The thesis examines individual Scottish soldiers and Scottish regiments abroad in the second half of the seventeenth century, with particular focus on Scottish military service in France and the Netherlands, c.1660-92. The study contends that privately contracted units, of the sort common in the period of the Thirty Years' War (1618-48), evolved into regular standing regiments by the end of the seventeenth century. This process is visible in the altered conditions experienced by professional Scottish officers and ordinary soldiers who served abroad in this period. This study proposes that Britain's foreign policy was primarily affected by that of her two most potent neighbours: France and the Netherlands profoundly affected the attitude of the Stuart monarchs towards their subjects fighting abroad. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilka hot och risker svenska officerare upplever underutlandstjänstgöring. Detta för att kanske i framtiden kunna förhindra att officerare drabbas avPTSD(Post Traumatic Stress Disorder), eftersom en ökning av dessa fall på senare tid har noterats.Metoden som har använts är kvalitativ intervjustudie där författaren går på djupet för att skapa sig enförståelse för den intervjuades värld. Med inriktning av upplevelser kommer uppsatsen att behandlafysiska och psykiska upplevelser under utlandstjänstgöring samt om dessa hade kunnat förebyggas.Deltagarna i intervjustudien är fyra officerare, samtliga män, med varierande bakgrund och samtligaarbetade vid intervjutillfället inom Försvarsmakten.Resultaten av denna studie och tidigare forskning är att upplevelser av Svenskars hot och risker, kanriskera att leda till PTSD. Resultaten visade också att upplevelser är skiftande och individuella menäven att det finns likheter i upplevelserna om utlandstjänstgöringen har genomförts på sammageografiska plats. PTSD kan förhindras genom kunskap i hur stress motverkas och förhindras. / The purpose with this paper is to examine officers experience of threats and risks during serviceabroad. This because maybe in the future be able to create an embryo to prevent officers to developPTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder), since an increase of PTSD cases has been noticed.The method that is used in this paper is qualitative interview study where the author is trying to get adeeper understanding.The paper is to examine physical and psychological experiences of threats and risks during serviceabroad and if it would be possible to prevent.The participants in the study are four officers all male, with different backgrounds and all wasworking in the Swedish army at the time of the study.The results of this paper and previous research have found that experiences of threats and risks canlead to PTSD. The results also show that experiences are different and individual and that PTSD canbe prevented through knowledge of stress.

This study concerns self initiated volunteer expatriation. Drawing on data from interviews and test results from a cohort of 48 New Zealand Volunteer Service Abroad volunteers, it explored their experiences as overseas volunteer development workers. Most literature concerning expatriates focuses on the expatriate assignment of managers. By comparison volunteer development workers remain an under-researched group. Moreover, much of the expatriate management literature and the volunteer development worker literature adopts a positivist approach using quantitative methodologies and large scale studies and consider expatriates from a managerial perspective, leaving the perspective of the individual relatively unexplored. This study seeks to focus on volunteer development workers, using qualitative as well as quantitative methodology and considering individual rather than organisational attitudes and behaviour. As a theoretical backdrop, the concepts of "protean" career, (Hall, 2002), "hero's journey", (Osland, 1995) and "career competencies" (De Fillippi & Arthur, 1996) were used as frameworks to assist understanding. The study was longitudinal, and focused on a one-year cohort (2001) of volunteers who provided information on three occasions - before, during, and immediately after their assignment. The study used a mixed- methodology design i.e. was both quantitative and qualitative using both in depth interviews and psychometric testing. The study suggests alternative ways of exploring volunteer expatriation with a specific focus on repositioning the individual at the centre of the study. The study began by focusing and identifying the personalities, (as indicated by the Five Factor Model NEO- PR questionnaire) career values, (as indicated by the Career Orientation Inventory, previous career, attitudes to career and motivation to volunteer (the last two being assessed by a pre-departure structured interview. The experience of VSA assignments was explored by means of a mid-assignment email questionnaire. A second post assignment interview elicited further data on volunteers' experience of VSA, their evaluation of that experience in retrospect, and their plans for further career development. The NEO and COI were re-administered to check changes over time. The study indicated that self direction, challenge, adventure and personal resilience were dominant themes in the attitudes to career, motivations and experiences of the VSA assignment. Openness and agreeableness, significantly greater than population norms were dominant and stable personality traits. In addition, the study reported volunteers' perceived effects of the VSA experience relating to self and career in the forms of increased technical and personal skills, self awareness and challenges to their values. Such outcomes of the study support the use of the "protean "career model (Hall, 1976; Hall, 2002; Briscoe & Hall, 2003) as a way to understand the career transitions made by the volunteers. It also substantiated Osland's (1990; 1995) notion of the metaphor of the hero's journey as an adventure and framework to understand volunteer expatriation and VSA phenomena. In addition, the outcomes supported a model of understanding career competencies as career "capital" used as a framework to understand volunteer motivation and the VSA assignment experience as a career episode.