The study of contact and desegregation in post apartheid South Africa has not received adequate attention (Durrheim & Dixon, 2005b). Mondeor, a previously White populated suburb in the South of Johannesburg has been identified as being a racially diverse neighbourhood . By focusing on this suburb, the current study investigated whether or not residents interacted or mixed with members from other race groups and whether or not increased contact with members of different race groups in a residential neighbourhood would promote positive intergroup attitudes. Zones were identified for the purpose of this study whereby each Zone was predominantly comprised of a specific race group. Quantitative data was collected by means of distributing an intergroup attitude and contact questionnaire to the residents according to the zones in which they resided. A sample of N=197 respondents was obtained. The results indicated that there was generally no significant difference in contact for the Zones (racially exclusive zones and racially mixed zones), however, significant differences existed in levels of contact for the various race groups. In addition to this it was found that significant differences in contact existed for the various education levels of the respondents. As expected, a significant negative relationship (r = -0.16) was found to exist between contact and affective prejudice. In addition to these results, significant relationships were found to exist between affective prejudice and the following variables: Intergroup anxiety (r=0.37), and social distance (r=0.27). In conclusion, it was found that residents were not mixing as much as what was envisaged for a racially mixed neighbourhood. In addition to this, contact in and of itself was not found to be a predictive measure for affective prejudice. Thus, this finding lends support to Allport’s contact hypothesis making it clear that it is imperative to examine the nature of the contact as this may be pertinent in the promotion of the reduction of affective prejudice in intergroup contact situations.

The promotion of male educators in the early childhood care and education (ECCE) workforce has been pursued as a social policy in various countries around the world, yet this issue is virtually absent in ECCE literature and policy in South Africa. From certain child development, education and gender perspectives, more men in ECCE is seen as good for children, good for men, challenges gender stereotypes and enhances gender equity as well as the quality of ECCE. We know very little about male ECCE educators in South Africa. This study aims to shed light on their experiences and explore whether there is a need to promote gender inclusivity in ECCE in South Africa. Due to the virtual absence of this minority, a small sample of six male ECCE educators were purposively sampled in an in-depth, qualitative case study, using semi-structured interview schedule and face-to-face interviews. The study also explored the views of two key informants - academics working in early childhood and gender studies. Thematic content analysis of the data revealed some commonalities with previous studies. While some generalisations can be drawn the aim of the study was to gather contextualised accounts of these experiences and views on the broader social issues pertaining to the lack of men in the sector. The overall findings suggest that there is a need for existing and potential male educators to be encouraged, supported and made more visible. This requires network building by male educators themselves and support from the ECCE sector, Government and other stakeholders for programmes that promote attitude and institutional change.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’aboutir à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de ségrégation du bore aux joints de grains austénitiques (γGB) et de leur effet sur la décomposition de l’austénite. En effet, l’addition de très faibles quantités de bore comme élément d’alliage permet d’augmenter de manière remarquable la résistance mécanique des aciers à très haute résistance. Cet effet est lié à l’état du bore aux γGBs qui décale la cinétique de décomposition de l’austénite.Tout d’abord, la distribution du bore dans la microstructure a été identifiée de manière très précise à l’aide des analyses de la même zone par Nano-SIMS et par MEB. De plus, le couplage de la sonde atomique tomographique et du Nano-SIMS a apporté une meilleure quantification de l’état du bore dans la microstructure. Ces études ont été réalisées après différents traitements thermiques qui ont été conçus spécifiquement pour étudier séparément chaque mécanisme. L’ensemble de ces résultats permet d’écarter la contribution de la ségrégation hors équilibre et confirme la présence d’un équilibre local entre les γGBs et la solution solide dans leurs voisinages. Par conséquent, le niveau de ségrégation du bore aux γGBs est contrôlé par l’état de précipitation des borures qui définit la concentration du bore en solution solide.Par ailleurs, des mesures de DRX in situ et de dilatomètrie ont été effectuées afin de suivre les cinétiques de formation de la bainite. Les résultats montrent que la cinétique de formation de la bainite est retardée en augmentant la quantité de bore ségrégé, par contre l’augmentation de la taille de grain austénitique l’accélère. / The aim of this thesis is to lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of boron segregation at austenite grain boundaries (γGB) and its effect on the austenite decomposition. Indeed, the small quantity of boron as alloying element remarkably improves the mechanical resistance of the advanced high strength steels. This effect is related to the boron state at γGBs, which delays the kinetics of austenite decomposition.The boron distribution in the microstructure was precisely identified thanks to the analyses of the same field by using correlative nano-SIMS and SEM. In addition, the coupling of APT and nano-SIMS provided a better quantification of the boron state in the microstructure. These studies were performed after different heat treatments, which were specifically designed to study separately each mechanism. The results excludes the contribution of non-equilibrium segregation mechanism on boron segregation at γGBs and confirm the local equilibrium between the γGBs and the solid solution at the γGBs vicinity. Consequently, the level of boron segregation at γGBs is controlled by boride precipitation, which controls the concentration of boron in solid solution.Measurements of in situ XRD and the dilatometry were performed in order to follow the kinetics of bainite formation. The specific heat treatments were applied before bainite formation in order to study the effect of boron segregated amount at γGBs and the austenite grain size. These results show that the kinetics of bainitic transformation is delayed by the increase of boron segregated amount. Whereas, the increasing of austenite grain size accelerates the kinetics of bainitic transformation.

Denna studie undersöker vilka visioner Göteborg kommun har med blandstad och blandade boendeformer som medel mot segregation på översiktlig- och detaljnivå. Detta sker genom undersökningen av Göteborg kommuns gällande översiktsplan från 2009 och tre detaljplaner från Göteborg kommun. Undersökningen baseras på en innehållsanalys som genomförs utifrån studiens frågeställningar. Studien visar att det finns en skillnad mellan kommunens ambitioner på översiktlig nivå och deras avsikter på detaljnivå. Studiens resultat visade även att rådande maktstrukturer påverkar bostadsmarknaden och den kommunala fysiska planeringen i Göteborg kommun.

In response to increasing patterns of socio-spatial segregation, Swedish cities have adopted policies to promote social mix, which is generally considered positive due to its effect on spatial justice and social cohesion. However, institutional changes have negatively impacted the possibilities of fulfilling this policy objective. Moreover, there is a suggested discrepancy between objective and outcome. This paper is a comparative study on the operationalisation and outcomes of social mix policies in Sweden, focusing on two large-scale urban development projects; Stockholm Royal Seaport and RiverCity Gothenburg. Qualitative content analysis of planning documents and interviews with key actors have been conducted and the results demonstrate that in both cases, social mix has been promoted to some extent by planning for a diverse housing structure. In Gothenburg, additional measures have been taken in order to safeguard affordability. However, the absence of such measures in the case of Stockholm has resulted in the exclusion of low-income households. I argue that while there is a perceived inability among the planners of Stockholm to influence housing costs, the planners of Gothenburg have found ways of utilising the current institutional setting in favor of social mix. By applying a social justice perspective, I conclude that a policy approach safeguarding the affordability of housing is critical for combating residential segregation and spatial injustice.

Abstract The aim of this study is to examine segregation in the three Swedish municipalities of Uppsala, Gävle and Värmdö. The study attempts to describe the current situation in regards to segregation in the chosen municipalities, the reasons for this and what the municipalities can do to prevent further segregation. In an attempt to find answer to these questions, a literature study has been done and three semi structured interviews with planners working for the municipalities in question. The study shows that different socio economic groups are indeed spatially clustered and a big reason for this is historic decisions in regard to large scale planning and Sweden’s historic housing policies. The interviews show that there are many possible tools for a planner to use when trying to decrease segregation. A large focus is put on creating mixed types of housing in each part of the city and municipality. Creating places for social interaction and good communications are also an important part according to all interviewees. The challenges faced by the planners are lack of economic incentive, the limitations of the planning system and preferences of the population.

Em processos de crescimento de cristais pelo método de Czochralski, é observado que um campo elétrico aplicado ao cristal durante o processo de crescimento modifica a quantidade de dopante incorporada ao cristal. É desenvolvido um modelo, baseado na teoria de Burton, Prim e Slichter, levando-se em consideração as duas classes de material envolvidas, os óxidos e os semicondutores, e os efeitos produzidos pelo campo elétrico, eletromigração, subresfriamento constitucional, Efeito Peltier e efeito Seebeck. Resultados experimentais obtidos em crescimentos de LiNbO3:Cr2O3 e Si:Al são usados para aplicações do modelo / In crystal growth processes through the Czochralski method, it is observed that an electrical field applied to the crystal during the growth process modifies the quatity of the dopant incorporated to the crystal. A model is developed based on Burton, Prim and Slichter´s theory, taking into consideration two classes of materials, the oxides and the semiconductors, and the effects produced by the electrical field, electromigration, constitutional supercooling, Peltier Effect, Seebeck Effect. Experimental results obtained from the growth of the LiNbO3:Cr2O3 e Si:Al singlecrystals are used to the model application

This study aims to investigate if and how the Swedish Government represents ethnic stereotypes in an official discourse about how segregation in school will be reduced and prevented. Thus the material that I will analyse is the Swedish government's most recently delivered policy document, where solutions to reduce and prevent in school segregation from year 2018 until 2028 are explicitly proposed. The methodology that is adopted in this study is qualitative text analysis. Hence I will use pre-defined analytical tools to investigate how segregation is represented and also what norms are conveyed. Throughout the text analysis I will use previous research and theory about what ethnic stereotypes are to identify if and how ethnic stereotypes occur in the document. The results of the analysis is that a socioeconomic perspective dominates the discourse. Simultaneously traces of ethnic stereotypes also occur. The conclusion of this study is that although there is an explicit will to counter segregation in the Swedish government's official discourse, still traces of ethnic stereotypes occur in the policy document. Hence even in the case of the Swedish Social Democratic government implicit expressions of ethnic stereotypes occur, which might indicate the width of institutionalised ethnic stereotypes in society.

In 2015, the number of unaccompanied children that fled to Sweden and applied for asylum was 35 369, more than ever before. The great majority of them, 22 806, were young male refugees from Afghanistan, often with very small chances of returning back to their countries mainly due to war, oppression and poverty. For any society to become sustainable, integration of new citizens is essential. However, right-wing populist parties and nationalism is growing in Europe, including Sweden. The fundamental socioeconomic and cultural flourishing needed for individuals to get integrated is lacking and thus causing a segregated Sweden. The question is why. Hence, the purpose of this master thesis was to examine what barriers that exist for economic-, social- and cultural integration in Sweden based on the perceptions of young male refugees from Afghanistan. This was studied through ten qualitative semi-structured interviews with young male Afghan refugees between 19 and 25 years’ old in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, in April 2019. The results were analysed through a conceptual framework of economic-, social- and cultural integration. The results revealed that language was perceived to be the main barrier for both economic-, social- and cultural integration, which in turn impacted the other perceived barriers of attaining an employment, lack of governmental support, difficulties in interacting with Swedes and crash of cultures. Experienced discrimination was mentioned throughout all societal spheres. To overcome these barriers, interactions with Swedes was believed to be essential. Factors that showed to enable this were improved language skills, active societal participation and living with host families.

A competição interespecífica pode representar uma força importante na determinação da distribuição e da abundância de organismos na natureza. Comunidades naturais compostas por espécies que utilizam o mesmo recurso de forma semelhante supostamente são estruturadas pela competição interespecífica. Tal força interativa no decorrer da evolução pode ter levado à diferenciação de nicho entre os competidores no passado, sendo esse fator relevante para explicar a coexistência de espécies ecologicamente similares. As comunidades reprodutivas de anuros tropicais são caracterizadas por alta diversidade e grande sobreposição espacial de espécies, por isso representam um ótimo modelo de estudo para avaliar o papel da competição em escala local. Nessas comunidades reprodutivas a alta densidade de machos de diferentes espécies em atividade de vocalização poderia causar problemas de comunicação intraespecífica por interferência acústica. Por essa razão, considerando a hipótese de que o ambiente acústico pudesse ser partilhado, os pesquisadores vêm avaliando, na grande maioria das vezes de forma empírica, estratégias que as espécies de anuros podem empregar para reduzir a competição por canais acústicos no interior da comunidade, como a separação espectral (uso de diferentes faixas de frequência) e a diferenciação de uso espacial e/ou temporal. Nesse contexto, no presente trabalho estudei agregações de anuros formadas em 16 ambientes reprodutivos de seis localidades de Mata Atlântica do estado de São Paulo, com o principal objetivo de testar, por meio de modelos nulos, se ocorre partilha de nicho acústico e espacial entre as espécies. Foram gravados os cantos de anúncio dos machos de cada espécie presente nos ambientes reprodutivos, e seus sítios de vocalização foram caracterizados quanto à natureza e altura do substrato. Os testes por modelos nulos não evidenciaram qualquer padrão, tanto na ocupação do ambiente acústico como na distribuição no gradiente vertical. A propriedade acústica temporal \"duração de canto\" não reduziu a sobreposição espectral das espécies no ambiente reprodutivo, e é possível que as fêmeas, da grande maioria das espécies, localizem seus parceiros em agregações heteroespecíficas com base na frequência dominante e não sofram prejuízo com a interferência acústica. Contudo, essa é uma hipótese que ainda deve ser testada dentro das agregações reprodutivas de anuros da Mata Atlântica. Os resultados, de maneira geral, corroboraram a ideia de que fatores abióticos, heterogeneidade ambiental e diversidade filogenética podem ser mais importantes para explicar a ocorrência de espécies nas ricas agregações de anuros na Mata Atlântica. / Interspecific competition may represent a relevant force determining the distribution and abundance of organisms in nature. Natural communities composed by species that use the same resource in a similar fashion are, supposedly, structured by interspecific competition. This interactive force in the course of evolution may have led to niche differentiation among competitors in the past, and this is a relevant factor to explain the coexistence of ecologically similar species in the same habitat. Reproductive aggregations of tropical frogs are characterized by high diversity and large spatial species overlap, therefore they represent an excellent model to evaluate the importance of competition on local scale. In these communities the high density of breeding males of different species in calling activity could cause a masking effect on intraspecific acoustic communication. Therefore, considering the hypothesis that the acoustic environment could be shared, researchers have been evaluating, in most cases empirically, strategies employed by frogs to reduce competition for acoustic channels within the community, as the spectral separation (using different frequency bands) and spatial and/or temporal segregation. In this context, this paper studied the formation of anuran reproductive aggregations in 16 aquatic breeding sites belonging to six localities in the Atlantic Forest in the state of São Paulo, with the main objective of testing, using null models, whether niche partitioning occurs between species, considering spectral and spatial occupancy. It were recorded the advertisement calls of males from each species present in breeding sites, and their calling sites were characterized by their nature and height of the calling substrate. Tests for null models showed absence of significant patterns both on acoustic domain and the distribution on vertical gradient. Call duration did not reduce the species spectral overlap in the breeding sites and it is possible that reproductive females locate their specific males in heterospecific aggregations based on dominant frequency and not suffer with masking effect on acoustic communication. However, this is a hypothesis that should be tested within the anuran breeding aggregations in the Atlantic forest. All results support the idea that other factors, such as abiotic conditions, environmental heterogeneity and phylogenetic diversity, may be more decisive to explain the occurrence of species in the rich aggregations of breeding frogs in the Atlantic forest.