<p>Semantic memory is part of the long-term memory system, and there are several theories concerning this type of memory. Some of these will be described in this essay. There are also several types of neuropsychological semantic memory deficits. For example, test results have shown that patients tend to have more difficulties naming living than nonliving things, and one probable explanation is that living things are more dependent on sensory than on functional features. Description of concrete concepts is a new test of semantic memory, in which cueing is used, both to capture the maximum performance of patients, and to give insight into the access versus storage problem. The theoretical ideas and empirical results relating to this new test will be described in detail. Furthermore, other tests of semantic memory that have been commonly used will also be briefly described. In conclusion semantic memory is a complex cognitive system that needs to be studied further.</p>

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第22800号 / 情博第730号 / 新制||情||125(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科知能情報学専攻 / (主査)准教授 中澤 篤志, 教授 西野 恒, 教授 鹿島 久嗣 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DGAM

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Semantic memory is part of the long-term memory system, and there are several theories concerning this type of memory. Some of these will be described in this essay. There are also several types of neuropsychological semantic memory deficits. For example, test results have shown that patients tend to have more difficulties naming living than nonliving things, and one probable explanation is that living things are more dependent on sensory than on functional features. Description of concrete concepts is a new test of semantic memory, in which cueing is used, both to capture the maximum performance of patients, and to give insight into the access versus storage problem. The theoretical ideas and empirical results relating to this new test will be described in detail. Furthermore, other tests of semantic memory that have been commonly used will also be briefly described. In conclusion semantic memory is a complex cognitive system that needs to be studied further.

Cette étude est une classification générale des constructions verbales et une description des propriétés syntaxico-sémantiques des verbes à complément essentiel introduit par la postposition e en coréen. Ce travail a pour modèle théorique le lexique-grammaire, qui a été élaboré par M. Gross (1975), sur la base des principes de Z. S. Harris (1968). Dans cette étude, nous avons examiné les propriétés syntaxico-sémantiques des 3000 verbes demandant ce complément et nous les avons regroupés en 8 classes. Ces propriétés constitueront des informations syntaxiques qui servent à l'analyse de structure d'une phrase et au traitement automatique des textes en coréen / This study is a general classification of verbal constructions and a syntactico-semantic description of the Korean verbs with essential complements introduced by the postposition e. The theoretical model of this study is the Lexicon-grammar by M. Gross (1975), which is based on the theory of Z. S. Harris (1968). In this study, we examined the syntactico-semantic features of the 3000 verbs requiring that complement and classified them into 8 classes. Those syntactico-semantic features will constitute the syntactic information which serves the structure analysis of a sentence and the automatic text retrieval in Korean

The grass of wetlands in northern Sweden has been utilized for mowing and pasture even in our time. There are a large number of words and expressions, expecially in the dialects, to denote and describe the various types of wetlands.The chief aim of the thesis is to investigate some 40 wetland terms in a limited area - the old parish of Luleå, Norrbotten, in northern Sweden - in order to establish their distribution, meanings and use. The aim of the study is also to illustrate different semantic aspects, such as semantic features, semantic fields, the relationship between common nouns and place-names, as well as explanations based on the appearance of the wetlands. The material consists of words that derive from archives, the literature on the subject and interviews with 43 informants, and has been supplemented with studies of the wetlands themselves.Three semantically similar words, drävj, dröla and dovei, are scrutinized and compared with reference to their frequency and distribution, position, humidity, vegetation, form and depth of the ground. To illustrate the relationship between words and referents the author investigates what words are used about (small) muddy pools in a swamp (mire) and about the dry parts of a swamp (in technical language called flarkar and strängar, respectively). The words drävj and dröla are compared with five other words for 'depression/hollow' etc. and 'small pool' etc. Similarities and differences are illustrated in three figures on the basis of criteria like depression/hollow, humidity and size. The words are often explained with reference to special places in the area or to adjacent places, the names of which contain the word in question. With two pairs of words as examples, grande and skärpa, and drävj and dröla, respectively, the author investigates the meanings of the words and their referents and the explanatory strategies of the informants.The author stresses the dependence of word explanations and the learning of words on their contexts and functional situations. This aspect is illustrated in a chapter which summerizes how the author's semantic views of dövel, dröla and drävj have been formed. This is done with reference to the so-called prototype theory. / digitalisering@umu

The central theme of the thesis is an in-depth translation criticism of the Austrian novel Die Liebhaberinnen by Elfriede Jelinek in the translation of Jitka Jílková. The criticism is based on the theoretical model of Katharina Reiss which is explored in her work Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Übersetzungskritik. This model is expanded by the role of the editor and translationese style. At the end of the thesis Jitka Jílková is briefly presented, the translation analysis is summarised and evaluated with regard to an interview with the translator about her work.

人類如何傳達訊息？如何感知世界？人類認知概念從語言形式上看到概念隱喻，看到的不只是語言現象，是概念之間的互動，諺語即為隱喻現象豐富的語言形式之一。人類面對隱喻表現時，透過隱喻機制運作，以及文化背景影響，產生概念隱喻，利於人們理解，因而有諺語的形成。 Lakoff & Turner (1989) 提及人類與動物在物種階層上是密切的。本論文將以動物為取材，透過觀察客家動物諺語之隱喻表現，探究其中動物來源域和人類目標域間的互動。然而客家諺語中的動物隱喻是如何展現與客家文化的關係，藉由多源一義、一源多義的隱喻展現，以隱喻概念為基礎之分析，同時了解文化約制。進一步，以概念隱喻機制概述客家動物諺語在人類認知中如何運作，給予人類如何理解隱喻表現更完整的解釋。 / How do people communicate? In what way do we sense the world? Conceptual metaphor embedded in many language expressions are understood through conceptual correlations. Among the many language expressions, proverbs manifest a common kind of metaphor used in our daily life. Through uncovering the cognitive mechanisms operated in the metaphor of proverbs, we understand not only the language but also cultural thoughts. This thesis investigates metaphor in Hakka animal proverbs. According to Lakoff &Turner (1989), humans and animals are highly related in species, both showing certain attributes and behaviors. Animal proverbs, often exhibiting animal attributes and behaviors, are used to carry certain social-pragmatic function of educating human beings. This study explores the conceptual metaphor of animal proverbs, generalizing the semantic features of animal source domains and the main themes of target domains. With the analysis of general patterns of the many‐sources‐to‐a‐target and a‐source‐to‐many-targets relationships of these proverbs, the study has not only shown how people understand animal metaphor in mind but also demonstrated Hakka cultural specifics in animal metaphor.