In the Czech Republic all activities of individual groups of health care workers are defined by various regulations and laws. All nurses' competences are stipulated by 424/2004 Decree of Coll. of Laws and that defines activities and responsibilities for health care workers as well as other professionals and experts in the medical field. In my thesis three goals and hypotheses were set. The first goal of my thesis was to find out what level of awareness of the existence and of the content of the 424/2004 Decree doctors and nurses was. For that purpose the hypothesis Hl was set. It was worded as the following: ,Doctors are aware of the existence and the content of the 424/2004 Decree. The second goal was to find out what doctors' opinoions on the relevant competences were. To reach this goal hypotheses H2 were set. They were worded as the following:" Doctors have not become familiar with the importance of a qualification study that is backed up with having the relevant competences stipulated in 424/2004 Decree. H3 was worded as the following : "Activities required by doctors for nurses to be carried out go over their competences stipulated in 424/2004 Decree. H4: Activities going beyond nurses' competences do not enable the nurses providing relevant nursing care which should be focused on saturation and meeting patients' needs. The third goal was to find out what doctors think of the Decree's implementation in everyday life. I set a hypothesis that doctors do not feel any need to change nurses competences.

The theme of the diploma thesis Competencies of Nurses in Traumatology Outpatient Departments deals with a view of nurses of the existing competencies and the opinion on the increase. It is also mentioned the opinion of nurses about university-educated nurses, who work just for the traumatology outpatient departments, their importance and necessity. The aim of this diploma thesis is (besides the focusing on the competence growth) to analyse the actual interest of nurses in the personal competence growth and map the range of medical acts which are performed by the nurses. The theme of the competencies of the nurses nowadays is the current problem that must be solved. There are two aims of this thesis aim one: to determine the interest of nurses to increase competencies; aim two to map the opinions of nurses on increasing competencies. On the basis of the aims two hypotheses are introduced. Hypothesis one: the interest in increasing competencies is affected by the length of the practice; hypothesis two: the interest in increasing competencies is affected by education. To achieve the aims and hypotheses verification it was carried out a quantitative research using questionnaires. The questionnaires were addressed to nurses working at the traumatology outpatient departments in different hospitals. A total of 103 questionnaires were processed; it is represented by a different spectrum of the length of practice as well as the age range. In this thesis two research questions are set. Question one: what is the opinion of the nurses on increasing competence; question two: what is the range of medical acts that the nurses perform. To determine the results of the qualitative research it was used an in-depth interview with selected nurses who work at the traumatology outpatient department. A total of 10 interviews were carried out to supplement more accurate information. The survey results show that the nurses are interested in increasing their competencies, particularly in the area of decision-making and minor injuries treatment. However, a statistical evaluation of hypotheses shows that interest in the competencies is affected neither by the length of education nor the length of practice. It follows that neither hypothesis is confirmed. Statistically, the values are without mutual influence. The answer to the first question of the research also confirms that the nurses would welcome the possibility of increasing competencies, but to a limited extent. The nurses report that they most often treat bruises and minor injuries. Furthermore, limb/extremity fractures and koncové části těla fractures often occur. Among the most common injuries are also lacerations on the head. On the basis of my thesis, it is found that nurses know their competencies, are interested in their increasing and are able to manage them. My proposal is to raise a professional discussion on the topic increasing competencies of the nurses in Traumatology.

Theoretical approaches: Neurosurgery is a wide and sophisticated field and given the variety of neurological issues, this thesis focuses on the brain (vascular issues and tumors). Goals: This thesis has two goals. 1. To single out the specifics of caring for patients after brain surgery (of selected conditions). 2. To find out, whether the nurses know the specifics of caring for a patient after brain surgery. Hypotheses and research questions: H1: Nurses with tertiary education have greater theoretical knowledge of caring for patients after brain surgery than the nurses without tertiary education. H2: Nurses after getting the job of caring for patients after brain surgery didn't have an instructor.H3: Nurses after getting the job of caring for patients after brain surgery, most commonly struggle with an external ventricular drainage system. H4: Nurses most commonly gain the required knowledge to care for patients after brain surgery from literature. Research question 1: What is the level of knowledge of novice nurses about the specifics of caring for a patient with a brain condition? Methodology: The research was split in two parts. For the quantitative part of the research, the questionnaire method was selected. The questionnaire had 22 questions, 17 of them closed, 4 of them semi-open, 1 was an open question. The researchers handed out 300 questionnaires and received 246 (82%) of them back. 49 questionnaires had to be discarded as invalid. The final research sample consisted of 197 (100%) filled-out questionnaires. For the qualitative part of the research, the method of semi-structured interviews with open questions was selected. There were a total of 8 interviews conducted. Results: The goal of quantitative part of the research was to confirm or disprove the 4 hypotheses. H1: Nurses with tertiary education have greater theoretical knowledge of caring for patients after brain surgery than the nurses without tertiary education. Based on the data, we can see that the knowledge of nurses with tertiary education is not different from the knowledge of nurses without tertiary education. H1 was disproved. H2: Nurses after getting the job of caring for patients after brain surgery didn't have an instructor. Based on the questionnaire data, nurses did have an instructor. H2 was disproved. H3: Nurses after getting the job of caring for patients after brain surgery, most commonly struggle with an external ventricular drainage system. Based on the research data, an external ventricular drainage system is indeed the most commonly quoted problematic procedure when caring for a patient after brain surgery. H3 was confirmed. H4: Nurses most commonly gain the required knowledge to care for patients after brain surgery from literature. The research shows that this is not the case. Nurses most commonly learn the specifics of caring for patients after brain surgery from their instructors. H4 was disproved. For the qualitative part of the research, the method of semi-structured interviews with open questions was selected. The research question was: What is the level of knowledge of novice nurses about the specifics of caring for a patient with a brain condition? The interviews have shown that the knowledge of novice nurses about the specifics of caring for patients with a brain condition is on an appropriate level they know the specifics of caring for patients after brain surgery. Conclusion:The conducted original research as well as secondary literature has led us to several questions and recommendations: Is the nurse who has just started at the neurosurgery division properly being instructed about the specifics of her new job and is the adaptation process being conducted in the proper fashion? The results of this thesis suggest that a "Caring for patients in neurosurgery" manuscript could be written for general care nurses just starting at neurosurgery. This option was mentioned by some of the respondents in the questionnaire research

Seventh Day Adventist Church was established in the United States in the 19th century and belongs among the Protestant churches. Adventists are characterized by the fact that they expect the second coming of Jesus Christ and hold Saturday holy for celebration of God. The theoretical part deals with the definition of multicultural nursing, nursing and describes the nursing process. It is focused on nursing models Leininger and Giger with Davidhizar. Another part of the theoretical work deals with religion, spirituality spiritual needs of patients and clients. The last part focuses on the Seventh Day Adventist Church. There is information about their history, doctrine and communities, basic doctrinal pronouncements, their particularities such as baptism, which is done in adulthood, the Lord's Supper and principles of Christian life. Adventists worship on Saturday; they are not allowed to work and must devote the whole day to God. The work also describes the activities of the Church and the related humanitarian organization ADRA. Adventists keep to a healthy lifestyle and have a medical program called the NewStart. The goal of the diploma thesis was to find out the specifics of nursing care for members of the Seventh Day Adventist Church, to map out specific attitudes towards health among members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and to map opinion of nurses on the importance of multicultural nursing for their work. Towards these goals, five research questions had been established: 1. Do members of the Seventh-day Adventist have specific needs in nursing care? 2. How do members of the Seventh-day Adventist perceive medical personnel attitudes? 3. Do members of the Seventh-day Adventist have specific spiritual needs? 4. Do members of the Seventh-day Adventist lead a specific lifestyle? 5. Do nurses know the importance of multicultural nursing in practice? To fulfill the research objectives and to answer research questions, qualitative research was used. The survey was carried out through semi-structured interview with members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and general nurses. Interviews with members of the SDA were held in the Gathering of Seventh Day Adventist Church in Benešov and the snowball technique was used to find further respondents. Interviews with general nurses were conducted in two hospitals in internal and surgical wards. The Interviews were attended by 10 members of the SDA and 10 nurses. The qualitative survey found that members of the SDA church have no specifics in nursing care. Only some members, who are vegetarians, require a vegetarian diet in hospitals. In a hospital setting, they have no problem with praying and easily adapt to the surroundings, because they do not want to draw attention to themselves. They have no problem with vaccination, transplantation, receiving transfusions or other diagnostic and medical procedures. Most members perceive health professionals positively, but there were two who have experience with disdain and misunderstanding of their faith by them. Further research shows that Adventists have specifics in death care and diet. SDA has a health reform, which includes the NewStart. The Adventist Church does not recommend eating meat and bans alcohol, tobacco and narcotics. Nurses see major importance of multicultural nursing in avoiding conflict with a client that could arise from ignorance of their religion. Another point is the possibility to better understand the client's behavior and the ability to empathize with their feelings. Because of the knowledge of multicultural care, nurses are able to meet the needs of clients and provide them with quality nursing care. On the basis of the research, standard nursing procedures for members of the SDA and informational material for nurses to facilitate the provision of particular care to members of the SDA have been developed.

The first part of the thesis presents the theoretical definition of the term burnout syndrome. The most threatened people by the burnout are those who have been engaged in some activity for a long time, especially, those who works in the so-called helping professions i.e. health professionals, health visitors taking care of the elderly and chronically ill, social workers, teachers, psychologists and others. Another part deals with the history, symptoms, the course and also prevention and treatment options of the burnout syndrome. The theoretical part also clarifies stress as a trigger of the burnout. The knowledge gained and summarized in the theoretical part was used during the processing of the empirical part. The empirical part is based on the method of a quantitative research. Originally, it was intended to conduct a qualitative research among social workers and medical staff working at Homecare Domažlice. The homecare institution in Domažlice involve only 33 workers. The Aftercare Centre Motol with its 30 employees was added to the experiment to get higher amount of respondents and to compare the incidence of the burnout syndrome between professionals working at hospital and those who work outside of it. The discussion and conclusion summarize the facts and results and suggest a possible solution.

Basic theoretical background The theoretical part of the thesis explores the issue of supervision and focuses on psychiatric nursing. It is divided into several parts. The first part is focused on supervision, briefly characterizes supervision as such, then it describes its divisions, functions and methods. It also explores the participants of supervision, the agreement on supervision, transcultural supervision and Balint groups. The following part describes historical development of psychiatric nursing, briefly presents the personality of Joyce E. Travelbee. In the conclusion of the theoretical part of the thesis the problems of education and competence of nurses in psychiatric care are introduced, marginally mentioning the Turku declaration. The aim of the work The main aim of the thesis is to investigate the awareness of nurses working in psychiatric care of the clinical supervision options. The task of the second objective is to find out the opinion on supervision of nurses working in psychiatric care. The third objective is focused on means to assist nurses working in psychiatric care in their personal development and growth within their practices. The purpose of the fourth objective is to find experience with supervision of nurses working in psychiatric care. The methods used Qualitative investigation was chosen for the empirical part of the thesis. The method used for data collection was in the form of semi-structured interview. The interviews with the respondents were taken down using a voice recorder and transcribed, qualitative data was then analyzed by pencil and paper encoding technique and semantically organized into 27. groups of categorization. The selection of a research sample was intentional, consisting of twelve nurses working in psychiatric care in the Czech Republic. Results The research focused on nurses who do not have personal experience with supervision revealed that they have certain awareness of the supervisory process, however not quite sufficient to be able to describe the nature and function of supervision in its entirety. Their knowledge is rather theoretical. They understood supervision as help to solve disharmonious relationships in the workplace, as well as it could improve communication skills of the nurses, it would also assist in dealing with crisis intervention and prevent burnout syndrome. The results regarding nurses who do not participate in the supervisory process clearly indicated that they have insufficient support and the opportunity for both their professional and personal growth in their workplace, while this important could be solved by supervision. The research, which covered only nurses who have had personal experience with supervision and regularly participate in it, showed that their knowledge and skills related to the supervision process are quite sufficient to be able to understand and use supervision practically in the whole range. These nurses sees supervision as a benefit that would allow them not only to understood themselves, but also to learn how to manage challenging situations that are a part of their profession. Supervision gives them confidence, provides support and teaches them to deal with people who are part of their work process. Supervision has become a tool for preventing burnout and showed them how to use their own potential effectively. Conclusion This thesis is focused on the use of supervision in psychiatric nursing. Working with mentally challenged patients is very demanding, therefore supervision plays its justified role there. If you do not know yourself and you are not able to solve your own problems, you can never effectively and comprehensively address the problems of others, who are often desperately waiting for your help. The results will be presented at professional seminars designed not only to nurses working in psychiatric care.

The usual definition of empathy that can be found in books is that is a charakter, condition and process. It is considered the basic precondition of effective nursing practice and a means for reaching goals of treatment. Communication is unrepeatable in nursing in particular. The qualitative method of data collection - a semi-directed interview - was chosen for the research investigation. The interviews were conducted with the research set of twelve nurses and twelve patients. Two goals of the diploma thesis were defined; the first one was to map out what nurses and patients think about manifestation of empathy in nursing. The other goal was to compare the opinions of nurses and patients and to describe the differences ascertained.

The diploma is focused on a status of adhering to medical assistent?s competence. Contribution and use of this profesion in modern professional nursing is ambiguous and problematic in nursing practice. Nurse managers, nurses and medical assistents had participated in this survey. The survey took part, with head nurse?s approval, in hospitals of Central Bohemian region and Prague. The diploma is dividend into two parts, theoretical and practical. In practical part we have chosen to use a quantitative survey method. Then we have used a questionnaire method to collect data. Questionnaires were anonymous. The first group consisted of nurse managers in a count of 90 (100%) respondents. The sekond group consisted of nurses and medical assistents in a count of 181 (100%) respondents. The first goal of the diploma was to discover how medical assistents competence is being fulfilled according to legal standards. The survey discovered that medical assistents assignments are above standard legal competence. After proccessing the results of the quantitative survey, the first theory, that medical assistents are instructed to adhere to their competence, was disproved. The second goal was to assess the status of medical assistents in current professional nursing. In our survey we?ve defined a theory, that medical assistent?s competence contributes to an efficiency of a whole medical team. Results discovered, that medical asistent is an adequate member of a medical team, this theory was confirmed. The last goal of the diploma was to find out management point of view on use and involvement of this non-medical profesion in providing a high-quality nursing care. The third theory of the survey, that management prefers nurses to medical assistents, was also confirmed. These results confirm the current situation of this issue. Discovered results will be provided to medical facilities as a self-reflective and nursing activity improving materials.

Presented diploma thesis titled "Activation in the care of seniors" deals with the issue and the use of activation aktivities in nursing care of seniors in homes for the eldery in the South Bohemia region, Central Bohemia Region, West Bohemia region and in tha Vysočina region. The main objective of this diploma thesis was to map out what activation activities are used by nursing staff and what activation activities contribute to the self-sufficiency of the clients in the homes for elderly. The theoretcal part of this diploma thesis contains an information about the age and aging issues. Further part of the diploma thesis is dedicated to the definition and characterization of the notion of activation and description of the role of nurses in the care of seniors. It also approaches using of communication, motivation and sensual activation from the nurse's point of view. The following objectives have been set: Identify nurse's share of senior activation in providing nursing care in homes for elderly and also identify, which activities in the context of activation in nursing care are expected from family members of seniors from nursing staff. To achieve the goals have been set following research questions: Which activities are used by nursing staff in the context of activation in the providing of nursing care? How do activation activities contribute to the self-sufficiency of clients in seniors homes? What are activation activities from the perspective of family members expected from nurses? To achieve the objectives was chose a qualitative research, and the research sample consisted of nurses and family members. The results showed that the activation of providing nursing care to seniors is really important to them. Under the notion of activation, the nurses imagine the clients keep their self-sufficiency. An important factor that greatly affects the activation process is the lack of qualified staff in the homes for the elderly. Therefore we supposed that one of the possible solutions how to improve the activation in nursing care is to increase the number of professional and qualified staff. The research also showed, nurses activate the clients with the support of communication, mobilization, but also with the help of all day activities.

This submitted master's thesis is called "A retrospective view on the neonatal screening". The main aim of this thesis is to map a retrospective view on the neonatal screening in the basis of teoretical fundaments. Thesis deals with theoretical level of problematic. Thesis summarizes the historical development of clinical and laboratory neonatal screening. Next to that there are mentioned procedures executed by a nurse in relation with neonatal screening. Thesis also includes a characteristics of specific illnesses witch can be discovered and then correctly treated. Purpose of this thesis is to broaden a necessary knowledge not only among students and medical staff, but mainly among child nurses witch are performing a blood collections for the neonatal screening and they are in most cases the very first persons to be asked by parents for more informations. Great knowledge of the neonathal screening is elementar for every child nurse. Thesis can also be used as a certain guide for parents which will gain more informations about neonatal screening performed (with parents approval) on their newborn child. This master's thesis have been written after a proper study of available materials and have been summarized to complex text. Scientific analysis, synthesis and explantation were used during work on this thesis. We have used many external sources to create this thesis. Most valuable informations and publications have been found in the internet database PubMed, mostly in english. Very important was research and full text articles provided by the National medical library in Prague. Last but not least were used printed publications in czech and english.