Obesity is widely considered a primary risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, less is known about the early adaptive responses to short-term periods of high-fat energy excess (HFEE). Previous reports detailing whole-body adaptation to fat and energy oversupply are equivocal, perhaps, in part, owing to use of different experimental protocols, varying durations of dietary manipulation and participant cohorts with individuals of varying characteristics. In addition to use of different dietary protocols between studies, alterations in functional end-point measures due to the type of dietary fat consumed warrants consideration. Daily n-3 PUFA intake, commonly obtained from pelagic fish oil (FO) consumption, has been shown to positively associate with insulin sensitivity in epidemiological studies and thus may be a useful dietary strategy for slowing insulin resistance development. Chapter 2 of this thesis extends previous literature by demonstrating that 6 d HFEE (150 % habitual energy intake; 60 % of energy from fat) does not clearly alter whole- body insulin sensitivity, irrespective of FO consumption. However, investigation of metabolism at the tissue level, as presented in Chapter 3 of this thesis, offers insight into a potential tissue-specific level of regulation that precedes whole-body regulation. Skeletal muscle insulin signalling protein (e.g. protein kinase B (PKB)) activity, levels of certain ceramide species, and AMPK α2 activity were altered following HFEE and may explain the early maladaptive responses to short-term HFEE. Moreover, FO intake as 10 % of total fats mediated some of these molecular responses, including PKB and AMPK α2 activity, reflecting possible functional effects of FO at the subcellular level. Regulation of these metabolic / molecular responses at both the tissue and whole- body level can be explained, in part, by genetic predisposition, environmental influence and more recently epigenetics, including microRNAs (miRNAs). In Chapter 4, we characterised the plasma and skeletal muscle miRNA responses to HFEE and oral glucose ingestion. We demonstrate transient changes in levels of certain miRNAs following oral glucose ingestion in both tissue types and in response to HFEE in skeletal muscle. However, no significant correlations between basal plasma and skeletal muscle miRNA levels were observed, suggesting that our candidate plasma miRNAs may be co-ordinating functional changes in other tissue types. Plasma miR- 145-5p and skeletal muscle miR-204-5p predicted a significant proportion of the variance in mean whole-body insulin sensitivity change in response to HFEE. These data indicate that these miRNAs may be useful biomarkers of insulin resistance development following HFEE. A constraint of this thesis is that all conclusions are made within the context of statistically unaltered insulin sensitivity. Therefore, future investigations of diet-induced maladaptation should consider establishing a time course of insulin resistance development in response to HFEE, or use different study populations. Populations that are more susceptible to T2D development, e.g., overweight, sedentary individuals would be of particular interest. These data would aid development of a working model of diet-induced insulin resistance that has more direct application to T2D progression and extends the data presented herein.

This thesis integrates the epistemology of testimony with work on the epistemology, psychology, and metaphysics of language. Epistemologists of testimony typically ask what conditions must be met for an agent to gain testimonial justification or knowledge that p given that p has been asserted, and this assertion has been understood. Questions regarding the audience's ability to grasp communicated contents are largely ignored. This is a mistake. Work in the philosophy of language (and related areas) suggests that the determination and recovery of communicated contents is far from straightforward, and can go wrong in many ways. This thesis investigates the epistemology of testimony in light of this work, with a special focus on miscommunication. The introduction provides a brief overview of some relevant work on testimony, the philosophy of language, and psychology, and argues that there is good reason to investigate the three. One obvious problem in this area is that if testimonial knowledge requires knowledge of what is said then the risk of miscommunication will block testimonial knowledge. Chapter two argues that testimonial knowledge does not require knowledge of what is said. The remaining four chapters discuss problems which do to arise from miscommunication. Chapters three and four focus on the epistemic uncertainty of communication with context sensitive terms. Chapter three argues that many beliefs formed on the basis of context sensitive testimony are unsafe and insensitive. Chapter four argues that speakers often have plausible deniability about the contents of their assertions. Chapters five and six explore types of miscommunication which arise as a result of background mental states affecting our linguistic understanding. Chapter five explores the social/ethical consequences of this, arguing that certain groups are disproportionately subject to harmful misinterpretation. Chapter six argues that testimonial anti-reductionists make the wrong predictions about a range of cases of cognitive penetration.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / Linear sound sweeps from a towed J15-3 sound source were collected at a moored VLA hydrophone array in the South China Sea during the ASIAEX experiment in May 2001. Measured signals were filtered and pulse compressed. The processed data showed a high signal to noise ratio. Given an a priori chirp sonar survey, a two layer bottom "first guess" model was constructed. A broadband coupled-mode model was used to perform an exhaustive frequency variant sensitivity study of VLA pressures to changes in bottom properties as a basis for the geoacoustic inverse problem. Study results provided information on the observability of the various geoacoustic parameters and a procedure for the inversion. Matched field processing of the VLA data, using the same coupledmode model, was then performed to calculate ambiguity diagrams from which geoacoustic parameter estimates were obtained. Since VLA pressure fields were not sensitive to changes in the sediment attenuation coefficient, a matched field technique that correlated the slope of modeled transmission loss to the negative slope of 10log of the observed energy was performed in order to obtain estimates of the attenuation. These estimates showed a frequency dependent attenuation coefficient in the 50-600Hz frequency band. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Human Nutrition / Mark D. Haub / Objective: The objective was to compare the postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses to nutrition bars containing either cross-linked RS type 4 (RS4[subscript]XL) or standard wheat starch in normoglycemic adults (n=13; age= 27±5 yr; BMI=25±3 kg/m²). Methods: Volunteers completed three trials during which they consumed a glucose beverage (GLU), a puffed wheat control bar (PWB), and a bar containing RS4[subscript]XL matched for available carbohydrate content. Serial blood samples were collected over two hours and glucose and insulin concentrations were determined and the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was calculated. Results: The RS4[subscript]XL peak glucose and insulin concentrations were lower than the GLU and PWB (p<0.05). The iAUC for glucose and insulin were lower following ingestion of RS4[subscript]XL compared with the GLU and PWB trials. Conclusions: These data illustrate, for the first time, that directly substituting standard starch with RS4[subscript]XL, while matched for available carbohydrates, attenuated postprandial glucose and insulin levels in humans. It remains to be determined whether this response was due to the dietary fiber and/or resistant starch aspects of the RS4[subscript]XL bar. Keywords: insulin sensitivity, diabetes, dietary fiber, prebiotic, glycemic index

We measured the diffraction efficiency response of two photorefractive polymer devices according to the duration of the single laser pulse used to record the hologram. The pulse duration was varied from 6 nanoseconds to 1 second, while the pulse energy density was maintained constant at 30 mJ/cm(2). This changed the peak power from 5 x 10(9) mW to 30 mW. We observed a strong reciprocity failure of the efficiency according to the pulse duration, with a reduction as large as a factor 35 between 1 second and 30 mu s pulse duration. At even lower pulse duration (< 30 mu s), the efficiency leveled out and remained constant down to the nanosecond exposure time. The same behavior was observed for samples composed of the same material but with and without buffer layers deposited on the electrodes, and different voltages applied during the holographic recording. We explained these experimental results based on the charge transport mechanism involved in the photorefractive process. The plateau is attributed to the single excitation of the charge carriers by short pulses (T-p < 30 mu s). The increase of efficiency for longer pulse duration (T-p > 30 mu s) is explained by multiple excitations of the charge carriers that allows longer distance to be traveled from the excitation sites. This longer separation distance between the carriers increases the amplitude of the space-charge field, and improves the index modulation. The understanding of the response of the diffraction efficiency according to the pulse duration is particularly important for the optimization of photorefractive materials to be used at high refresh rate such as in videorate 3D display.

This thesis proposes a novel algorithm to optimize multi-modal, nonlinear, black-box objective functions for electric power system design using an electromagnetic transients (EMT) simulator. The algorithm discovers multiple local optimal solutions for a given complex power system, and then generates accurate surrogate models of an objective function around each discovered local optimal solution. These surrogate models represent the local behaviour of the objective function that can be used in the subsequent stages of sensitivity analyses. Using surrogate models instead of intensive transient simulation during sensitivity analysis reduces computational intensity and simulation time. This makes the proposed algorithm particularly suited for optimization of computationally expensive black-box functions. The stages of the algorithm can be implemented independently and hence the computations can be done in parallel. Therefore, the algorithm is implemented in a parallel environment to gain significant speed-up in the design of electric power systems. Comparative studies in terms of objective function evaluation and computation time are provided. Using several multi-modal benchmark objective functions, the superiority of the proposed algorithm compared to other recently developed algorithms is demonstrated. Additionally, the application of the algorithm in the design process of complex electric power system demonstrated through several examples. The case studies show that the parallelized algorithm provides computational savings up to 39 times compared to the conventional sequential approach. / May 2016

Identifying the relationship between fat oxidation and insulin resistance (IR) may provide vital clues to the mechanisms behind the development of metabolic disease in prepubertal children. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of fat oxidation with insulin resistance (IR) and insulin sensitivity (SI) in prepubertal children. A total of 34 prepubertal 7-9 year olds (18 females, 16 males, 13 non-Caucasian, 21 Caucasian, 8.0±0.8 years, 36.5±12.1 kg) were observed. Subjects participated in indirect calorimetry to obtain respiratory quotient (RQ) and a blood test to obtain fasting insulin and glucose to calculate IR by homeostatic model assessment (HOMA). A subset (n=16) participated in Frequently Sampled Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Testing (FSIGTT) to obtain insulin sensitivity. Pearson correlations between RQ and IR and RQ and SI were performed. Partial correlations with respect to physical activity, breastfeeding, and birth weight were also performed. A general linear model was used to examine RQ with IR, and separately SI with respect to physical activity, breastfeeding, birth weight, race and sex. Respiratory quotient and IR were significantly associated when adjusted for physical activity, sex and race and breastfeeding, sex and race. In regards to birth weight, RQ and IR were significantly associated when adjusted for breastfeeding, birth weight, and race, but not when breastfeeding was removed from the model. The results of this study suggest lack of physical activity and breastfeeding may be the most influential risk for factors in the development of IR via a mechanism of impaired fat oxidation. Further research is needed to examine the role of physical activity, breastfeeding, and birth weight on fat oxidation and the development of insulin resistance in prepubertal children, however, the results of this study support the promotion of physical activity, breastfeeding, and good maternal nutrition.

The purpose of this research is to explore the academic and social experiences of English learners (ELs) in a Spanish immersion program. The researcher is specifically interested in learning about both the English and Spanish language acquisition of these ELs, as well as their social interactions as this pertains to their academic development. The participants were a sample of 12 Spanish native speakers who were working towards acquiring both social and academic English. Additionally, the researcher interviewed five other students who were in the Spanish immersion program, but who were not included in the ESOL class. These 17 students represented a wide range of English language proficiencies, ranging from emergent to advanced, and were in the ninth grade during the period of data collection. The researcher also interviewed five of these students' teachers, so as to gain a better understanding of the experiences of these heritage speakers. Data were collected over the course of the 2009-2010 school year through observations, interviews, sociograms, and ongoing assessments. These assessments were collected from several sources, including an English language assessment that was administered by the ESOL coordinator, an ongoing school-wide assessment of lexile scores, and an English and Spanish informal reading inventory. The findings of this study were divided into two meta themes of the academic and social experiences of the student participants. In investigating these students' academic experiences, the researcher found that the 22 participants placed a considerable emphasis on language development, particularly in the maintenance of the Spanish native speakers' heritage language. A sizeable need existed, however, for instruction that was better differentiated to the wide range xv of proficiencies that these students demonstrated in both English and Spanish. Through the analysis of the participants' social experiences, the researcher also discovered that a strong sense of community existed amongst the participants in the ESOL and immersion programs. This interconnectedness, however, led to an insular behavior amongst the Spanish native speakers, which further exacerbated the racial tension that existed at Greenwood High. Greenwood as a whole would greatly benefit from the fostering of intercultural sensitivity amongst this multicultural and multilingual student body.

The aim of this study was to examine the association between parent and child anxiety sensitivity in the context of parenting behaviors, specifically by testing parenting behaviors as moderators or mediators of the association between parent and child anxiety sensitivity. Past research implies that parent anxiety sensitivity may be more related to child anxiety sensitivity (moderation) in girls and in the context of certain parenting. Alternatively, parenting behaviors may better account for the association (mediate) between parent and child anxiety sensitivity. To test the hypotheses 191 families (n = 255 youth aged 6-17 and their parents) completed measures of child anxiety sensitivity (CASI) and parenting (APQ-C), and parents completed measures of their anxiety sensitivity (ASI) and parenting (APQ-P). Hypotheses were tested with hierarchical linear modeling. Results indicated that the child’s gender and the child’s report of their parent’s positive parenting behaviors moderated the association between parent and child anxiety sensitivity.

Hui and Chen (1986) were the first to show that the well-known Koiter’s General Theory of Elastic Stability of 1945 can be significantly improved by evaluating the postbuckling b coefficient at the actual applied load, rather than at the classical buckling load. Such improvement method was demonstrated to be (1) very simple to apply with no tedious algebra, (2) significant reduction in imperfection sensitivity and (3) although it is still asymptotically valid, there exists a significant extension of the range of validity involving larger imperfection amplitudes. Strictly speaking, Koiter’s theory of 1945 is valid only for vanishingly small imperfection amplitudes. Hence such improved method is termed Hui’s Postbuckling method. This study deals with the postbuckling and imperfection sensitivity of different kinds of cylinders, using the Hui’s postbuckling method. For unstiffened cylinder and laminate cylinder the results are compared with ABAQUS simulation results, and a parameter variation of stringer/ring stiffened cylinder is also evaluated. A significant positive shift of the postbuckling b coefficient is found which indicates that Koiter's general stability theory of 1945 has significantly overestimated the imperfection sensitivity of the structure. Also, compared with the Koiter's general stability theory, the valid region is significantly increased by using Hui's postbuckling method.