Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:33:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marcon_hs_me_botib.pdf: 1524532 bytes, checksum: 73e3664d86fdbb7b69d358e0398f60ab (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Wolbachia é uma bactéria endossimbionte comumente encontrada nos tecidos reprodutores de invertebrados, sendo herdada vertical e horizontalmente. Esta bactéria é desencadeadora de inúmeras alterações reprodutivas, dentre elas a incompatibilidade citoplasmática. Bactéria Wolbachia apresenta oito diferentes tipos de genoma, identificados de A a H. Dentre os hospedeiros da Wolbachia estão as moscas-das-frutas do gênero Anastrepha, que são um importante inseto-praga causador de inúmeras perdas na fruticultura de vários países na América. Neste estudo, foram utilizados os primers 16S rDNA, ftsZ e wsp na detecção da Wolbachia e identificação do supergrupo em três populações de Anastrepha do complexo fraterculus, de diferentes regiões do estado de São Paulo. Em todas as amostras de moscas foi detectada a presença da Wolbachia do supergrupo A, através da utilização dos primers 16S rDNA e wsp, visto que o ftsZ apresentou baixa sensibilidade na detecção desta bactéria em Anastrepha. Comparações das sequências do gene wsp dos 62 indivíduos no Genebank possibilitaram a identificação de duas linhagens de Wolbachia, uma pertencente a Anastrepha sp. 2 (wAsp2B) e a outra ao nematóide Brugia pahangi (Bp-1-1001). Com isso, sugere-se a ocorrência de transferência horizontal da linhagem Bp-1-1001 em Anastrepha através das vespas parasitas de dípteros. A partir de comparações entre as sequências geradas com o gene wsp, observou-se a ocorrência de quatro diferentes sequências pertencentes a novas linhagens de Wolbachia, denominadas wAsc, wAnc, wBjc e wBsp. Essas linhagens estão distribuídas nas diferentes populações de moscas-das-frutas do gênero Anastrepha / Wolbachia is a endosymbiont bacteria commonly found in reproducer tissue of invertebrates, being vertically and horizontally inherited. This bacteria cause innumerable reproductive alterations, among them a cytoplasmic incompatibility. Wolbachia have eight different types of genome, designated from A to H. Among Wolbachia host there are the fruit flies of genus Anastrepha. These arthropods are important pest insect that causes many losses in fruit production of many countries of America. In this work, were used the primers 16S rDNA, ftsZ and wsp to detect Wolbachia and to identify the supergroups of three Anastrepha populations the different regions of São Paulo state, Brazil. In all fruit flies samples, it was detected the presence of Wolbachia of the A supergroup, through the use of primers 16S rDNA and wsp, since ftsZ has low sensitivity in detecting this bacteria in Anastrepha. Comparisons of the wsp gene sequences of 62 samples in GeneBank, allowed the identification of two Wolbachia lineages, one relating to Anastrepha sp. 2 (wAsp2B) and other in Brugia pahangi nematode (Bp-1-1001). Therefore it is propose the occurrence the horizontal transference of Wolbachia lineages Bp-1- 1001 into Anastrepha through the did parasite wasps of dipterous. The comparisons among the wsp gene sequences showed the occurrence of four different sequences, possibly belonging to the news lineages of Wolbachia, which were named wAsc, wAnc, wBjc and wBsp. These lineages are distributed in different fruit flies of populations of the Anastrepha genus

Wind is the main abiotic cause of disturbance to forests in large parts of the world, particularly at temperate and boreal latitudes. In the past few decades the consequences of large wind-induced losses have been experienced at various levels, from small forest owners to large-scale, whole-society level. This is particularly relevant for areas, such as Europe, where forests are intensively managed, and the assets exposed to wind hazard are substantial. To better manage forests and commercial tree plantations to reduce the risk of wind damage, process-based, semi-mechanistic mathematical models such as ForestGALES are used. This model has been parameterised and evaluated for numerous conifer species, which constitute the major plantation types in temperate and boreal biomes. However, the geographical extent and economic importance of fast-growing broadleaved species, such as those of the Eucalyptus genus, and the lack of detailed historical data on wind damage to these species, require that tools for the estimation of the risk of wind damage to these species are developed and evaluated. This is particularly relevant in light of the projected increases of surface temperature due to climate change, and of the frequency and severity of extreme windstorms, that are expected as a consequence of climate change. Fieldwork was conducted in a semi-natural Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.) forest in the Asturias region in Northern Spain to acquire data for the parameterisation of ForestGALES for E. globulus, using a tree-pulling experiment. The behaviour of the parameterisation was investigated for different stocking densities to evaluate whether the effects of tree height, stocking density, and presence of a fresh upwind gap are consistent with the literature. This parameterisation was then used to compare the vulnerability to wind damage between E. globulus and Pinus pinaster (Ait.), the predominant plantation species in the Aquitaine region of SW France where extensive damage was experienced from storms Martin (1999) and Klaus (2009). The effects of rooting depth (2x), growth rate (2x), presence/absence of a recently created windward gap, and of the predominant wind climate in Aquitaine were investigated in this comparison. In order to aid forest managers with optimal resource allocation for practical applications of ForestGALES, and to provide forest modellers with invaluable insights for the development of robust wind damage risk models, ForestGALES was subjected to a sensitivity analysis. A generalisation of the variance-based method of Sobol’ for the case of correlated variables was used to investigate the sensitivity of the outputs of ForestGALES (the critical wind speeds for stem breakage and uprooting, and the associated probabilities of damage) to variation in its input variables. Almost all the E. globulus trees pulled in Asturias failed by overturning rather than breakage, which allowed for good confidence in the calculations of the overturning moments required for the empirical component of ForestGALES. Resistance to overturning was not significantly influenced by the presence of a tap-root. Modelling the shape of the tree crowns with an ellipsoid provided a good approximation of the geometry of the canopy, but required additional fieldwork as crown width in the four cardinal directions had to be estimated visually prior to the tests. The scarcity of detailed published data on wind damage to E. globulus made evaluating the parameterisation particularly challenging. This impediment was obviated by investigating the behaviour of the parameterisation with regards to the well-known effects of tree height, stocking density, and presence of a fresh upwind gap. The simulations showed that the parameterisation behaved as expected, with vulnerability of E. globulus stands increasing with tree height, stocking density, and the presence of a gap. High initial planting densities, an early thinning, and a final harvesting before the trees have reached a height of 20 – 25m are recommended to reduce the risk of wind damage to E. globulus. The comparison with P. pinaster showed that E. globulus trees are particularly susceptible to the presence of a recently created windward gap. Therefore, harvesting at neighbouring sites should be minimised, and preferentially performed when the neighbouring stands are still at a young age to take advantage of the fast growth rates of E. globulus. These practices would ensure that in case of wind damage any losses are recovered in a short time. These procedures can reduce the cumulative risk through the rotation, while maintaining competitive yields. The ForestGALES simulations have also highlighted that the silvicultural practices currently in place in Aquitaine expose P. pinaster trees to high levels of cumulative risk (> 20%). The sensitivity analysis of ForestGALES has highlighted the strengths of the model and the areas that require substantial improvement. The results of the analysis show that ForestGALES is able to simulate very effectively the dynamics of wind damage to forest stands, as the model architecture reflects the significant influences of tree height, stocking density, dbh, and size of an upwind gap, on the calculations of the critical wind speeds of damage. Similarly, in ForestGALES the wind climate of a site is the main driver of variation of the probabilities of damage, as it is for real forests affected by extreme storms. Conversely, when the windiness of a site is moderate, ForestGALES accounts for the larger role of tree and stand variables. The sensitivity analysis has shown that ForestGALES is particularly efficient at simulating not only the effect of the size of windward gaps on the vulnerability of a stand, but also at differentiating between recently formed stand edges and edges that have been in place since the establishment of a stand. Therefore, for practical applications of the model, tree height, dbh, stocking density, the size and nature of an upwind gap, and the local wind climate, are the variables that need to be known with a high accuracy in order to maximally reduce the uncertainty of the model predictions. The section of the model that requires further attention and research is the one dedicated to the calculation of the trees’ resistance to overturning. The sensitivity analysis has shown that rooting depth and soil type, the model input variables on which the empirical component of ForestGALES that describes the resistance to overturning is based, contribute only marginally to the variation in the outputs. This finding unequivocally identifies that efforts for future research should be aimed at studying the mechanics of root-soil interactions with regards to tree stability. The results of the sensitivity analysis have also shown that the variance-based method used in this research project is equally sensitive to the accurate description of the probability distribution functions of the scrutinised variables, as it is to their correlation structure.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-12-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:57:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 terra_jd_me_rcla.pdf: 813170 bytes, checksum: 84582d8a7ecdd53395d95ba06dea8007 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Na busca por uma discussão sobre as práticas de sensibilização corporal numa perspectiva educativa, esta pesquisa teve o intuito de observar as sensações das mulheres gestantes frente a aulas práticas com enfoque na respiração, no tocar, na massagem, ou seja, na percepção de si mesma durante este momento especial e transitório na mulher. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com três grupos de gestantes em acompanhamento pré-natal, durante um semestre cada, com média de 13 encontros por grupo, uma vez por semana. Nestes encontros os dados foram coletados através de questionário inicial, relatos orais e escritos das gestantes e, observações da pesquisadora. Através dos relatos e da discussão com a literatura foi possível observar que as vivências para sensibilização corporal são um importante caminho para a mulher gestante aguçar sua sensibilidade e perceber-se na relação consigo mesma e com o meio e, a partir daí, adotar hábitos de vida para seu melhor bem estar e criar novas perspectivas de relação com o próprio corpo e com a criança antes mesmo do seu nascimento. / In search of a discussion about practices of body sensitivity in an educational perspective, this research had the objective of observing the sensations in pregnant women in practical classes focusing on breathing, touching, massage, in other words, in the perception of themselves during the special and transitory moment in a women's life. This assignment was done with three groups of pregnant women in the prenatal, during a semester in average thirteen meetings per group, once a week. In these meetings the information was collected through a questionary, oral and written account of the pregnant women and researcher's observation in class. Through the accounts and the discussions about the literature, it was possible to observe that the experiences to body sensitivity are an important way for the pregnant woman arouse her sensitivity, notice the relationship with herself and the environment, and then, adopt life habits to her well-being, creating new perspectives in relation to her own body and the child even before the birth.

Orientador: Luiz Alberto Lorenzetto / Banca: Suraya Cristina Darido / Banca: Silvana Venâncio / Resumo: Na busca por uma discussão sobre as práticas de sensibilização corporal numa perspectiva educativa, esta pesquisa teve o intuito de observar as sensações das mulheres gestantes frente a aulas práticas com enfoque na respiração, no tocar, na massagem, ou seja, na percepção de si mesma durante este momento especial e transitório na mulher. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com três grupos de gestantes em acompanhamento pré-natal, durante um semestre cada, com média de 13 encontros por grupo, uma vez por semana. Nestes encontros os dados foram coletados através de questionário inicial, relatos orais e escritos das gestantes e, observações da pesquisadora. Através dos relatos e da discussão com a literatura foi possível observar que as vivências para sensibilização corporal são um importante caminho para a mulher gestante aguçar sua sensibilidade e perceber-se na relação consigo mesma e com o meio e, a partir daí, adotar hábitos de vida para seu melhor bem estar e criar novas perspectivas de relação com o próprio corpo e com a criança antes mesmo do seu nascimento. / Abstract: In search of a discussion about practices of body sensitivity in an educational perspective, this research had the objective of observing the sensations in pregnant women in practical classes focusing on breathing, touching, massage, in other words, in the perception of themselves during the special and transitory moment in a women's life. This assignment was done with three groups of pregnant women in the prenatal, during a semester in average thirteen meetings per group, once a week. In these meetings the information was collected through a questionary, oral and written account of the pregnant women and researcher's observation in class. Through the accounts and the discussions about the literature, it was possible to observe that the experiences to body sensitivity are an important way for the pregnant woman arouse her sensitivity, notice the relationship with herself and the environment, and then, adopt life habits to her well-being, creating new perspectives in relation to her own body and the child even before the birth. / Mestre

M. Phil. / Please refer to full text to view abstract / Prof. J.T. Ferreira

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Olefin metathesis is the most powerful, versatile reaction in current use for the formation of new carbon-carbon bonds. While metathesis has been known for over 60 years, it has only recently been implemented into pharmaceutical and specialty chemical manufacturing. The slow uptake of olefin metathesis can be attributed in part to low catalyst productivity, a consequence of short catalyst lifetime. Improving catalyst activity is critical for the advancement of metathesis. This improvement can be achieved through greater understanding of the catalysts and their limitations. The ability to perform metathesis in aqueous media is desirable, but as yet largely unrealized, for the modification of water-soluble, biologically-relevant substrates. At present, high catalyst loadings are necessary even for less demanding metathesis reactions in water. The limited mutual solubility of the catalyst and substrate in water are one limitation. Examined in this thesis are more fundamental challenges associated with catalyst deactivation by water. The impact of water on catalyst productivity was assessed for both the second-generation Grubbs catalyst GII, and the phosphine-free Hoveyda catalyst HII, in ring-closing and cross-metathesis reactions. Water was shown to have a negative impact on metathesis productivity, owing to catalyst decomposition. The decomposition pathway was catalyst-dependent: GII was found to decompose through a pathway in which water accelerated abstraction of the methylidene ligand by dissociated phosphine. For HII, water was found to decompose the metallacyclobutane intermediate. A β-hydride transfer mechanism was proposed, to account for the organic decomposition products observed. Chapter 4 focuses on problems encountered during the synthesis of ruthenium catalysts, and presents improved methods. An updated method was developed for the synthesis of phenyldiazomethane, the principal source of the alkylidene ligand required in synthesis of GI. Challenges in use of the phosphine-scavenging resin Amberlyst-15 resin are discussed. Improving synthetic routes to the important first- and second-generation Grubbs catalysts will aid in expansion of olefin metathesis methodologies, particularly in the industrial context, in which batch-to-batch reproducibility is paramount.

DRASTIC model is the most widely used method for aquifer vulnerability mapping which consists of seven hydrogeological parameters. Despite of its popularity, this technique disregards the effect of regional characteristics and there is no specific validation method to demonstrate the accuracy of this method. The main goal of this research was developing an integrated GIS-based DRASTIC model using Depth to water, Net Recharge, Aquifer media, Soil media, Topography, Impact of vadose zone and Hydraulic Conductivity (DRASTIC). In order to obtain a more reliable and accurate assessment, the rates and weights of original DRASTIC were modified using Wilcoxon rank-sum non-parametric statistical test and Single Parameter Sensitivity Analysis (SPSA). The methodology was implemented for the Shahrekord plain in the southwestern region of Iran. Two different sets of measured nitrate concentrations from two monitoring events were used, one for modification and other for validation purposes. Validation nitrate values were compared to the calculated DRASTIC index to assess the efficacy of the DRASTIC model. The validation results obtained from Pearson's correlation and chi-square values, revealed that the modified DRASTIC is more efficient than original DRASTIC. The modified rate/weight DRASTIC (spline) model showed the highest correlation coefficient and chi square value as 0.88 and 72.93, respectively, compared to -0.3 and 25.2 for the original DRASTIC (spline) model. The integrated vulnerability map showed the high risk imposed on the southeastern part of the Shahrekord aquifer. In addition, sensitivity analysis indicated that the removal of net recharge parameter from the modified model caused larger variation in vulnerability index showing that this parameter has more impact on the DRASTIC vulnerability of the aquifer. Moreover, Aquifer media (A), Topography (T) and Impact of vadose zone (I) were found to have less effect and importance compared to other variables as expected. Therefore, reduced modified DRASTIC model was proposed by eliminating A, T and I parameters. Pearson's correlation coefficient and chi-square value for the reduced model were calculated as 0.88 and 100.38, respectively, which was found to be as reliable as full modified DRASTIC model.