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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The body of literature regarding occupational callings has well established the positive effects of living one’s calling. Emerging research, however, identifies the double-edged sword nature of callings or in other words, the potential negative effects living one’s calling can have in spite of the positive effects. Nevertheless, there is a lack of consensus regarding the mechanisms explaining the negative effects of callings as well as a lack of direction regarding how those living their calling may avoid or mitigate these negative effects. Drawing upon previous literature coupled with the Job Demands-Resources Model, I tested the degree to which called individuals are more susceptible to negative outcomes in the form of citizenship fatigue. I also tested a theoretical model to examine organizational citizenship behavior as the mechanism that accounts for the relationship between living a calling and citizenship fatigue. I additionally examined two moderators of this relationship: self-compassion and leader compassion. Hypotheses were tested using a two-wave survey design with 288 full-time employees. Results have implications for called individuals’ overall health and wellbeing, as well as for leaders and the company climate they foster.

Studenter har visats må sämre än yrkesverksamma i samma ålder och utgör en stor del av befolkningen, vilket bidrar till vikten av att främja deras välbefinnande. Självmedkänsla och akademisk self-efficacy (ASE) har oberoende av varandra visat sig ha betydelse för studieprestationer och välbefinnande i tidigare forskning. Studien syftade därav till att undersöka relationerna mellan självmedkänsla, ASE och subjektivt välbefinnande hos universitetsstudenter. I studien deltog 172 studenter i åldrarna 20-51 år, varav 61.6% bestod av kvinnor. En enkät bestående av mätskalorna ASES, SCS-SF samt WHO-10 användes för insamling av data, vilka analyserades med korrelations- och multipel regressionsanalys. Studien har kunnat fylla en kunskapslucka då resultaten visade på positiva samband mellan självmedkänsla och ASE, samt mellan dessa variabler och subjektivt välbefinnande. Dessutom kunde självmedkänsla och ASE förklara 35% av variationen i välbefinnandet. Studien ger förslag till framtida forskning samt bidrar med värdefull och användbar kunskap med potential att främja studenters välbefinnande.

With the high prevalence of mental illnesses in university students worldwide, researchers are investigating the effectiveness of mental health practices geared toward this subpopulation. Two encouraging approaches to promote student well-being are positive education (i.e., the teaching of applied positive psychology) and yoga. Nonetheless, few researchers have studied the combined effect of positive education and yoga on mental health. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the immediate and prolonged impact of integrating a yoga program into a positive education course offered at the University of Ottawa on undergraduate students’ mental health, affect, self-compassion, and vitality. In this mixed method single case experimental A1BA2 design, seven volunteer students completed a two-week baseline (A1), followed by a six-week yoga program including two weekly virtual yoga classes (B), and another two-week baseline (A2; post-yoga), all while taking the positive education course. Trait variables (i.e., mental health, trait self-compassion, and trait subjective vitality) were assessed via validated questionnaires during the baseline phases preceding and following the yoga program, while state variables (i.e., affect, state self-compassion, and state subjective vitality) were evaluated immediately before and after one of the weekly yoga sessions. Participants also completed diary entries guided by open-ended journal prompts related to the outcome variables following one of the weekly yoga sessions. Differences in trait and state quantitative variables pre- and post-yoga were compared by means of visual, stability, level, and trend analyses, while the qualitative data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Practicing yoga was found to improve all trait and state well-being outcomes, especially trait self-compassion and state subjective vitality, via greater pride, self-kindness, serenity, energy, and alertness. Results demonstrate that yoga and positive education mutually enhance university students’ mental health, affect, self-compassion, and vitality both immediately and prolongedly. This study addressed gaps in the literature and will help inform future implementation of yoga and positive education courses on university campuses.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vad självmedkänsla har för inverkan på utbrändhet, arbetstillfredsställelse och uppsägningsintention i organisatorisk kontext. Där självmedkänsla i korthet innebär att möta sitt eget lidande med kärlek, vördnad och respekt. Tidigare forskning om självmedkänsla har primärt fokuserat på psykiskt välbefinnande och välmående i generella termer. Emellertid råder brist på studier genomförda i organisationssammanhang, trots att självmedkännande förhållningssätt antyds ha gynnsam effekt avseende psykiskt välbefinnande och välmående även inom denna kontext. Särskilt vad gäller sambanden mellan självmedkänsla och en lägre grad av utbrändhet, medan ytterligare studier för att bland annat utforska relationen mellan självmedkänsla, arbetstillfredsställelse och uppsägningsintention erfordras. Metod: Med en kvantitativ ansats har digitaliserade enkätundersökningar genomförts inom flertalet organisationer, resulterande i 153 användbara enkätsvar. Vilket möjliggjort studerandet av självmedkänsla i förhållande till utbrändhet, arbetstillfredsställelse och uppsägningsintention i organisatorisk kontext. Varpå insamlade data analyserats i statistikprogrammet JASP med hjälp av deskriptiv statistik, korrelations- och nätverksanalyser. Resultat och slutsats: Studiens resultat indikerar en signifikant negativ korrelation mellan självmedkänsla och utbrändhet, förenlig med tidigare forskning. Vilket tyder på att självmedkännande förhållningssätt ger upphov till minskad utbrändhet inom organisatorisk kontext. Vidare påvisas en positiv korrelation mellan självmedkänsla och arbetstillfredsställelse, där individer med hög självmedkänsla tenderar att trivas bättre på sitt arbete. Slutligen visar studien en svag negativ korrelation mellan självmedkänsla och uppsägningsintention, vilket anvisar att självmedkännande förhållningssätt kan minska risken för uppsägningar. Sammantaget har självmedkänsla därmed en inverkan på utbrändhet, arbetstillfredsställelse och uppsägningsintention, genom att minska utbrändhet, öka arbetstillfredsställelse och minska uppsägningsintention. Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien ger således upphov till teoretiska likväl praktiska bidrag avseende inverkan av ett självmedkännande förhållningssätt i syfte att minska utbrändheten, öka arbetstillfredsställelsen och minska risken för uppsägningar i organisatorisk kontext. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Genomförandet av longitudinella studier för att studera inverkan av självmedkännande förhållningssätt vad gäller utbrändhet, arbetstillfredsställelse och uppsägningsintention över tid. Tillika implementeringen av interventionsstudier i syfte att mäta effekten av självmedkänsla i organisationssammanhang. Därtill att genomföra en replikering av studien med ett slumpmässigt urval, och att utvidga studien med fler variabler för att mäta ytterligare samband och kausalitet. / Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of self-compassion in relation to burnout, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions within an organizational context. In short, self-compassion involves meeting one's own suffering with love, reverence, and respect. Previous research on self-compassion has been mainly focused on mental health and well-being in general, while there is a lack of studies conducted in organizational contexts, where a self-compassionate approach is suggested to have a similar positive effect concerning mental health and well-being in this setting. Especially regarding the relationships between self-compassion and a lower degree of burnout, while further studies to explore the relationship between self-compassion, job satisfaction and termination intention are required.   Method: Using a quantitative approach, digitized surveys has been conducted within several organizations, resulting in 153 usable responses. Which enabled the study of self-compassion in relation to burnout, job satisfaction and turnover intention in organizational settings. Where collected data were analyzed in the statical program JASP using descriptive, correlation and network analyses.   Results and conclusions: The main results of the study indicate a significant negative relationship between self-compassion and burnout, consistent with previous research. Which suggests that self-compassionate attitudes give rise to reduced burnout within the organizational context. Furthermore, a positive relationship between self-compassion and job satisfaction is demonstrated, where individuals with high self-compassion tend to enjoy their work better. Finally, the study found a mildly negative relationship between self-compassion and turnover intentions, suggesting that a self-compassionate approach can reduce the likelihood of turnover intentions and the risk of resignations. Overall, self-compassion thus has an impact on burnout, job satisfaction and the intention to quit, by reducing burnout, increasing job satisfaction and reducing turnover intentions.   Contribution of the thesis: The study gives rise to theoretical and practical contributions regarding the impact of a self-compassionate approach to reduce burnout, increase job satisfaction and reduce the risk of turnover intentions in an organizational context.   Suggestions for further research: The implementation of longitudinal studies to examine the impact of self-compassion attitudes on burnout, job satisfaction, and turnover intention over time. Additionally, the implementation of intervention studies to measure the effect of self-compassion in an organizational setting. Furthermore, conducting a replication study with a random sample, and to extend the study with additional variables to measure further correlations and causality.

Background: Shame is a painful human experience that is positively associated with self-criticism and psychopathology and negatively associated with self-compassion. Compassion-based interventions may be particularly helpful for treating shame and self-criticism. This randomized controlled pilot study examined a brief online self-compassionate letter writing intervention for individuals with high shame. Method: Participants were 68 undergraduates with high shame. Participants were randomly assigned to a 16-day self-compassionate letter writing intervention (n=29) or a waitlist control group (n=39). Participants completed baseline measures, post-assessment measures, and follow-up measures one month later. Results: Participants who received the self-compassionate letter writing intervention evidenced greater reductions in global shame, external shame, self-criticism, and general anxiety compared to those in the control group. Conclusion: This study examined the efficacy of self-compassionate letter writing as a stand-alone intervention for individuals with high shame. This brief, easily accessible and self-administered practice may be highly beneficial for a host of internalizing symptoms. Clinical implications are discussed. / Psychology