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Physical Aspects of Min Oscillations in Escherichia ColiMeacci, Giovanni 25 January 2007 (has links) (PDF)
The subject of this thesis is the generation of spatial temporal structures in living cells. Specifically, we studied the Min-system in the bacterium Escherichia coli. It consists of the MinC, the MinD, and the MinE proteins, which play an important role in the correct selection of the cell division site. The Min-proteins oscillate between the two cell poles and thereby prevent division at these locations. In this way, E. coli divides at the center, producing two daughter cells of equal size, providing them with the complete genetic patrimony. Our goal is to perform a quantitative study, both theoretical and experimental, in order to reveal the mechanism underlying the Min-oscillations. Experimentally, we characterize theMin-system, measuring the temporal period of the oscillations as a function of the cell length, the time-averaged protein distributions, and the in vivo Min-protein mobility by means of different fluorescence microscopy techniques. Theoretically, we discuss a deterministic description based on the exchange of Minproteins between the cytoplasm and the cytoplasmic membrane and on the aggregation current induced by the interaction between membrane-bound proteins. Oscillatory solutions appear via a dynamic instability of the homogenous protein distributions. Moreover, we perform stochastic simulations based on a microscopic description, whereby the probability for each event is calculated according to the corresponding probability in the master equation. Starting from this microscopic description, we derive Langevin equations for the fluctuating protein densities which correspond to the deterministic equations in the limit of vanishing noise. Stochastic simulations justify this deterministic model, showing that oscillations are resistant to the perturbations induced by the stochastic reactions and diffusion. Predictions and assumptions of our theoretical model are compatible with our experimental findings. Altogether, these results enable us to propose further experiments in order to quantitatively compare the different models proposed so far and to test our model with even higher precision. They also point to the necessity of performing such an analysis through single cell measurements.
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Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Pattern Formation in the Cerebral Cortex / Visual Maps, Population Response and Action Potential Generation / Raum-zeitliche Dynamik der Musterbildung in der kortikalen Großhirnrinde / Visuelle Karten, Populationsantwort und Enstehung der AktionspotentialeHuang, Min 24 April 2009 (has links)
No description available.
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A Self-Assembled Matrix System for Cell-Bioengineering Applications in Different Dimensions, Scales, and GeometriesXu, Yong, Patino Gaillez, Michelle, Zheng, Kai, Voigt, Dagmar, Cui, Meiying, Kurth, Thomas, Xiao, Lingfei, Wieduwild, Robert, Rothe, Rebecca, Hauser, Sandra, Lee, Pao-Wan, Lin, Weilin, Bornhäuser, Martin, Pietzsch, Jens, Boccaccini, Aldo R., Zhang, Yixin 22 April 2024 (has links)
Stem cell bioengineering and therapy require different model systems and materials in different stages of development. If a chemically defined biomatrix system can fulfill most tasks, it can minimize the discrepancy among various setups. By screening biomaterials synthesized through a coacervation-mediated self-assembling mechanism, a biomatrix system optimal for 2D human mesenchymal stromal cell (hMSC) culture and osteogenesis is identified. Its utility for hMSC bioengineering is further demonstrated in coating porous bioactive glass scaffolds and nanoparticle synthesis for esiRNA delivery to knock down the SOX-9 gene with high delivery efficiency. The self-assembled injectable system is further utilized for 3D cell culture, segregated co-culture of hMSC with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) as an angiogenesis model, and 3D bioprinting. Most interestingly, the coating of bioactive glass with the self-assembled biomatrix not only supports the proliferation and osteogenesis of hMSC in the 3D scaffold but also induces the amorphous bioactive glass (BG) scaffold surface to form new apatite crystals resembling bone-shaped plate structures. Thus, the self-assembled biomatrix system can be utilized in various dimensions, scales, and geometries for many different bioengineering applications.
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Dynamics of Cilia and Flagella / Bewegung von Zilien und GeißelnHilfinger, Andreas 14 January 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Cilia and flagella are hair-like appendages of eukaryotic cells. They are actively bending structures that exhibit regular beat patterns and thereby play an important role in many different circumstances where motion on a cellular level is required. Most dramatic is the effect of nodal cilia whose vortical motion leads to a fluid flow that is directly responsible for establishing the left-right axis during embryological development in many vertebrate species, but examples range from the propulsion of single cells, such as the swimming of sperm, to the transport of mucus along epithelial cells, e.g. in the ciliated trachea. Cilia and flagella contain an evolutionary highly conserved structure called the axoneme, whose characteristic architecture is based on a cylindrical arrangement of elastic filaments (microtubules). In the presence of a chemical fuel (ATP), molecular motors (dynein) exert shear forces between neighbouring microtubules, leading to a bending of the axoneme through structural constraints. We address the following two questions: How can these organelles generate regular oscillatory beat patterns in the absence of a biochemical signal regulating the activity of the force generating elements? And how can the beat patterns be so different for apparently very similar structures? We present a theoretical description of the axonemal structure as an actively bending elastic cylinder, and show that in such a system bending waves emerge from a non-oscillatory state via a dynamic instability. The corresponding beat patterns are solutions to a set of coupled partial differential equations presented herein.
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Dynamics of Cilia and FlagellaHilfinger, Andreas 07 February 2006 (has links)
Cilia and flagella are hair-like appendages of eukaryotic cells. They are actively bending structures that exhibit regular beat patterns and thereby play an important role in many different circumstances where motion on a cellular level is required. Most dramatic is the effect of nodal cilia whose vortical motion leads to a fluid flow that is directly responsible for establishing the left-right axis during embryological development in many vertebrate species, but examples range from the propulsion of single cells, such as the swimming of sperm, to the transport of mucus along epithelial cells, e.g. in the ciliated trachea. Cilia and flagella contain an evolutionary highly conserved structure called the axoneme, whose characteristic architecture is based on a cylindrical arrangement of elastic filaments (microtubules). In the presence of a chemical fuel (ATP), molecular motors (dynein) exert shear forces between neighbouring microtubules, leading to a bending of the axoneme through structural constraints. We address the following two questions: How can these organelles generate regular oscillatory beat patterns in the absence of a biochemical signal regulating the activity of the force generating elements? And how can the beat patterns be so different for apparently very similar structures? We present a theoretical description of the axonemal structure as an actively bending elastic cylinder, and show that in such a system bending waves emerge from a non-oscillatory state via a dynamic instability. The corresponding beat patterns are solutions to a set of coupled partial differential equations presented herein.
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Physical Aspects of Min Oscillations in Escherichia ColiMeacci, Giovanni 20 December 2006 (has links)
The subject of this thesis is the generation of spatial temporal structures in living cells. Specifically, we studied the Min-system in the bacterium Escherichia coli. It consists of the MinC, the MinD, and the MinE proteins, which play an important role in the correct selection of the cell division site. The Min-proteins oscillate between the two cell poles and thereby prevent division at these locations. In this way, E. coli divides at the center, producing two daughter cells of equal size, providing them with the complete genetic patrimony. Our goal is to perform a quantitative study, both theoretical and experimental, in order to reveal the mechanism underlying the Min-oscillations. Experimentally, we characterize theMin-system, measuring the temporal period of the oscillations as a function of the cell length, the time-averaged protein distributions, and the in vivo Min-protein mobility by means of different fluorescence microscopy techniques. Theoretically, we discuss a deterministic description based on the exchange of Minproteins between the cytoplasm and the cytoplasmic membrane and on the aggregation current induced by the interaction between membrane-bound proteins. Oscillatory solutions appear via a dynamic instability of the homogenous protein distributions. Moreover, we perform stochastic simulations based on a microscopic description, whereby the probability for each event is calculated according to the corresponding probability in the master equation. Starting from this microscopic description, we derive Langevin equations for the fluctuating protein densities which correspond to the deterministic equations in the limit of vanishing noise. Stochastic simulations justify this deterministic model, showing that oscillations are resistant to the perturbations induced by the stochastic reactions and diffusion. Predictions and assumptions of our theoretical model are compatible with our experimental findings. Altogether, these results enable us to propose further experiments in order to quantitatively compare the different models proposed so far and to test our model with even higher precision. They also point to the necessity of performing such an analysis through single cell measurements.
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