Orientador(a): Alessandra Del Ré / Banca: Cláudia Lemos Vóvio / Banca: Luiz Carlos Cagliari / Banca: Marina Celia Mendonça / Banca: Rosângela Nogarini Hilário / Resumo: A argumentação enquanto recurso privilegiado de construção do conhecimento tem sido o foco das pesquisas de diversos autores ao redor do mundo. Alguns deles (LEITÃO, 2003, 2009, 2011; FUENTES, 2011, entre outros) têm se dedicado a promover, na sala de aula de diversos níveis - desde o ensino fundamental até o superior - um ambiente que favoreça processos de reflexão e que levem os alunos, ao considerar pontos de vista opositivos, a se desenvolverem em um contexto dialógico de interação. Neste âmbito, o objetivo deste trabalho é discutir o papel da argumentação na sala de aula de redação para alunos (em torno de 14 anos) do nono ano do Ensino Fundamental. Para tanto, partimos da hipótese de que os próprios mecanismos envolvidos no ato de argumentar - a saber: a formulação de argumentos, a consideração de argumentos opositivos / formulação de contra-argumentos e a resposta final à oposição (LEITÃO, 2009, 2011) - colaboram para a aprendizagem da escrita, à medida que os alunos tomam parte no discurso, defendendo seus pontos de vista. Tal discussão é feita a partir de um contexto teórico discursivo de base bakhtiniana (BAKHTIN, 1997; entre outros), que considera a linguagem e o diálogo como elementos constitutivos da formação do sujeito enquanto tal, dentro da sociedade em que habita. Observamos principalmente a contribuição para a formação de um estilo e autoria (POSSENTI, 2009; ABAURRE et al, 1997; GERALDI, 2010, 2011, entre outros) nas produções escolares dos sujeitos em polêm... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The argumentation as a privileged resource of knowledge construction has been the focus of research by various authors around the world. Some of them (LEITÃO, 2003, 2009, 2011, FUENTES, 2011, among others) have been dedicated to promoting in the classroom at different levels - from elementary to higher education - an environment that favors reflection processes and lead the students, when considering opposing points of view, to develop a dialogical context of interaction. In this context, the objective of this work is to discuss the role of argumentation in the students writing (around 14 years) of the ninth year of Elementary School. For this, we start from the hypothesis that the mechanisms involved in the argument - the formulation of arguments, the consideration of opposing arguments / the formulation of counterarguments and the final response to the opposition (LEITÃO, 2009, 2011) collaborate in the learning of writing, as the students take part in the speech, defending their points of view. This discussion is based on a Bakhtin-based discursive theoretical context (BAKHTIN, 1997, among others), which considers language and dialogue as constitutive elements of the formation of the subject. We observed mainly the contribution to the formation of a style and authorship (POSSENTI, 2009, ABAURRE et al, 1997, GERALDI, 2010, 2011, among others) in the school productions of the subjects in open controversy and we noticed that each of the three subjects presented deals with the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Many academic and popular accounts of the Civil Rights era emphasize nonviolent activists and activism at the expense of those who embraced armed self-defense and resistance. Nevertheless, the latter played a significant role within these struggles. One of the most significant was Robert F. Williams, a black militant activist—and president of the local NAACP chapter in Monroe, North Carolina—who embraced armed self-defense as a necessary and instrumental component for the liberation of black people in America. After publicly declaring that blacks should defend themselves and hold racist whites accountable through armed self-defense, he was met with immeasurable backlash from other civil rights leaders and organizations, including the national NAACP. The purpose of this study is to examine his beliefs in the necessity of armed self-defense, as well as his impact on the civil rights movement.

Master of Science / Department of Journalism and Mass Communications / Major Professor Not Listed / This study used a survey to gather information from 112 women on Kansas State University’s campus on the topic of sexual assault. This study attempted to fill in the gap of research concerning sexual assault, reporting, and student engagement with university prevention initiatives. The key findings of this study show that students are willing to learn about sexual assault, and that high levels of university involvement and high levels of perceived self-efficacy lead to an increase in a student’s willingness to report cases of sexual assault. Future research should explore a branding campaign for successful sexual assault prevention initiatives, while looking into the concept of self-defense as a viable addition to current campus offerings.

1 Self-defense and Necessity: Current Issues Abstract This diploma thesis concerns the institutions of self-defense and necessity as circumstances excluding unlawfulness, and current issues related to them. Both institutions entail the possibility of individuals to act in order to protect their interests, as protected by criminal law. These interests can be individual or society-wide. Such conduct may be considered a criminal act, however, upon meeting statutory conditions, the unlawfulness of such conduct is excluded entirely. Therefore, it will not be a criminal act and the individual cannot be punished, neither under criminal law, nor legal rules of other legal areas. The aim of this thesis is to focus on current aspects of these institutions. Furthermore, the thesis explores whether the institutions' conditions are appropriately set for individuals acting within them and whether the legislation gives courts sufficient room for assessing specific situations. The resulting finding is that both institutions are effective at reacting to a large number of situations, including those that have only recently started emerging. The institutions' conditions are set in an accommodating manner, and allow the courts a wide margin of discretion. The first chapter defines the circumstances excluding unlawfulness in...

Title Legal Issues of Self-Defense - Necessary Defense, Extreme Emergency. Objectives The aim of this work is to analyze the legal issues of self-defense. Explanation of the terms necessary defense and extreme emergency. Point out problems in interpretations. Point out the issue of self-defense of IZS members. Drawing conclusions. Methods The method used in the creation of this thesis is to analyze the widest range of literature that deals with the issue and the Criminal Code. Further description of findings and conclusion. Results Explaining the terms necessary defense and extreme emergency and clarifying the issue of self-defense. Key words Law, self-defense, necessary defense, issues, extreme emergency.

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In 2005, Florida enacted the Justifiable Use of Deadly Force legislation, known as Stand Your Ground (SYG) laws, in response to the Workman case. The aftermath of that case led to the expansion of the laws that removed the duty to retreat principle and allowed citizens to employ deadly force when imbued with fear. The SYG laws as written appeared to imply state-sanctioned violence, with an increase in homicides, coupled with racial disparities. This study employed a quantitative inquiry with a causal-comparative design to explore whether a relationship existed between racial socialization and fear of crime in SYG states compared to non-SYG states, using the lens of critical race theory, contact theory and policy learning theory. The study included 112 participants recruited through social media, they were ages 18 years and older, from Florida, Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia who had no connections to an SYG case. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and indicated statistical significance between the state of residency and an individual's decision to fight back when presented with a scenario similar to the Trayvon Martin case. The results also yielded a statistical significance between gender, ethnicity, and an individual'€™s decision to fight back in the SYG scenario. The findings of this study confirm that the state of residency may impact the decision to employ deadly force or fight back. However, other results are not consistent with previous research. This study provides legislatures with a means for reforming the SYG rhetoric, as well as decrease the public'€™s misconceptions about the SYG laws.

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In 2005, Florida became the first state to pass the heavily National Rifle Association, NRA, supported "Stand Your Ground" law. The most notable components of the law were abolishing the duty to retreat for someone who is not engaged in lawful activity and is in a place where he has the right to be, granting civil and criminal immunity to those using lawful force, and presuming that a person who is attacked in his dwelling, residence, and occupied vehicle has a reasonable fear of death or great bodily harm. The law was subject to a substantial amount of criticism because it was a significant departure from Florida's more than a century old common law principles regarding self-defense. Possibly due to Florida not having any precedents for these cases, Florida courts would have conflicting decisions in these matters and law enforcement agencies would enforce the law differently in similar incidents. Regardless of the issues faced by Florida, over twenty states would adopt their own versions. A significant number of these states are in the Southeastern region of the United States and are neighbors to Florida or border Florida's neighbors, such as Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Louisiana. Because of this interesting pattern, the study examines the idea of southern culture playing a role in the passage of "Stand Your Ground" via the "Culture of Honor" theory and the researcher decided to use these jurisdictions and Florida as this study's sample. The researcher also wanted to include these jurisdictions because the existing "Stand Your Ground" literature mainly focuses on Florida and the researcher wanted to add something new to the discussion. The intent of this study to examine Florida's influence on the other jurisdictions, note any commonalties between the statutes of the jurisdictions, compare justifiable homicide statistics for the jurisdictions that provided such data, predict the future of these laws, and explore the "Culture of Honor" Theory as a possible explanation for "Stand Your Ground" laws in the states discussed. The study accomplished these goals by examining how each jurisdiction handled self-defense before "Stand Your Ground," looking at the motives behind the jurisdictions adopting "Stand Your Ground," comparing justifiable homicides in the four jurisdictions that provided them in the years immediate preceding the passage of "Stand Your Ground" to the subsequent years, and looking at amendments and proposals that were presented after the passage of "Stand Your Ground." The results uncovered that all the jurisdictions, except for Georgia and Tennessee, show a very strong Florida influence based on their similarities to Florida's law and legislators in the jurisdictions clearly mentioning Florida as their inspiration for proposing their own versions. In the jurisdictions that provided justifiable homicides, all showed an increase in the number of justifiable homicides after the passage of "Stand Your Ground." The jurisdictions in this study have also shown a strong resistance to any amendments or the complete repeal of this law. Therefore, any drastic amendment or the complete repeal seems unlikely in the future. The "Culture of Honor" Theory does explain why a few of the jurisdictions in the study adopted "Stand Your Ground" but Florida and the NRA's influence explain why others chose this course of action.

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