The aim of this literature review is to investigate which strategies teachers use to motivate pupils to communicate orally in English. The literature review also investigates how these teacher strategies affect pupils. The methodology used for this investigation is a systematic literature review. Various databases have been used when searching for literature. Scientific articles and theses have been searched for. They have also been read and analyzed before they have become a part of this review. The results indicate that some teachers feel insecure when speaking English. Therefore Swedish is spoken in many language classrooms. Teachers speaking in front of the class is the traditional way of teaching, and it does not seem to be a strategy who influences pupils positively. If teachers speak the target language among pupils they often get more motivated and focused pupils who feel comfortable speaking English. Young pupils are fast learners. By exposing them to the English language in early ages they receive great opportunities to learn a foreign language and strengthen their self-confidence. Drama, songs and rhymes are preferable strategies to use when teaching young learners. What position teachers decide to take in the classroom is also a significant element when teaching foreign languages. / <p>Engelska</p>

Text in Afrikaans / Die studie handel oor die persoonlikheidsamestelling van die beskeie leerling in die senior sekondere skoolfase. Twee sienings van beskeidenheid blyk uit die literatuur, naamlik beskeidenheid as 'n deug en beskeidenheid as manifestasie van innerlike onsekerheid. Daar is in diepte gekyk na beskeidenheid as persoonlikheidseienskap en die invloed van beskeidenheid op die relasievorming en selfaktualisering van die kind. Beskeidenheid gaan gepaard met persoonlikheidseienskappe soos terughoudendheid, beskroomdheid, geinhibeerdheid, ontoereikende assertiwiteit en vry van aanmatiging en dit behels 'n onvermoe tot selfbevordering. Verder manifesteer sake soos sosiale angstigheid, openbare selfbewustheid, vrees vir sukses en swak selfevaluering ook in beskeidenheid. Die leerling se relasievorming en selfaktualisering word deur beskeidenheid gekortwiek. Die Hoerskool Persoonlikheidsvraelys is in 'n empiriese ondersoek op 'n aantal standerd 9-leerlinge afgeneem. Geen tipiese perrsoonlikheidsprofiel kon vir beskeidenheid saamgestel word nie. 'n Aantal persoonlikheidseienskappe wat met beskeidenheid verband kan hou, het egter in die ondersoek na vore gekom. / This study concerns the personality composition of the modest pupil in the senior secondary school. Two views of modesty are discussed in the literature, namely that it is a virtue and that it is a sign of inner uncertainty. An in-depth study is made of modesty as a personality characteristic and its influence on the pupil's relationship formation and self-actualisation. Modesty is associated with such personality characteristics as reserve, timidity, inhibition, unassertiveness and lack of arrogance. It implies an inability to promote oneself. Modesty is also a manifestation of social anxiety, self-conciousness, a fear of success and low self-evaluation. It handicaps the relationship formation and self-actualisation of pupils. The High School Personality Questionnaire was administered to a group of Standard 9 pupils in an empirical study. No typical personality profile could be compiled for modest pupils. Several personality 'characteristics emerged from the study which may be associated with modesty. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (met spesialisering in Voorligting)

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the research project reported below, the researcher investigates the shortterm effect. of a life skills program, Free to Grow, on the self-concept and locus of control of juvenile offenders in the Allandale-prison, by means of the following questionnaires: the Greeff Self-concept Questionnaire, the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children and the Desired-Undesired Eve.nts Locus of Control Scale. The life skills program is based on experiential learning principles and focusses on self-development and the acquisition of a wide spectrum of social skills. The 21 subjects participating in the project were divided into two groups: The experimental group consisting of 11 subjects participated in the program over a two week-period for altogether 32 hours, while the remaining 10 subjects formed the control group. The most important findings of the study were that the program participants' self-concept showed no statiscally meaningful improvement, but their locus of control as measured by the Nowicki Strickland Locus of Control Scale for children, made a statistically meaningful internal shift. The study concludes with important recommendations for follow-up studies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die onderstaande studie is die korttermyneffek van 'n lewensvaardigheidsprogram, Free to Grow, op die selfkonsep en lokus van kontrole van jeugoortreders in die Allandale-gevangenis ondersoek met behulp van die volgende vraelyste: die Greeffselfkonsepvraelys, die Nowicki-Strickland Lokus van Kontrole Skaal vir Kinders en die Wenslike en Onwenslike Gebeurtenisse Lokus van Kontrole Skaal. Die program is gebaseer op eksperensiële leerbeginsels en fokus op selfontwikkeling en die aanleer van 'n wye spektrum van sosiale vaardighede. Die 21 subjekte wat aan die projek deelgeneem het, is in twee groepe verdeel: Die eksperimentele groep bestaande uit 11 subjekte het oor 'n periode van twee weke vir altesaam 32 uur die program deurloop, terwyl die oorblywende 10 subjekte die kontrolegroep gevorm het. Die belangrikste bevindings van die studie was dat die programdeelnemers se selfkonsep nie statisties betekenisvol verbeter het nie, maar dat hulle lokus van kontrole, soos gemeet deur die Nowicki-Strickland Lokus van Kontrole Skaal vir Kinders, wel statisties beduidend meer intern geword het na afloop van die program. Die studie word afgesluit met belangrike aanbevelings vir opvolgstudies.

The typical clinical presentation of depression is defined primarily from a Western perspective and may have limited cross cultural applicability. Yet, these descriptions characterise practice and diagnosis in Libya. Therefore, a study was conducted to identify symptoms of depression and cultural factors in Libya. Following a pilot study with 83 British non-clinical participants, a study was carried out in Libya using standardised questionnaires, with depression (BDI-II) as the dependent variable, sex as fixed factor, and individualism (IND), collectivism (COL), familism (FAM), social support (MSPSS) and self-esteem (RSE) as covariates. The sample comprised 169 Libyan non-clinical participants all scales were back translated for Arabic versions, and sufficient reliability and validity conditions were achieved. ANCOVA showed a significant effect on depression of gender (females > males) after controlling for all covariates. Self-esteem was an independent negative predictor of depression. Secondly, a qualitative study was conducted to gain insights into the experience and perceptions of depression in a Libyan clinical sample. Fifteen female and seven male out-patients were interviewed and iterative thematic content analysis was used to identify key emphases on an inductive basis. Six super-ordinate themes encompassed: symptoms; recognition of depression; treatment choices; stigma; sources of support; and perceived causes of depression. Social withdrawal, feelings of guilt, loss of the “old” self, loss of weight, sleeping disturbance and somatic symptoms were the reported symptoms. Religion was cited the most effective coping strategy. Formal psychiatric interventions were accepted but taking antidepressants was not favored. Little distinction was made between serious mental illness and less serious conditions. Explanations for depression encompassed familial relationships, professional roles and other cultural factors. There were notable gender differences regarding social support, expected behaviour and the posited causes of depression, which reflect the differentiated male and female roles in Libyan society.

This study investigated the intrapersonal and interpersonal context of female dieting and partner support for dieting in 44 heterosexual couples. Participants completed questionnaires assessing self and relationship functioning, dieting levels and eating disordered attitudes, and weight-loss support frequency and helpfulness, in both a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. As predicted, a) higher levels of unhealthy dieting were significantly related to more negative views of the self (e.g., lower self-esteem), and b) lower perceived levels of support from the partner were significantly related to higher levels of eating-disordered attitudes, anxious attachment, and lower relationship satisfaction. However, testing more complex causal models showed that self-esteem played a pivotal role. First, tests confirmed that the impact of self-esteem on unhealthy dieting was mediated by more disordered attitudes to eating. Second, those with low-self-esteem were much less likely to diet in an unhealthy fashion with more frequent and positive partner support, whereas high self-esteem women were not influenced by the support offered by their partners. These findings did not apply to the frequency of healthy dieting, with the important exception that more frequent partner support encouraged healthier dieting, and they held up when plausible third variables were statistically controlled. The findings suggest that dieting behaviour is influenced both by individual differences and the nature of support in intimate relationship contexts.

Adolescence among Black high school youth is a challenging period of social, emotional and psychological development; particularly as it relates to factors of ethnic identity, academic skill, self-worth and achievement outcomes. Of interest to researchers are measurable sex differences in achievement among this demographic group. Current literature suggests that psychological traits such as ethnic identity, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and life satisfaction, are reliable predictors of achievement among this demographic. Consequently, the current study evaluated whether these particular psychological factors predicted sex differences in achievement. One hundred and forty high school students from Tucson and Phoenix school districts volunteered for the study. Responses were obtained from a demographic questionnaire, the Multi-Ethnic Identity Measure, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children, Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Perceived Caring Measure. These widely used measures are found to have adequate reliability and validity with Black adolescents. Multiple regression, correlation, MANOVA, and ANOVA analyzed criterion measures of Fall 2010 standardized achievement scores and grade point averages provided by participating school districts. Consistent with current research literature, findings support current data suggesting relationships between trait variables, achievement scores, and GPA. Further, the findings in this study provide support of current literature regarding the variability of psychological traits and sex among the participants in this study as predictors of achievement. Limitations, implications, and future directions for continued study of this topic are also discussed.

No description available.

Descriptive research was conducted to describe the relationship among perceptions of generalized self-efficacy, social support, and a health promoting lifestyle in single mothers. A convenience sample of 50 single mothers answered four questionnaires designed to measure selected demographic variables, generalized self-efficacy expectations, social support, and health promoting lifestyle practices. The relationship between self-efficacy and health promoting lifestyle practices in the single mothers was found to be positive and significant (r =.63, p .001). Significant positive correlations were also found between social support ("total number of contacts") and health promoting lifestyles (r =.57, p .001). No relationship was found between self-efficacy and social support. Selected demographic variables were significantly related to indices of social support. The practice of a healthy lifestyle by single mothers may be influenced by reinforcement of their self-efficacy and social support.

This study was designed to investigate the relationship between height and self-esteem, and to examine the mediating effects of self-consciousness. Four hundred and seventy-nine college students, 143 males and 336 females, 75% under the age of 21, were administered The Personal Opinion Survey which consisted of demographic information, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Elkind and Bowen's Imaginary Audience Scale. Findings revealed a nonlinear relationship between height and self-esteem. Further, self-consciousness emerged as a significant mediator of the relationship between height and self-esteem, accounting for the difference in male and female self-esteem scores. Moreover, the influence of self-consciousness on the height and self-esteem relationship was revealed greatest for females.

This study was designed to explore the nature of compulsive buying behavior with respect to self esteem and money attitude variables. Conjointly, a newly developed screening device, the Compulsive Buying Scale, was used to test its ability to discern compulsive buying tendencies amongst consumers. Comparison was made with participating members of intact compulsive buying help groups and "normal" consumers. Compulsive buyers were found to significantly differ from normal consumers on variables tested. Compulsive buyers were found to have lower self esteem with money attitudes reflecting obsession with money and its perceived power and prestige. Likewise, compulsive buyers differed significantly on the Compulsive Buying Scale adding support to the validity of the scale.