försämrad vårdkvalitet. Missförstånd kan leda till att vårdtagaren inte kan följa behandlingsplanen som det var tänkt och misstro kan leda till att vårdtagaren väljer att avstå helt eller delvis från behandling. För förhindra detta är vårdtagarna noggranna med att ta sig extra tid åt att förklara, diskutera med och lyssna på vårdtagaren. Arbetet med förtroende är väldigt viktigt då ett dåligt möte kan leda till att en hel krets i upptagningsområdet får en försämrad syn på vårdcentralen. Detta då många av vårdtagarna har en väldigt stark personlig sektor som de beslutar kring sjukvård, behandlingar och åsikter om dessa tillsammans med. Ett bra möte kan leda till stora förändringar och därför jobbar vårdcentralerna extra hårt för att skapa goda erfarenheter för vårdtagarna. / The purpose of this paper is to investigate and analyze which communication barriers exist in health centers in segregated areas in Sweden, and how to handle these barriers. I have asked two questions: Which communication barriers are there in a health center in a segregated area? How does healthcare staff handle communication barriers?  The work is based on the qualitative field study that I have carried out at two health centers located in segregated areas in Sweden. I have made both observations and participatory observations and held both informal and semi-structured conversations with several employees at both health centers to collect data. In the result, I process the use of an interpreter and the five different barriers that I have identified: the language barrier, the knowledge barrier, the barrier of understanding, the culture barrier and the barrier of experience. The result shows that the barriers manifest themselves in many different ways and that the staff often needs to be creative in its way of handling them. It is common for the recipients to not speak and / or understand Swedish and to not have knowledge of the Swedish healthcare system or what a health center is. It is also common that they lack or have insufficient knowledge of the human body, diseases and treatments. Interpreters work well as intermediaries who can enhance communication and reduce the risk of misunderstanding, but the use of an interpreter can also be difficult, and it can be difficult to get access to a good interpreter on time. The communication barriers that arise increase the risk of misunderstandings and mistrust which can lead to a deterioration in care quality. Misunderstandings can lead to the recipient not being able to follow the treatment plan as intended, and mistrust can lead to the recipient choosing to abstain wholly or partly from treatment.  To prevent this, the staff is careful to take extra time to explain, discuss and listen to the patient. The work on trust is very important as a bad meeting can lead to negative attitudes in large groups of people towards the health center. This is because many of the recipients are part of a very strong personal sector, which has a great influence on how health care and treatments are perceived. A good meeting can lead to major changes and therefore the health centers work extra hard to create good experiences for the health care recipients.

近年來在金融市場上出現了新型的金融衍生性商品，這些衍生性商品相當於一般的共同基金，但是額外鑲嵌了喊價選擇權，可以使投資人在市場表現不理想的時候，還能拿回一部份的本金；而在市場表現良好時，可以重置保本的水準來鎖定既得的利潤。因此新型的這類商品更容易吸引投資人。 　　分離基金便是這樣的商品，它募集投資大眾的資金進行投資，它不但提供保本的承諾，同時給予隨時重置保本水準的權利。然而，對發行商而言，它的風險相當地高，因此本篇論文將利用Martingale（平賭過程）的方法，針對這類商品鑲嵌的喊價選擇權來進行理論模型的推導、經濟意涵的分析、數值方法的評價，並且提出重要的避險策略。 / In recent years, there have been a lot of derivatives similar with mutual funds which guarantee that not only should investors receive a minimum benefit after a certain period of time, but also be provided with the reset right . Whenever investors reset, they can change a minimum benefit at the higher guarantee level. 　　Those kinds of funds are known as segregated funds in Canada. This paper develops a pricing model of shout options which are embedded in segregated funds by means of martingale method and it offers a hedge strategy for writers.

For polymer-matrix composites (PMCs) that contain insulating matrices and conducting fillers, the electrical properties of the PMCs are especially sensitive to the local concentration of the fillers in the matrix. For PMCs that have phase-segregated microstructures, better prediction of the properties is possible since enhanced control over the distribution of the filler in the matrix can be achieved. In this research, PMMA-ITO nanocomposites were chosen as the composite system in which to explore alternative microstructures, specifically highly phase-segregated microstructures. The microstructures were primarily controlled by varying the ITO particle size and concentration, and the fabrication parameters used to form the nanocomposites. The motivation for this research was to develop correlations between the microstructure and non-destructive measurements in order to improve the predictability of properties in percolating PMCs. As a result of this work, a novel phase-segregated microstructure was discovered, where ITO aggregate-wire structures self-assembled during the composite forming process. Structural analysis of the specimens was conducted primarily using transmission optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Impedance spectroscopy and optical spectroscopy were the primary NDE characterization tools used for analyzing the variations among the specimens. Ultra-small angle x-ray scattering (USAXS) and stereological techniques were also used to describe the dimensions of the ITO aggregate-wire structures that self-assembled in the PMMA-ITO nanocomposites.

This thesis aims to outline the causes, symptoms, and treatments related to leprosy, and how it can be diagnosed in patients and identified in human remains. The thesis also aims to demonstrate the ways in which care for leprosy sufferers developed as the disease became more prevalent and more commonly, and correctly identified. It analyses the social stigmas inflicted upon sufferers, and the medical care and attention provided for them by religious institutions when other groups or organisations shunned those suffering from leprosy. The rationale for this study is to identify trends surrounding the social stigmas attached to leprosy and care from the first identifiable case of strain three of Mycobacterium leprae in the 1st century AD to the late Middle Ages when the number of cases of leprosy appears to begin to decline. Using archaeological evidence, historical records, and the published research of experts in the field, this thesis demonstrates that as leprosy spread throughout the Middle East and Europe, religious organisations often took on the role as care givers for leprosy sufferers through the ideal of religious, often Christian, charity; to look after the poor, sick, and needy. As the trends presented in this study have yet to be published elsewhere in this way, this thesis aims to contribute via an interdisciplinary approach to the fields of religious archaeology, anthropology and bioarchaeology.

Detta är en kvalitativ intervjustudie som undersöker utrikes födda kvinnors upplevelser av integration utifrån att bo i ett segregerat område i Södertälje. Studien har som syfte att även undersöka hur kvinnorna uppfattar sin identitet av att leva med olika kulturer. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes hemma hos kvinnorna. Den tidigare forskningen lyfter bland annat fram att språkfärdigheter, utbildning, gemenskap är viktiga aspekter för upplevelsen av integration och diskriminering utgör ett hinder i det. Resultatet visade att Södertälje som område inte utgör ett hinder för kvinnornas möjligheter till integration. Kvinnorna upplever språk, utbildning och gemenskap som betydelsefulla aspekter för sin integration och diskrimineringen utgjorde tillfälliga hinder. Resultatet visar vidare att kvinnorna uppfattar sin identitet mellan den svenska kulturen och sin ursprungskultur. Jämlikhet och rättigheter var något kvinnorna bland annat satte värde på i den svenska kulturen. Kontrollerandet och höga förväntningar var attityder från den egna familjens kultur som de tog avstånd ifrån. I analysen användes ett intersektionellt perspektivet samt integrationsteorin som stödjer studiens temaområden. Studiens slutsats är att det fortfarande pågår en form av diskriminering av invandrarkvinnor, vilket försvårar deras integration. Det är av betydelse att inte betrakta invandrarkvinnor som en homogen, utan en heterogen grupp med individuella förutsättningar och resurser. / This is a qualitative interview study which examines the foreign-born women's experiences of integration based on living in a segregated area in Södertälje. The study aims also to examine how women perceive their identity of living with different cultures. Semi-structured interviews were conducted at the home of the women. Previous research highlights, among other things, that the language skills, education, community are important aspects of the experience of integration and discrimination is an obstacle to it. The result showed that the Södertälje area does not constitute an obstacle to women's opportunities for integration. The women experience language, education and community as significant aspects of its integration and discrimination constituted temporary obstacle. The results further show that women perceive their identity between the Swedish culture and their culture of origin. Equality and rights was somewhat women including set value of the Swedish culture. Controlling and high expectations were attitudes from their own family culture they disowned. The analysis used an intersectional perspective and integration theory which supports the study's themes. The study concludes that there is still an ongoing form of discrimination against immigrant women, which impedes their integration. It is important not to regard immigrant women as a homogeneous, but a heterogeneous group, with individual abilities and resources.

Segregation is an acknowledged issue in Sweden. The aim of this study was to examine the trust towards the social services among adolescents living in segregated areas in Gävle. Previous research shows the importance of trust to achieve a good work alliance and a good outcome. Four focus group discussions including 19 adolescents were held with representation from three segregated areas in Gävle. The empirical material has been analyzed on the bases of social constructivism and epistemic trust. The results show a lack of trust towards the social services and instead the adolescents put their trust in rumors, friends and family. The results also show a desire from the adolescents of more open relationships with the social workers as well as a wish for a trust creating work and spreading of information from the social services. The study thereby shows a flaw and a development area for the social services. / Segregation är ett uppmärksammat problem i Sverige. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur tilliten till socialtjänsten upplevs bland ungdomar i segregerade bostadsområden i Gävle kommun. Forskning visar på vikten av tillit för att uppnå en god arbetsallians och ett gott resultat. Fyra fokusgruppsdiskussioner med sammanlagt 19 ungdomar har genomförts med representanter från tre av Gävles segregerade områden. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats utifrån socialkonstruktivistisk teori samt epistemisk tillit. Resultaten visar en bristande tillit till socialtjänsten och att ungdomar istället litar på rykten, vänner och familj. Resultaten visar även en önskan från ungdomarnas sida om öppnare relationer med fältarbetare och socialsekreterare samt en önskan om ett tillitsskapande arbete och informationsspridning från socialtjänstens sida. Studien lyfter därmed fram en brist och ett utvecklingsområde för socialtjänsten.

This thesis is written on the subject, state fully, "A Comparison of the Education Opportunities of the Whites and Negores of Walker County." The study is based, as far as possible, on a per-pupil comparison. The writer found Walker County an excellent county in which to make such a study for the simple reason that there was not another county in the state of Texas where there was such an equal balance of negro and white approved scholastics. The counties of Harrison, Marion, San Jacinto, Walker, and Waller were the only ones in the state of Texas that had more approved negro scholastics than white approved scholastics. In Walker county during the year 1937-1938 there were 2,498 white scholastics and 2,505 negro scholastics. This shows that there were only seven more negro approved scholastics than white approved scholastics.

La vallée A’ą̈y Chù est située au Sud-Ouest du Yukon dans le Parc National Kluane. Le pergélisol y est isolé et présent sous forme de lithalses, retrouvées dans les milieux humides. La présente étude s’intéresse à ces formes périglaciaires afin de comprendre les conditions et processus de formation et conservation des lithalses. Nous avons effectué huit forages sur deux sites, à l’est et à l’ouest de la vallée. Notre étude cryostratigraphique des lithalses incorpore des analyses sédimentaires, de cryostructure, de contenu en glace, d’ions majeurs et d’isotopes d’eau. Les lithalses se sont développées sous le climat froid du Petit Âge Glaciaire, avec des conditions écosystémiques tel qu’un substrat gélif (silt, sable fin) couplé d’une forte disponibilité en eau. La végétation était composée de mousses, d’herbacées (Carex spp.) et de buissons (Salix spp.), formant un couvert organique poreux et isolant. Le pergélisol était d’une faible épaisseur jusqu’à 2,2 m de profondeur. Sept forages comportaient un talik de 21 à 48 cm d’épaisseur, et débutant dans le premier mètre de sol. Les cryostructures principales étaient lenticulaire et microlenticulaire. Aux sites 1 et 2, le contenu volumétrique en glace moyen était 66,7 % ±9,1 et 63,9 % ±13,7, la glace en excès était responsable jusqu’à 61,3 % et 45,6 % de la hauteur des lithalses. Plusieurs signes de dégradation (talik, ravinement, mares de thermokarst, remparts) indiquent un état mécanique et thermique instable. Une succession d’étés et d’hivers chauds pourraient d’abord faire balancer les lithalses vers un état relique, puis vers un dégel final. / The A’ą̈y Chù valley in southwestern Yukon, Kluane National Park features isolated permafrost occurring in lithalsas formed in wetlands. We investigate these persistent permafrost features to understand the specific conditions and processes that allowed their formation and conservation. We drilled and sampled eight boreholes at two different sites, on the east and west sides of the valley. The lithalsas were studied with a cryostratigraphic approach, with analyses of cryostructure, ice content, sediment characteristics, major ions, and water isotopes. Lithalsas developed during the colder climate of Little Ice Age due to ecosystem conditions that include a frost susceptible substrate composed of silt and fine sand coupled with high water availability. The vegetation cover was mainly moss, herbs (Carex spp.) and shrubs (Salix spp.) which formed a porous insulating cover. The permafrost body was thin with a maximum depth of 2,2 m. Seven boreholes had a talik 21 to 48 cm thick, starting within the first meter of soil. The cryostructures were mainly lenticular and microlenticular. The average volumetric ice content was 66,7 % ±9,1 at Site 1 and 63,9 % ±13,7 at Site 2. The average excess ice content accounts for up to 61,3% and 45,6% of the height of lithalsas, at Site 1 and 2. Many signs of permafrost degradation (talik, gullies, thermokarst ponds, ramparts) indicate an unstable thermal and mechanical state. A succession of warm summers and winters could make the lithalsas balance towards a relic state first then to final thaw.

The elderly population is sensitive to damages caused by air pollution on health. They spend relatively more time indoors, however there is limited information on the air quality they breathe inside their residences. The objectives of this work are to characterise mass of sizesegregated particulate matter (PM) in elderly residences in Metropolitan Area of Sao Paulo (MASP) in Brazil; assess the meteorological parameters influence; evaluate the indoor and outdoor relationship of PM; quantify the ions, trace elements and black carbon (rBC) in quasi-ultrafine particles (qUFP) and identify their sources, and estimate the respiratory deposition doses (RDD). To achieve these objectives, we measured during 24 hours the mass concentrations of PM in differents sizes (102.5, 2.51.0, 1.00.5, 0.50.25 and <0.25 µm (PM0.25, qUFP) in 59 elderly residences in MASP using a Personal Cascade Impactor Sampler. The PM10 is the sum of all size and PM2.5 is PM10 less PM102.5. The PM2.5 and PM0.25 contributed 78% and 38% of total PM10, respectively. About 77% and 40% of the residences had higher PM2.5 and PM10 than those in outdoor environments. About 13 and 43% of the measurements exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. The PM0.25 exceeded the WHO guideline for PM2.5 in 8.3% of residences. Residences with higher PM concentration in all size bins are predominantly near the heavy traffic areas during the nonprecipitation days. About 68% of residences have the highest mass concentration in PM0.25. We analysed ions by chromatography, trace elements by x-ray fluorescence and rBC by reflectance. The major of ions concentrations in qUFP were found to be SO42- and NH4+, and the major trace elements were Si and Fe. Around 26% of the qUFP is rBC. Some residences have a high concentration of the toxic heavy metals Cu, Ni, Pb and Cr. We identified 6 dominant sources of the indoor qUFP by positive matrix factorization: vehicular emission (57%), secondary inorganic aerosol (21%), soil and construction (7%), wall painting (7%), cooking (5%) and industry (3%). The RDD for coarse and fine particles were found to be 20% and 24.6% higher for male than female elderly during seated position, respectively. The maximum RDD of qUFP and rBC are in the tracheobronchial part. It is important the control of PM sources in the elderly residences to limit adverse health effects of PM, especially fine particles. We suggest consider the rBC as one regulated air pollutant in terms of public control actions for air quality improvement in MASP. / A população idosa é sensível aos riscos da poluição do ar à saúde. Os idosos passam mais tempo dentro de suas casas, mas há pouca informação sobre a qualidade do ar dentro de suas residências. Os objetivos deste trabalho são caracterizar a massa do material particulado (PM) de diferentes tamanhos em residências de idosos na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) no Brasil; avaliar a influência dos parâmetros meteorológicos e a relação entre PM de ambiente interno e externo; quantificar os íons, elementos traços e black carbon (rBC) em partículas quasi-ultrafinas (qUFP) e identificar suas fontes, e estimar as doses de deposição de PM no trato respiratório (RDD). Para alcançar esses objetivos, medimos durante 24 horas as concentrações em massa de PM nos tamanhos 10-2,5; 2,5-1,0; 1,0-0,5; 0,5-0,25 e <0,25 m (PM0.25, qUFP) em 59 residências de idosos na RMSP usando o Personal Cascade Impactor Sampler. O PM10 é a soma da massa em todos os tamanhos e PM2.5 é o PM10 menos o PM10-2.5. O PM2.5 e PM0.25 contribuíram com 78% e 38% do total de PM10, respectivamente. Cerca de 77% e 40% das residências apresentaram maior concentração de PM2.5 e PM10 do que aqueles em ambientes externos. Cerca de 13 e 43% das medidas excederam as diretrizes da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) para PM10 e PM2.5, respectivamente. O PM0.25 excedeu o limiar da OMS para PM2.5 em 8.3% das residências. As residências com maior concentração de PM em todos os tamanhos estão próximas das áreas de intenso tráfego veicular e não houve precipitação durante a medição. Cerca de 68% das residências têm a maior concentração de massa em PM0.25. Analisamos os íons por cromatografia, elementos traços por fluorescência de raios-x e rBC por reflectância. A maior concentração de íons em qUFP foi SO42- e NH4+, e os principais elementos traços foram Si e Fe. Cerca de 26% do qUFP é rBC. Algumas residências têm uma alta concentração dos metais pesados tóxicos Cu, Ni, Pb e Cr. Identificou-se 6 fontes de qUFP por fatoração de matriz positiva: emissão de veículos (57%), aerossol inorgânico secundário (21%), solo e construção (7%), pintura de parede (7%), cozimento (5%) e indústria (3%). O RDD para PM10-2.5 e PM2.5 foi 20% e 24,6% maior para homens do que mulheres enquanto sentados, respectivamente. O RDD máximo de qUFP e rBC foi na parte traqueobrônquica. É importante o controle de fontes de PM nas residências de idosos para limitar os efeitos adversos à saúde, especialmente partículas finas. Sugerimos considerar o rBC como um poluente atmosférico regulado em termos de ações de controle público para a melhoria da qualidade do ar na RMSP.