Rue is popular in all the nationalities, but its mean different. In the Lithuanian culture this flower means a lot, it is important in every life, creation and in hundreds of years it couldn’t be changed by another objects. In this work is the material analysed about the rue’s semantic in the folk creation, traditions and in the individual poetry and its contacts to the culture of many nations. The aim of this work is to analise one of the most important objects (the rue) in our creation, customs, spoken creation, its way to the individual creation, the meaning change in the poetry and its semantic meaning.

The idea of this work is to propose a method of Web data aggregation employing ontology. This method is required as a part of major method proposed by Vytautas Taujanskas and Rimantas Butleris in paper “Categories extraction for reuse in semantic applications and profile based recommendation service” [1]. The main task of the method aims to semantic portal users who request to get information according their profile settings based and described with meaningful semantics. The requirements of method are created based on requirements of Semantic Web implementation and Semantic Web Services concepts. The vision of Semantic Web, Web Ontology Language, Resource Description Framework, Semantic Query Language for RDF, Ontology tools and frameworks issues are discussed. Also the main techniques of current Web for data syndication, aggregation and publishing in various feeds formats (Atom, RSS) among users are introduced. The proposed method integrates available techniques and creates possibility of aggregated data storing in ontology based databases. The data represented by ontology can be re-used by another system without loosing semantics and more flexible. The project model of method implementation was created and implemented by using JAVA programming language combining available techniques described in analysis phase. The experiment with test data and use case tests shows that method can be implemented successfully with available tools as a part of Semantic Web application.

No description available.

In this thesis the Semantic Web and its core technology---Web Ontology Language (OWL)---were studied. Considering the features of the different units involved in the dairy industry, OWL, in its capacity as an ontology description language, can be used to encode and thus exchange ontology among the units in the dairy industry. After creation of OWL file using Protege, an OWL parser was programmed to decode the ontology and data contained in the OWL file. Based on these investigations, it was determined that OWL can be used to encode, exchange, and decode data between farms and the units that interact with them, although large volumes of data among the service agencies pose certain challenges in terms of transfer size. A structure of the Semantic Web services in the dairy industry is proposed for Semantic Web Service registration, search and usage related to certain farm-management tasks. With the help of the Semantic Web and OWL, one can expect a more efficient data processing in the future dairy industry.

Nominalization as a matter of great concern of linguistic research has been analyzed widely over the last forty years from different theoretical viewpoints with fluctuating aims and formalisms. The process of nominalization refers to the use of a verb or an adjective into a noun, with or without morphological transformation, so that the word can act as the head of a noun phrase, e.g. develop→ development, close → closure, write → writing, etc. In present-day English, -er, -or and -ee nominalizations show a wide scope of semantic, morphological and syntactic features. Thus the aim of the present study is to analyze the derivational, transformational, and semantic peculiarities of -er, -or and -ee nominalizations. Like many corpus investigations, this study deals with both qualitative and quantitative methods. The scope of the present study is 1 225 nominalizations selected from “Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary” by A. S. Hornby [CD-ROM] (2005). The content of the communication is a situation, which does not refer directly to an extralinguistic reality which exists in the real world, but rather to the speaker’s conceptualization of it. The constituents of this conceptualization of reality are semantic functions: processes, participants and circumstances. The pivot of any situation is the process which is expressed by a verb. The following types of processes are distinguished: material, behavioural, mental, verbal, relational, and existential. When the process is... [to full text] / Nominalizacija yra plačiai analizuojama per pastaruosius keturiasdešimt metų skirtingais teoriniais požiūriais. Nominalizacijos procesas remiasi veiksmažodžių arba būdvardžių keitimu daiktavardžiais, su arba be morfologinėmis transformacijomis, tad žodis gali veikti kaip daiktavardžio frazė, pvz. plėsti → plėtra, uždaryti → uždarymas, rašyti → rašymas ir t.t. Dabartinėje anglų kalboje ,-er,-or ir -ee nominalizacijos turi plačias semantines, sintaksines ir morfologines savybes. Taigi šio darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti derivacinius, transformacinius ir semantinius -er,-or ir -ee nominalizacijų ypatumus. Šiame tyrime nagrinėjama tiek kokybiniais, tiek kiekybiniais metodais. Šio darbo apimtis yra 1 225 nominalizacijos surinktos iš "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary" A.S. Hornby [CD-ROM] (2005). Darbe nagrinėjamos semantinės funkcijos: procesai, dalyviai ir aplinkybės. Būtų galima daryti išvadą, kad -er,-or ir -ee nominalizacijos kildinamos iš procesų.

The Semantic Web promises a way of linking distributed information at a granular level by interconnecting compact data items instead of complete HTML pages. New data is gradually being added to the Semantic Web but there is a need to incorporate existing knowledge. This thesis explores ways to convert a coherent body of information from various structured and unstructured formats into the necessary graph form. The transformation work crosses several currently active disciplines, and there are further research questions that can be addressed once the graph has been built. Hybrid databases, such as the cultural heritage one used here, consist of structured relational tables associated with free text documents. Access to the data is hampered by complex schemas, confusing terminology and difficulties in searching the text effectively. This thesis describes how hybrid data can be unified by assembly into a graph. A major component task is the conversion of relational database content to RDF. This is an active research field, to which this work contributes by examining weaknesses in some existing methods and proposing alternatives. The next significant element of the work is an attempt to extract structure automatically from English text using natural language processing methods. The first claim made is that the semantic content of the text documents can be adequately captured as a set of binary relations forming a directed graph. It is shown that the data can then be grounded using existing domain thesauri, by building an upper ontology structure from these. A schema for cultural heritage data is proposed, intended to be generic for that domain and as compact as possible. Another hypothesis is that use of a graph will assist retrieval. The structure is uniform and very simple, and the graph can be queried even if the predicates (or edge labels) are unknown. Additional benefits of the graph structure are examined, such as using path length between nodes as a measure of relatedness (unavailable in a relational database where there is no equivalent concept of locality), and building information summaries by grouping the attributes of nodes that share predicates. These claims are tested by comparing queries across the original and the new data structures. The graph must be able to answer correctly queries that the original database dealt with, and should also demonstrate valid answers to queries that could not previously be answered or where the results were incomplete.

The English used in Malaysia is one of the varieties of New Englishes and this variety has emerged due to the spread of English around the world (Platt, et al., 1983; Pillai, 2006). In the case of Malaysia, Malay is the national language and standard English exists to be the language of an elite (Bao, 2006), also as a language of interaction. Over years of playing its various roles as a language of interaction, there has emerged a variety of English that is distinctively Malaysian (Asmah, 1992). Baskaran (2002) points out that English is now adopted and adapted in the linguistic ecology of Malaysia, and all Malaysians should be proud of it with all its local ‘nuances and innuendos’. Malaysian English today is ‘a rich tapestry of a typical transplanted variety of English’. Malaysian English (ME) is one of the new varieties of English, with some distinct features include the localized vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar as well as pragmatic features (Pillai, 2006; Pillai and Fauziah, 2006, p.39). The present study has embarked on a specialised study of vocabulary. In particular, it examined the English collocations produced by non-native speaker English users in Malaysia. The study provided insight into the nature of the internal norms of English used in Malaysia to see how these English restricted collocations being used by this group of learners. The investigation focused on the learners’ productive knowledge of Verb-Noun collocations of their written English with the impact of exposure and frequency. Nesselhauf (2003) has the opinion that verb-noun combinations are the most frequently mistaken so they should perceive particular attention of learners. Investigating collocation in English language learning is paramount as such study may inform us on the use of restricted collocations in English language teaching and learning in Malaysian context. The findings in Chapter 4 and 5 suggest that the frequency of the cloze verb does have an effect as predicted by Kuiper, Columbus and Schmitt (2009). This is so because frequency is a measure of likely exposure. The more frequent an item is in corpora, the more likely a learner is to be exposed to it. What is needed is a much more nuanced notion of exposure. The findings in Chapter 6 proves that the malformed collocations make sense could be a way of making the World English perspective relevant after all. A new testing approach is proposed; semantic plausibility metric, which is used as a tool for this study, can be useful used as a measure of vocabulary acquisition as well as looking at learners’ test taking strategies. The findings of the present research on Malaysian English collocations contribute new knowledge to the existing understanding and literature on the acquisition of collocations.

No description available.

People share a big part of their lives and opinions on platforms such as Facebook and Twitter. The companies behind these sites do their absolute best to collect as much data as possible. This data could be used to extract opinions in many different ways. Every company, organization or public person is probably curious on what is being said about them right now. There are also areas where opinions are related to the outcome of an event. Examples of such events are presidential elections or the Eurovision Song Contest. In these events, peoples’ votes will directly reflect the outcome of the elections or contests. We have developed a simplistic prototype that is able to predict the result of the Eurovision Song Contest using sentiment analysis on tweets. The prototype collects tweets about the event, performs sentiment analysis, and uses different filters to predict the ranks of the contestants. We evaluted our results with the actual voting results of the event and found a Pearson correlation of approximately 0.65. With more time and resources we believe that it is possible to create a highly accurate prediction model. It could be used in lots of different contexts. Politicians and their parties could use it to evaluate their campaigns. The press could use it to create more interesting news reports. Companies would be able to investigate their brand appreciation. A system like this could be used in many different fields.

Ontology integration is a process of matching and merging two ontologies for reasons such as for generating a new ontology, thus creating digital services and products. Current techniques for ontology integration, used for information and knowledge integration, are not powerful enough to handle the semantic and pragmatic heterogeneities. Because of the heterogeneities, the ontology matching and integration have shown to be a complex problem, especially when the intention is to make the process automatic. This thesis addresses the problem of integrating heterogeneous ontologies, first, by exploring the context of ontology integration, secondly, by building a context knowledge base, and thirdly, by applying the context knowledge base. More specifically, the thesis contributes a context knowledge base method for ontology integration, CKB-OI method, which contains: 1) A method of building a context knowledge base by extracting context and contextual information from ontologies in an ontology repository to improve ontology integration. 2) A method of refining the result of ontology integration with the help of the context knowledge base and expanding the context rules in the context knowledge base. In the first method, the context of the ontology integration is identified by examining the content and metadata of the integrated ontologies. The context of an ontology integration contains the information describing the integration, such as the domain of ontology, the purpose of ontology, and the ontology elements involved. Context criteria, such as the metadata of ontologies and the element of ontologies in the repository, are used to model the context. The contextual information is extracted and integrated from ontologies in an ontology repository, using an ontology integration process with non-violation check. With the context and the contextual information, a context knowledge base is built. Since this is built by reusing ontologies to provide extra information for new ontology integration in the same context, it is quite possible that the context knowledge base will improve the earlier ontology integration result. A method for identifying the domain of an ontology is also proposed to help in building and using the context knowledge base. Since the method considers the semantic and pragmatic heterogeneities of ontologies, and uses a light-weight ontology representing a domain, this work increases the semantic value of the context knowledge base. In the second method, the context knowledge base is applied to the result of an ontology integration process with a non-violation check, which in turn results in an ontology intersection. The contextual information is searched for and extracted from the context knowledge base and then applied on the ontology intersection to improve the integration result. The ontology non-violation check integration process is adjusted and adopted in the method. Moreover, the context knowledge base is expanded with perspective rules, with which the different views of ontologies in a context are preserved, and reused in future ontology integration. The results of the CKB-OI methods are: 1) a context knowledge base with rules that consider semantic and pragmatic knowledge for ontology integration; 2) contextual ontology intersection (COI) with the refining result compared to the ontology intersection (OI), and 3) an extended context knowledge base with the different views of both ontologies. For evaluation, ontologies from the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI) and from ontology search engines Swoogle and Watson have been used for testing the proposed methods. The results show that the context knowledge base can be used for improving heterogeneous ontologies integration, hence, the context knowledge base provides semantic and pragmatic knowledge to integrate ontologies. Also, the results demonstrate that ontology integration, refined with the context knowledge base, contains more knowledge without contradicting the ontologies involved in our examples. / Ontologi-integration är en process för att matcha och sammanfoga två ontologier för att t.ex. generera en ny ontologi, och därmed skapa digitala tjänster och produkter. Aktuella tekniker för ontologi- integration, som används för information och kunskapsintegration, är inte tillräckligt kraftfulla för att hantera semantiska och pragmatiska heterogeniteter. På grund av heterogeniteter, har ontologi- matchning och -integration visat sig utgöra ett komplext problem, särskilt när avsikten är att göra processen automatisk. Denna avhandling behandlar problemet med att integrera heterogena ontologier; för det första genom att undersöka kontexten för ontologi-integrationen, för det andra genom att bygga en kunskapsbas för kontexten, och för det tredje genom att tillämpa denna kunskapsbas. Mer specifikt bidrar avhandlingen med CKB-OI-metoden för ontologi-integration, vilken innehåller: 1)      En metod för att bygga en kontextkunskapsbas, genom att extrahera sammanhang och kontextuell information från ontologier i ett ontologi-förvar för att förbättra ontologi-integrationen. 2)      En metod för att förfina resultatet av ontologi-integration med hjälp av kontextkunskapsbasen och för att utöka kontextreglerna i kunskapsbasen. I metod nr. 1 identifieras kontexten genom att undersöka innehållet och metadata för de ontologier, som ska integrereras. Kontexten innehåller information som beskriver integrationen, till exempel domän och syfte för varje ontologi, samt element som ingår i respektive ontologi. Kontexten  modelleras med kriterier, såsom metadata och element för ontologierna i förvaret. Den kontextuella informationen extraheras och integreras med användning av en integrationsprocess med icke-överträdelsekontroll. Kontextkunskapsbasen byggs utav kontext samt kontextuell information. Eftersom kunskapsbasen är byggd av återanvända ontologier för att ge ytterligare information till ontologi-integrationen inom samma kontext, så är det mycket möjligt att kontextkunskapsbasen kommer att förbättra det tidigare integrationsresultatet. En metod för att identifiera domänen för en ontologi föreslås också, för att hjälpa till att bygga och använda kontextkunskapsbasen. Eftersom metoden tar hänsyn till de semantiska och pragmatiska heterogeniteterna hos ontologier, och använder en enkel ontologi för att representera en domän, så ökar detta arbete det semantiska värdet av kontextkunskapsbasen. I metod nr. 2 tillämpas kontextkunskapsbasen på resultatet av en ontologi-integrationsprocess med icke-överträdelsekontroll, vilket i sin tur resulterar i ett ontologisnitt. Den kontextuella informationen extraheras från kontextkunskapsbasen och appliceras sedan på ontologisnittet för att förbättra integrationsresultatet. Icke-överträdelsekontrollen i integrationsprocessen justeras och används på nytt. Dessutom utökas kontextkunskapsbasen med perspektivregler, med vilka de olika vyerna av ontologier i en gemensam kontext bevaras och återanvänds i framtida ontologi-integrationer. Resultaten av CKB-OI metoden är: 1) en kontextkunskapsbas med regler som avser semantiska och pragmatiska kunskaper om en ontologi-integration; 2) ett kontextuellt ontologisnitt (COI) med ett förfinat resultat jämfört med ontologisnittet (OI) och 3) en utökad kontextkunskapsbas med olika vyer av båda ontologier. För utvärderingen har ontologier från Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI) samt ontologisökmotorerna Swoogle och Watson använts för att testa de föreslagna metoderna. Resultaten visar att kontextkunskapsbasen kan användas för förbättring av heterogena ontologi-integrationer. Följaktligen tillhandahåller kontextkunskapsbasen semantiska och pragmatiska kunskaper för att integrera ontologier. Dessutom visar resultaten att ontologi-integrationer, utökade med kontextkunskapsbaser, innehåller mer kunskap, utan att motsäga de ontologier som ingår i våra exempel. / <p>QC 20141017</p>