Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Background: The current adherence to colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) guidelines is suboptimal. How neighborhood characteristics, e.g., racial residential segregation (RRS), area-level socioeconomic status (SES) and physician composition, affect CRCS adherence are not fully understood. We assessed associations between facility proximity to RRS areas, area-level SES, physician composition, and CRCS adherence. Methods: Data sources included 2013 Minnesota Community Measurement, 2009-2013 American Community Survey, 2012 U.S. and 2012-2013 Washington State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data, and 2013-2014 Area Health Resource File. Logistic regressions and weighted multilevel logistic regressions were used to assess the association between facility proximity to RRS areas and CRCS adherence, and association between area-level SES, physician composition and CRCS adherence, respectively. Results: Facility proximity to RRS areas was positively associated with low CRCS performance, e.g., facilities located < 2 miles away from Hispanic-segregated areas were 3 times more likely to have low CRCS performance than those at ≥5 miles away (odds ratio (OR): 2.83, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.29, 6.24). Most area-level SES measures showed negative bivariate associations between deprivation and colonoscopy/overall adherence, and measures such as education had relatively strong associations, although few of fully-adjusted associations remained statistically significant. Further, a one-unit increase in the percentage of gastroenterologists among physicians was associated with 3% increase in the odds of colonoscopy (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01-1.04) and overall adherence (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01-1.04) in the rural-metropolitan areas. Conclusions: Developing culturally tailored CRCS programs, increasing percentage of gastroenterologists, and targeting deprived communities may improve CRCS adherence.

This master thesis aims to describe the strategies, methods and forms of work, which are effective in teaching gifted pupils at primary school. Another aim is to compare the possibility of their applications in integrated and segregated forms of gifted education. The theoretical part summarizes findings about this issue and the aim is to specify the issue of gifted children in relation to the intelligence, creativity and heredity. Based on the analysis of Czech, but mostly foreign literature, this work definine the strategies and methods of teaching gifted students, which are nowadays used in the classroom. The practical part is focus on a qualitative research method aimed at comparing the work of teachers of gifted students in integrated and segregated forms of teaching. Based on the analysis of teaching and subsequent in-depth interviews with teachers, this thesis is trying to figure out how the teacher in a particular form of teaching is working with talented pupil, which teaching strategies he or she is selecting and how these strategies correspond with the literature search in the theoretical part. In terms of research, it is possible to observe the individual approach of teachers who were surveyed on the issue of gifted.

Cette thèse de doctorat a pour vocation de contribuer au débat sur l'origine de la discrimination ethnique, en se focalisant sur la population des immigrés africains en France et sur celle des Afro-américains aux Etats-Unis. Spécifiquement, en analysant des données microéconomiques françaises et américaines, elle permet d'identifier l'existence de la discrimination fondée sur le principe des préférences des employeurs et des consommateurs et leur effet sur la fragilisation de la situation économique de ces deux groupes minorés. Elle établit l'importance de la discrimination indirecte de la part des consommateurs, et suggère qu'il est primordial de connaître les origines de la discrimination ethnique pour instaurer des politiques publiques à même de lutter efficacement contre ce phénomène. Le premier chapitre propose une analyse descriptive de l'accès des actifs selon leurs origines géographiques aux emplois en contact avec la clientèle en France. Celui-ci révèle le moindre accès des immigrés en France, et des immigrés africains en particulier, aux emplois en contact avec le public. Dans le but d'analyser si les consommateurs jouent un rôle dans cette sous-représentation, le deuxième chapitre formule une stratégie de test destinée à distinguer la discrimination des consommateurs de celle des employeurs. L'existence de ces deux sources de discrimination à l'encontre des immigrés africains est ensuite prouvée à travers l'utilisation du recensement de la population française. A l'aide de la stratégie de test précédente, le troisième chapitre révèle la présence de cette source de discrimination envers les Afro-américains aux Etats-Unis. / This dissertation aims at contributing to the debate on the origins of ethnic discrimination by focusing on the population of African immigrants in France, and of African-Americans in the United States. More specifically, by analyzing French and US microeconomic data, it identifies the existence of discrimination based on the principle of employers' and consumers' tastes, and their impact on the weakening of the economic situation of these two discriminated groups. It establishes the importance of consumer discrimination and suggests that it is essential to understand the origins of ethnic discrimination in order to introduce efficient public policies to overcome this phenomenon. The first chapter provides a descriptive analysis of the access to customer-contact jobs for employed individuals based on their geographic origin. It reveals a lower access for immigrants in France, and African immigrants in particular, everything else being constant. In order to analyze whether consumer discrimination plays a part in this under-representation, the second chapter builds a test strategy to disentangle consumer from employer discrimination. The existence of consumer discrimination against African immigrants is then proved using the French census. Using the aforementioned test strategy, the third chapter reveals the presence of this source of discrimination against African-Americans in the US.

L’étude des défauts ponctuels (lacunes, impuretés) et des complexes (cavités, joints de grains, etc.) est un domaine important de la physique du solide. Les propriétés physiques et chimiques des matériaux (élasticité, plasticité, fragilité, etc.) sont très souvent corrélées à la présence de ces défauts. Les techniques expérimentales ne sont cependant pas toujours en mesure de fournir une compréhension suffisante de ceux-ci. Dans ce cas-là, les simulations numériques et la modélisation à l’échelle atomique sont des outils utiles pour interpréter les résultats expérimentaux. Mon travail de thèse se situe dans ce cadre. Le manuscrit comporte 4 principales parties. Dans la première et la deuxième partie, nous présentons les principes de la DFT et la méthodologie utilisée dans cette thèse. La troisième partie de ce manuscrit résume l’étude théorique par DFT de la formation, la migration et la diffusion de différentes configurations de multi-lacunes Vn(n=1-15) dans le fer cubique centré. Les configurations de Vn les plus stables y sont décrites en détail : les énergies de formation, de liaison et de piégeage. La migration de différentes multilacunes est discutée en détail d’un point de vue énergétique et configurationnelle. Dans la dernière partie, nous nous intéressons à l’absorption du soufre dans différents sites (interstitiel et substitutionnel) du massif de Ni et sa ségrégation vers les surfaces Ni (100) et Ni (111). L’étude du soufre en volume permet de clarifie sa position en solution solide. Nous discutons des interactions soufre-soufre et avec le métal de base. La ségrégation et l’absorption sur des surfaces libres du nickel est aussi abordée en détail. / The study of point defects (vacancies, impurity) and complex defects (cavities, grain boundary etc.) is a major challenge for solid state physics. The physical and chemical properties of materials (such elasticity, plasticity, embrittlement etc.) are correlated to the presence of these defects. The experimental study is not always able to bring sufficient information about them. In this way computational simulations and the modeling on the atomic level is efficient to interpret the experimental results and to obtain new informations. This PhD work consists also in a theoretical study of defects in metals. This manuscript is organized in four main parts. In the first and second part, we present the theoretical principles and the methodology used in this work. In the third part, we report a long discussion on the study of formation, migration and diffusion of multivacancies Vn in the bcc-iron system. The main objective of this study is to identify and to analyze most stable configurations of multivacancies for different sizes of Vn (n=1-15) in Fe. The migration is also investigated. In the last part, we present a study of S atoms in nickel. The different sites (interstitial and substitutional sites) in solid solution of nickel-fcc and the segregation of sulfur on and in the Ni(100) and Ni(111) surfaces are discussed. The study of sulfur in the bulk shows that the atoms S occupy the substitutional sites. The S-S and S-Ni interactions are also presented. We conclude by a discussion on the segregation and the adsorption on free surfaces.

Revisionsbranschen karaktäriseras av en hierarkisk organisation med tydliga karriärsteg för medarbetare att följa. För att nå den högsta positionen, partner, är en betydande faktor att medarbetare har en viss storlek på sin kundstock och därmed kan generera intäkter till byrån. Traditionellt har revisionsyrket dominerats av män, men de senaste decennierna har allt fler kvinnor etablerat sig i branschen vilket resulterat i en jämn könsfördelning. På de högre positionerna, såsom partner, dominerar trots det fortfarande männen. Jämställdhet är ett omdebatterat område och förändringar sker kontinuerligt. Syftet med studien är därför att skapa en djupare förståelse för orsakerna till kvinnors underrepresentation på partnernivå inom revisionsbranschen. Vidare kommer det undersökas om det finns skillnader mellan storstads- och småstadskontor som påverkar kvinnors möjlighet att göra karriär inom revisionsbranschen. Den teoretiska referensramen består dels av en grundläggande beskrivning av revisonsyrket och dess organisation, dels av genusteorier som kan förklara varför kvinnor inte återses i samma utsträckning som män på toppbefattningar i arbetslivet. Genom intervjuer med kvinnliga auktoriserade revisorer från småstads- respektive storstadskontor framkommer det att det finns goda möjligheter, oavsett kön, att avancera i karriären. Vår studie tyder på att flera av de teorier som förklarar kvinnors underrepresentation på högre positioner, såsom glastak och homosocialitet, inte upplevs förekomma i någon större omfattning i praktiken, istället är det till stor del är en tidsfråga innan även toppositionerna inom revisionsbranschen är könsbalanserade. Den främsta förklaringen till att kvinnor hamnar efter män i karriären tycks ändå vara att de är föräldralediga längre samt att deras karriärsambitioner förändras i samband med bildandet av familj. Den tydligaste skillnaden som framgår mellan storstads- och småstadskontor är att kvinnor på småstadskontor har begränsad tillgång till kvinnliga förebilder och kvinnliga mentorer vilket kan ha en negativ påverkan på deras karriär. / The audit industry is characterized by a hierarchical organization with clear career steps for employees to follow. In order to reach the highest position, partner, it is important that the employee has a certain number of clients and thereby can generate revenues for the agency. Traditionally, the audit profession has been dominated by men, but in recent decades an increasing number of women have started to work in the industry, which has resulted in a balanced gender distribution. Although, in the higher positions, such as partner, men still dominate. Gender equality is a debated issue and changes occur continuously. The aim of this study is therefore to gain a deeper understanding of the causes of women’s underrepresentation at the partner level in the audit industry. Furthermore, it will be examined if there are any differences between small city offices and large city offices that affect women's career opportunities in the audit industry. The theoretical framework consists partly of a basic description about the audit profession and its organization, and partly by gender theories that can explain why women are not seen at the top positions of the organizations in the same extent as men. Through interviews with female authorized public accountants from small city offices as well as large city offices, it is found that there are good opportunities, regardless of gender, to advance in the career. Our study indicates that several of the theories that explain women's underrepresentation in higher positions, such as glass ceiling and homosociality, are not perceived as something that occurs to a significant extent in practice, instead it is largely a matter of time before the top positions in the audit industry are gender balanced as well. Still, the main reason for women ending up beneath men in their careers seems to be that they are on parental leave longer and that their ambitions for career advancement changes when they have children. The most obvious difference between small city offices and large city offices is that women in small town offices have limited access to female role models and female mentors, which may adversely affect their careers.

Over the last fifty years, California has become one of the largest jailers in the world, incarcerating nearly 128,000 men and women on a $10.5 billion budget. The prison population has rapidly risen over this period, resulting in overly crowded, chaotic prisons and jails that became increasingly difficult to manage. As correctional officers and officials lost control over the prison social order, inmates looked to themselves and created a new set of social norms through race-based gangs. What began with the formation of the Mexican Mafia in 1957 now dictates prison social life, where racially segregated cells, cafeterias, yards, and gyms are the new norm. In an attempt to manage this new social structure, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation unofficially employed the use of racial segregation during the intake process for prison housing. The practice was challenged and eventually overruled in the 2005 Supreme Court decision Johnson v. California, but the State continues to struggle with compliance on multiple fronts. This thesis examines the history and development of race-based gangs in California in an attempt to understand how to manage the racially segregated world of prisons today. It finds that tensions between the courts, the State, and the inmates are ultimately perpetuated by the continuance of racially segregation policies, and it will ultimately take the political will of Department officials to eliminate race-based gangs and enact cultural change.

Albert Baldwin Wood and his screw pumps modernized New Orleans by bringing flood-free streets and cleaner water to the city while providing the potential for growth by pumping swamp lands dry. While Wood was never part of the local Progressive movement, his work with the pumps fit with Progressive initiatives for modernization. At first, the screw pumps removed rain water from the streets. Then New Orleans expanded the drainage to include sewerage removal and water purification. The pumps successfully drained thousands of acres of land once considered uninhabitable swamp land. This additional land extended New Orleans city limits but also aided in the acceleration of residential segregation. Cities from around the world used the designs for the screw pump and consulted Wood for advice on drainage systems.

Giuseppe Emilio Rocconi's life narrative, The Story of My Life (1958), represents the hardships of immigration and assimilation through meditations on home, family, and religion. I read his narrative in contrast with white elite narratives that express nostalgia for sharecropping and the segregation era. I see his narrative as a reflection upon the costs of integrating into the white patriarchal economy and his sense of being neither fully Italian nor fully American.

This dissertation documents the oral historical narratives of the lived school experiences of eleven participants in school at the passing of Brown v. The Board of Education. It is organized as a three-article dissertation where each article examines one topic that surfaced during my research. Article One critically interrogates the idea that integration over segregation is always in the best interest of students. It describes the positive experiences of Black students in segregated schools. Article Two describes the type of care Black teachers in segregated schools showed their students, which had a positive impact on their lives both academically and socially. It is this type of care that is often times missing in classrooms with White teachers in integrated schools. Article Three is a reflection about my journey as a Black, bilingual teacher in a teacher preparation program at a predominately White university. It highlights the importance of Black teacher voices in teacher preparation programs.