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The majority of learners perform badly at the end of the formal schooling in South Africa. This point is verified by the poor results after almost every Grade 12 Final examination. The statistics of candidates who wrote the Senior Certificate examination at the end of 1996 reflect a 53,9% pass rate and that of 1997, 47,4% (Department of Education, 1999:12). It was also mentioned that the depicted scenario prompted a national outcry from several sectors of the South African community. This study shows that the grade 12 examination results did not reflect a significant change during the years that followed 1997. The study further pinpoints Science as a learning area that learners fail alarmingly. It also goes on to isolate electricity as an area that is difficult for both the learners and the educators to understand, thereby contributing enormously towards the very high failure rate mentioned earlier. The researcher also found that literature revealed that not much in-service education and training has been done to redress the malpractices that may be the contributory factors towards the high failure rate in question. The researcher introduced the audio-tutorial self-study programme to assess its influence on the knowledge and insight of Science educators. Conclusions are made and the recommendations are drawn based on the findings of the study. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2002

The problem is to describe, analyze, and evaluate three approaches to the teaching of reading in grades one through six in selected school districts in a California county. The three approaches are 1) the Basic Reading Approach, 2) the Individualized Reading Approach, and 3) the Language Experience Approach to reading.

The majority of learners perform badly at the end of the formal schooling in South Africa. This point is verified by the poor results after almost every Grade 12 Final examination. The statistics of candidates who wrote the Senior Certificate examination at the end of 1996 reflect a 53,9% pass rate and that of 1997, 47,4% (Department of Education, 1999:12). It was also mentioned that the depicted scenario prompted a national outcry from several sectors of the South African community. This study shows that the grade 12 examination results did not reflect a significant change during the years that followed 1997. The study further pinpoints Science as a learning area that learners fail alarmingly. It also goes on to isolate electricity as an area that is difficult for both the learners and the educators to understand, thereby contributing enormously towards the very high failure rate mentioned earlier. The researcher also found that literature revealed that not much in-service education and training has been done to redress the malpractices that may be the contributory factors towards the high failure rate in question. The researcher introduced the audio-tutorial self-study programme to assess its influence on the knowledge and insight of Science educators. Conclusions are made and the recommendations are drawn based on the findings of the study. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2002

The problem of this study was the determination and analysis of perceptions of selected educators in the State of Texas with regard to current in-service education programs in the public secondary schools. Conclusions were, (1) differences appear to exist in the perceptions of personnel who represent large-, medium-, and small-school districts, (2) teachers' needs, such as motivation, seem to be good staff improvement topics, (3) there appears to be substantial differences in the perceptions of administrators and teachers in the organizing and conducting of programs, (4) current programs and ideal programs appear to have differences in such areas as selection of activities, and (5) programs are not as effectively planned and organized as they should be.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Education in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education (Educational Psychology) in the Department of Educational Psychology and Special Needs Education at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2015 / Currently, South Africa is in phase two of implementing 50 full-service schools (FSS) and further development is said to be based on results from immediate to short-term results (DoE, 2005a). Concerns over the new development relate to whether resources are sufficient and available to further expand the provision of FSS and, overall, whether the Education White Paper 6 (EWP6) has been implemented successfully in phase one. This research therefore evaluates the implementation of EWP6 within selected phase one FSS in the Kwazulu-Natal (KZN) province. Purposive sampling was used and the researcher selected institutional-level support team (ILST) members within FSS to participate (n=43 participants). Questionnaires were self-administered and designed to address the following research questions: Have policy objectives been met in the implementation of EWP6 within FSS? What are the barriers to implementing EWP6 within FSS? And, what strategies have ILST members used to overcome these challenges? The questionnaire elicited both quantitative and qualitative data which was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software and thematic analysis. Some schools reported successes which include the enrolment of learners who experience diverse barriers to learning and optimistic attitudes among ILST members regarding possible benefits of inclusive education and their theoretical knowledge of multi-level teaching. Barriers to implementation of the EWP6 within FSS include inadequate resources (human, educational, physical and financial), inadequate support provision to FSS and ILST, inadequate training and subsequent training support and a lack of involvement from parents and communities. Many participants are unsure of how to overcome these challenges but, undoubtedly, are in need of support from communities, parents and the Department of Education (DoE).

O presente estudo busca revelar os significados do curso de formação em serviço Programa Ler e Escrever para um grupo de professoras de primeira à quarta série do ensino Fundamental, para as Coordenadoras Pedagógicas que atuam como formadoras e para o vicediretor de uma escola municipal considerada modelo na zona norte de São Paulo. Tomamos como base as iniciativas governamentais que têm lançado programas de formação em serviço para as unidades de ensino, com o objetivo de melhorar a qualidade da educação básica e procuramos entender de que forma um curso de formação pensado por especialistas do DOT Departamento de Orientação Técnica vem sendo recebido por um grupo de professoras e por gestores de uma escola com tradição formativa em seu histórico. Partimos do pressuposto de que os cursos de formação oficiais são incorporados, rejeitados, adaptados, ressignificados pelos sujeitos que deles participam como formadores e alunos. Utilizamos a etnografia como metodologia, para observação e para a análise dos dados. Participamos do curso de formação desenvolvido nessa unidade escolar por um ano, registramos, praticamente, tudo o que ocorria no diário de campo e fizemos entrevistas individuais com os participantes do Programa Ler e Escrever realizado na própria unidade de ensino. Verificamos que o significado dos programas oficiais mostra-se divergente numa mesma unidade de ensino. Os conteúdos do curso são elogiados por algumas professoras, criticado por outras e ressignificado por algumas. Para as Coordenadoras pedagógicas, que atuam como formadoras, o curso oficial representa uma possibilidade de interferir na prática docente, inserindo conteúdos diversificados em relação à leitura e á escrita. Para o gestor (vice-diretor) o Programa Ler e Escrever é uma forma de interferir na prática e na rotina das professoras, promovendo mudanças. Constatamos que os conteúdos do programa são inseridos na prática docente, porém de forma específica, de acordo com o significado que possuem para cada educadora. Verificamos que os programas de formação de professores devem considerar o saber docente e do ciclo de vida profissional dos mesmos. Concluímos que os projetos de formação em serviço devem ser construídos coletivamente pela equipe escolar, e que os problemas vivenciados na escola precisam ser entendidos como responsabilidade de todos. / This study tries to show the meanings of an in-service education course \"Programa Ler e Escrever\" for a group of teachers of the first to the fourth grade in elementary school, for pedagogical coordinators, who work as teachers of the teachers and for the vice-principal of a city school considered a model in the North Zone of Sao Paulo. We adopted the governmental initiatives as a base, which have released in-service education program for teaching units with the purpose to improve the elementary educational quality and tried to understand in which way a formation course, thought be specialists from DOT - Departamento de Orientação Técnica -, has been accepted by a group of teachers and managers in a school with formative background in its history. We assume the official formation programs are incorporated, rejected, adapted, reinterpreted by the people involved, being teachers or students. We use the Ethnography as methodology, as observation and data analysis. We have taken part in the formation course developed in this teaching unit for a year, and have registered, practically, everything that occurred in a field diary and also had individual interviews with the participants of the \"Ler e Escrever\" program that took place in the same educational unit. We saw that the meaning of the official programs can diverge in the same educational unit. The course content was extolled by some of the teachers, criticized by others and reinterpreted by some. According with the pedagogical coordinators, who work as teachers, the official course represents a possibility to interfere on teaching, including diversified content regarding to reading and writing. According with the vice-principal the \"Ler e Escrever\" program should consider the teacher\'s knowledge and their professional life cycles. We conclude that the in-service education should be built, collectively, by the school staff, and the problems lived in school must be understood as a responsibility of all.

Resumo Sob o enfoque do trabalho colaborativo esta pesquisa qualitativa pretende contribuir, com seus resultados, para ampliar informações com relação ao desenvolvimento profissional do formador de professores de ciências. O interesse está em viabilizar caminhos que promovam a melhoria tanto na formação dos professores, como no próprio ensino de ciências nas séries iniciais, através da formação dos formadores de professores de ciências. Compreendemos que pouco adianta os investimentos em formação de professores se não voltarmos nossas atenções para aquele profissional que é responsável por essa formação, por exemplo, o Assistente Técnico Pedagógico, que atua nas Diretorias Regionais de Ensino. Através de uma proposta de ensino de ciências para as séries iniciais, por meio de atividades investigativas no contexto da física, surge a iniciativa de nove Assistentes Técnico Pedagógicas (ATP), formadoras de professores de ciências, em realizar um projeto de melhoria no ensino, integrando a universidade, as diretorias regionais de ensino e as escolas públicas. O projeto O conhecimento físico no ensino fundamental: dos programas de formação continuada à implementação de novas práticas em sala de aula, financiado pela FAPESP, é o objeto de estudo da presente pesquisa, que contou com dados coletados em diferentes instâncias ao longo do período em que a pesquisadora acompanhou o Grupo das ATP. Dentre os dados analisados, destacam-se fragmentos de reuniões realizadas na universidade e nas diretorias de ensino, entrevistas, relatórios e outras produções escritas do grupo. A investigação possibilitou uma compreensão mais ampla sobre a formação de formadores de professores e, neste sentido, merece destaque a construção de um ambiente efetivamente colaborativo entre os participantes do processo, que pode ser relacionado, entre outros, a uma constante valorização dos saberes trazidos por cada uma das ATP. / Abstract Under the focus of cooperative work, this qualitative research intends to contribute, with its results, to enlarge information with regard to the professional development of the teachers of sciences teachers. The interest is in make possible ways that promote the improvement of teachers of teachers, and of the science education in primary school, through the formation of the teachers of science teachers. We understand that the investments on teachers\' formation are not successful if we do not pay attention for that professional who is responsible for this formation, for example, the Assisting Pedagogical Teaching, which acts in the Regional Directories of Teaching. Through a science teaching proposal for the primary school, by means of investigative activities in the context of physics, arises an initiative of nine Assisting Pedagogical Technician (ATP), teachers of sciences teachers, in accomplish an improvement project in the teaching, integrating the university, the regional directories of teaching and the public schools. The project The physical knowledge in the fundamental teaching: of the formation programs continued to the new practices implementation in class room, financed by the FAPESP, is the study object of this research, which relied on data collected in different instances along the period in which the researcher accompanied the Group of ATP. Among the analyzed data, we highlight meetings fragments accomplished at university and in the teaching directories, interviews, reports and another writings productions of the group. The investigation enabled a wider comprehension about teachers formation and, in this sense, deserves highlight the construction of an indeed cooperative environment among participants of the process, which can be related, among others, to a constant valorization of the knowledge brought by each one of ATP.

Esse trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a atuação do coordenador pedagógico na rede municipal de ensino de São Paulo diante das ações formativas oferecidas aos professores do ciclo de alfabetização (1º ao 3º ano do ensino fundamental), em especial o Projeto Especial de Ação (PEA), que é a formação contínua docente instituída na rede e realizada no interior das unidades educacionais, e o Pacto Nacional pela Alfabetização na Idade Certa (PNAIC), cujas ações são desenvolvidas por agentes externos à escola. O recorte de tempo é de 2013 a 2016, com o intuito de abranger as ações formativas do PEA e do PNAIC. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa e está calçada em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, além da realização de entrevistas com 18 sujeitos, sendo duas diretoras da Divisão Pedagógica (DIPED) de duas Diretorias Regionais de Ensino (DRE), formadoras da temática alfabetização de uma das DREs, coordenadores pedagógicos e professores alfabetizadores de escolas pertencentes às duas DREs. As entrevistas se aproximar[m do formato de entrevista reflexiva (SZYMANSKI; ALMEIDA; PRANDINI, 2002) e, após transcritas, foram analisadas à luz dos preceitos da análise de conteúdo (FRANCO, 2003). Os pressupostos teóricos sobre formação continuada (IMBERNÓN, 2010, 2011; NÓVOA, 2017a, 2017b) reforçam a importância do trabalho coletivo e da identificação das situações problemáticas vivenciadas pelos professores, superando a perspectiva tecnicista da formação. Consideram ainda que a formação continuada docente deve estar articulada a outros fatores, como melhoria das condições de trabalho e valorização da profissão docente. Tendo em conta o percurso histórico de formação continuada de docentes para a alfabetização na rede municipal de ensino de São Paulo, que culmina com o PEA e o PNAIC no período analisado, constata-se que ambas as formações contribuem, de alguma forma, com o trabalho desenvolvido pelos professores, somando-se a experiências advindas da prática e incluindo indícios de que recuperam formações anteriormente desenvolvidas em seu percurso profissional. O PEA, cuja portaria que o regulamenta é pautada nas necessidades formativas da escola e nas políticas da rede, apresenta limitações, pois não contempla a totalidade da equipe docente e não tem atentado mais claramente para que o tema elencado para o projeto esteja articulado a um foco maior, que é a aprendizagem dos alunos. O PNAIC, por sua vez, pouco dialogou com o PEA e com o percurso formativo da rede, que já passou por programas de grande porte como o PROFA e o Ler e Escrever. O coordenador, que poderia ter atuado como elo entre a política nacional e a formação já desenvolvida nas escolas, não foi envolvido na implementação do PNAIC. As DREs buscaram integrar o CP de modo a incluí-lo nos debates, porém, as entrevistas revelam que tais ações não foram suficientes para a efetiva implementação do PNAIC nas escolas. A pesquisa evidencia que o trabalho de formação docente desenvolvido pela coordenação pedagógica na rede não se constitui apenas dos momentos de estudo, mas por ações de planejamento e acompanhamento das atividades escolares que visam a garantia do direito à alfabetização por todas as crianças. / The purpose of this study is to analyze the pedagogical coordinator\'s role in public schools in the city of São Paulo, considering the formative actions offered to teachers of the literacy cycle (1st to 3rd grade of elementary school), especially the Special Action Project (PEA), which is the in-service education policy for teachers in the municipality of São Paulo and carried out inside educational units, and the National Pact for Literacy at the Right Age (PNAIC), whose actions were developed by agents outside schools. The period of the research is from 2013 to 2016, which covers the formative actions of the PEA and the PNAIC. This is a qualitative research, which is based on bibliographical and documental research, as well as interviews with 18 people: two directors of the Pedagogical Division (DIPED) of two Regional Directorates of Education (DRE); two people who lead in-service education for pedagogical coordinators about \"literacy\" from one of the DREs; pedagogical coordinators; and teachers from both DREs. The interviews sought to approach the reflective interview format (SZYMANSKI; ALMEIDA; PRANDINI, 2002), and after transcribed, were analyzed by the precepts of content analysis (FRANCO, 2003). The theoretical assumptions for the discussion about in-service education (IMBERNÓN, 2010, 2011; NÓVOA, 2017a, 2017b) reinforce the importance of collective work as well as the identification of problematic situations experienced by teachers, overcoming the technicalist perspective of training. They also consider that in-service education for teachers should be linked to other factors, such as the improvement of working conditions and the valorization of the profession, so that the quality of education can be improved. Considering the historical trajectory of in-service education for teachers on literacy in the city of São Paulo, which culminates with the PEA and the PNAIC in the analyzed period, it is observed that both programs contribute in some way to the literacy work developed by the teachers, being added to experiences from the practice, including evidence that they recover previously developed formations in their professional career. The PEA, despite of having its ordinance built on the needs of the school and on the policies of the educational system for the city, presents limitations, since it does not contemplate the totality of the teaching staff and does not articulate properly the theme of the studies to a larger focus, which is students\' learning. The PNAIC had little dialogue with the PEA and with the in-service education policies in the municipality, which has already undergone large programs such as PROFA and \"Ler e Escrever\". The pedagogical coordinator, who could have acted as a liaison between the national policy and the training work already developed in schools, was not involved in the implementation of the PNAIC. The Regional Directorates of Education sought to include the CP in the debates, but the interviews revealed that such actions were not sufficient for the effective implementation of the PNAIC in schools. The research also shows that the in-service education for teachers\' work developed by the pedagogical coordination does not only consist in the moments of study promoted by the PEA or the PNAIC, but mostly by actions of planning and monitoring school activities, aiming to guarantee the right to literacy for all children.