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Pour caractériser le risque de submersion marine, il est très important d'avoir une connaissance précise des lois de distribution des niveaux d'eau marins, et plus particulièrement des niveaux d'eau extrêmes. En effet ce sont eux qui sont à l'origine des conséquences les plus dramatiques. Le programme de recherche mené au cours de cette thèse a été financé par le Ministère de l'Écologie, du Développement Durable et de l'Énergie. L'objectif final est de fournir des valeurs de référence de niveau d'eau marin le long des côtes françaises, par le biais d'une méthode d'analyse statistique des extrêmes. Ces niveaux comprennent les trois composantes suivantes : la marée, la surcote météorologique et le wave set-up. Le principe de base utilisé est le suivant : une analyse statistique est effectuée aux ports où la donnée marégraphique est disponible, puis le résultat est interpolé entre les ports. Différentes approches sont testées. Les points suivants sont en particulier étudiés :- la dépendance marée surcote, avec deux différents types de dépendance, une dépendance temporelle et une dépendance en amplitude ;- la méthode d'interpolation, avec la comparaison d'une analyse site-par-site (ASS) avec une analyse régionale (RFA), et celle d'interpolations 1D et 2D ;- l'estimation du wave set-up, basée sur l'état de l'art des formules paramétriques ;- la dépendance surcote vagues, avec des lois bi-variées de valeurs extrêmes. Le résultat final se présente sous la forme de deux profils de niveau d'eau de période de retour 100 ans : le premier sans l'action des vagues (marée et surcote météorologique) et le deuxième avec l'action des vagues. Les valeurs les plus élevées sont atteintes, pour le littoral de la Mer du Nord, la Manche et l'Atlantique, en Baie du Mont-Saint-Michel (à cause des conditions de marée), et pour le littoral méditerranéen au niveau de Marseille. L'analyse montre que la modélisation de la dépendance temporelle marée surcote n'influe pas significativement sur les estimations des valeurs extrêmes. Par contre la modélisation de la dépendance en amplitude donne des résultats intéressants pour certains ports. En comparaison avec l'ASS, la RFA tend à lisser les résultats. Les estimations issues de la RFA sont supérieures pour le littoral méditerranéen, et équivalentes pour le littoral de Mer du Nord, Manche et Atlantique. La RFA serait recommandée pour l'estimation des niveaux de retour en dehors du domaine de validité de l'ASS.À cause du petit nombre de sites d'observation, il est préféré une interpolation 1D le long du trait de côte lissé. Le wave set-up est calculé par la formule de Dean et Walton [2009].La dépendance surcote vagues est moyenne le long du littoral méditerranéen. Le facteur de dépendance montre des variations plus importantes le long du littoral de Mer du Nord, Manche et Atlantique, avec un maximum observé en Baie de Seine et des minima en Baie de Mont-Saint-Michel et au niveau de Calais. Des suggestions sont faites pour améliorer les méthodologies développées et appliquées dans le cadre d'un futur travail / Accurate knowledge of the statistical distribution of extreme sea levels is of the utmost importance for the characterization of flood risks in coastal areas, with a particular interest devoted to extreme water levels because they may induce the most dramatic consequences. Research was funded by the French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy to identify the risk of flooding from the sea in France. The aim is to provide values on design levels along the French coasts by a statistical method of extreme value analysis. These levels must include the effect of the three following components: tide, meteorological surge and wave set-up. The principle is as follows: an analysis is carried out at the harbours, where seal level observations are available, then the result is interpolated between the harbours. Different approaches are tested. In particularly, the following specific items are studied:- the tide surge dependence, with two different types of dependence: a temporal dependence and an amplitude dependence;- the interpolation method: with the comparison of a site-by-site analysis (SSA) with a Regional Frequency Analysis (RFA), and a 1-D with a 2-D interpolation;- the estimation of the wave set-up, based on the state of art of parametric formula;- the surge wave dependence, with the bivariate laws of extreme values. The final result is two profiles of the 100-year water level: one for the still water level (tide and meteorological surge), and the other for the sea level with the wave set-up. The highest sea levels are located, for the English Channel and Atlantic coasts at the Saint-Michel-bay (because of the tide), and for the Mediterranean coast around Marseille. The analysis shows that the temporal tide surge dependence has no effect on the estimation of the sea level extreme values. In contrast, the model of the amplitude tide surge dependence shows some interesting results for few harbours. In comparison with the SSA, the RFA tends to smooth the result. RFA estimates are higher along the Mediterranean coast, and similarly along the English Channel and Atlantic coasts. RFA would be recommended for estimating return levels out of the SSA validity domain. Because of the small number of observation sites, a 1-D interpolation, along a smoothed coastline, is preferred. The wave set-up is calculated with the formula of Dean and Walton [2009].The surge wave dependence is medium along the Mediterranean coast. Variations of the dependence factor are more important along the English Channel and the Atlantic coasts, with a maximum at the bay of the Seine and some minima at the bay of Saint-Michel and Calais. Some ideas are provided to perform the methodology for further work

DIPLOMOVÉ PRÁCE english: This thesis defines the term of a ready-made company. It describes the purchase of a ready-made company, its process and particular phases. The thesis also deals with other areas and specifics of this segment of market economy. It compares the situation in the Czech Republic to other countries, especially to EU member states. It includes also trends and anticipated future development of market with ready-made companies. Finally, the thesis evaluates the position of ready-made companies in market economy

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Bakgrund: Vid operationer är patienten utsatt för risk att drabbas av en postoperativ infektion som kan leda till ohälsa och ett ökat lidande för patienten. Operationssjuksköterskan som arbetar förebyggande mot smittspridning behöver ha kunskap om sterila instrument och hur länge de kan vara uppdukade. Detta för att motverka postoperativa infektioner. Idag finns inga nationella riktlinjer för hur länge en övertäckt uppdukning kan stå i uppdukningsrum i väntan på användning.   Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur tiden påverkar bakteriekontaminationen på ett uppduktat och övertäckt instrumentbord i ett uppdukningsrum.   Metod: Studien utgick från en kvantitativ ansats där experiment utfördes med hjälp av agarplattor under två, fyra och sex timmars intervall. Totalt användes 79 agarplattor under 6 olika experiment.   Resultat: Resultatet visar att efter sex timmar är ett övertäckt instrument bord utan kontamination på agarplattorna. Emellertid finns det andra faktorer som kan påverka en uppdukning som kan leda till en infektion hos patienten och orsaka ohälsa och lidande.   Slutsats: I operationssjuksköterskans ansvar ingår det att ha goda kunskaper kring hantering av sterila instrument samt aseptik eftersom detta kan vara avgörande för smittspridning som kan orsaka patienten ett onödigt vårdlidande. Resultatet kan ge en vägledning för evidensbaserad hantering av sterila instrument och hur länge ett övertäckt instrumentbord kan stå i ett uppdukningsrum, men studien är liten och det behövs mer forskning i ämnet. / Background: At surgery the patient is exposed to develop a surgical site infection. This can cause the patient illness and suffering. The theatre nurse is working to prevent these infections and needs knowledge about how long sterile instruments can be unpacked, covered with a sterile cloth without getting contaminated with bacteria causing surgical site infections. Today there are no national guidelines for how long a covered instrument table can stand in a set-up room before operation.   Aim: The aim of the study is to examine how time affects bacterial contamination of a covered instrument table up in a set-up room.   Method: The study has a quantitative approach were the experiments where conducted on agar in two, four or six hour. A total of 79 agar plates were used in 6 different experiments.   Results: The result shows that after six hours there is no contamination on the agar plates on covered instrument table. However, there are other factors that may affect a covered instrument table and can lead to an infection and cause the patient illness and suffering.   Conclusion: The theatre nurse must have knowledge about how to handle with sterile instruments and aseptic who can be crucial for surgical site infection that may cause the patient an unnecessary suffering from care.  The result can provide guidelines and evidence for how long a covered instrument table can stand in a set-up room, however the study is small and more research is needed in the subject.

The aim of this thesis is partly to create a dynamic decision model for Sandvik Machining Solutions distribution flows and partly to evaluate how the stock transfer system logic handle four specific exceptional situations. The purpose is to reduce the total costs while keeping or improving the service level. The thesis presents a total cost model and guidelines for the planning function when deciding the main supplier in the distribution. The thesis also presents a system logic evaluation of the stock transfer logic used by Sandvik Machining Solutions.

Molten Carbonate Fuel cells are high temperature fuel cells suitable for distributed generation and combined heat and power, and are today being installed on commercial basis in sizes from 100kW to several MW. Novel applications for MCFC which have attracted interest lately are MCFC used for CO2 separation from combustion flue gas, and high temperature electrolysis with reversible fuel cells. In the first application, the intrinsic capability of the MCFC to concentrate CO2 from the cathode to the anode side through the cell reaction is utilized. In the second application, the high operating temperature and relatively simple design of the MCFC is utilized in electrolysis, with the aim to produce a syngas mix which can be further processed into hydrogen of synthetic fuels. In this thesis, the effect on fuel cell performance of operating a small lab-scale molten carbonate fuel cell in conditions which simulate those that would apply if the fuel cell was used for CO2 separation in combustion flue gas was studied. Such operating conditions are characterized especially by a low CO2 concentration at the cathode compared to normal operating conditions. Sulfur contaminants in fuel gas, especially H2S, are known poisoning agents which cause premature degradation of the MCFC. Furthermore, combustion flue gas often contains sulfur dioxide which, if entering the cathode, causes performance degradation by corrosion and by poisoning of the fuel cell. This makes poisoning by sulfur contaminants of great concern for MCFC development. In this thesis, the effect of sulfur contaminants at both anode and cathode on fuel cell degradation was evaluated in both normal and in low CO2 simulated flue gas conditions.      The results suggested that the poisoning effect of SO2 at the cathode is similar to that of H2S at the anode, and that it is possibly due to a transfer of sulfur from cathode to anode. Furthermore, in combination with low CO2 conditions at the cathode, SO2 contaminants cause fuel cell poisoning and electrolyte degradation, causing high internal resistance. By using a small lab-scale MCFC with commercial materials and standard fuel cell operating conditions, the reversible MCFC was demonstrated to be feasible. The electrochemical performance was investigated in both fuel cell (MCFC) and electrolysis cell (MCEC) modes. The separate electrodes were studied in fuel cell and electrolysis modes under different operating conditions. It was shown that the fuel cell exhibited lower polarization in MCEC mode than in MCFC mode, and a high CO2 concentration at the fuel cell anode reduced the polarization in electrolysis mode, which suggested that CO2 is reduced to produce CO or carbonate. / Smältkarbonatbränsleceller (MCFC) är en typ av högtemperaturbränsleceller som är anpassade för kombinerad el- och värmeproduktion i mellan-till stor skala. Idag installeras MCFC på kommersiell basis i storlekar mellan 100kW och flera MW. En ny typ av tillämpning för MCFC som har väckt intresse på senare tid är användandet av MCFC för CO2-avskiljning i kombination med konventionell elproduktion genom förbränning. En annan ny tillämpning är högtemperaturelektrolys genom användandet av reversibla bränsleceller. I det första fallet utnyttjas att CO2 kan koncentreras från katod- till anodsidan, vilket sker genom cellreaktionen för MCFC. I det andra fallet utnyttjas den höga arbetstemperaturen och den relativt enkla cell-designen för att använda reversibla MCFC till elektrolys, med syfte att producera en syngas-blandning som kan förädlas till vätgas eller till syntetiskt bränsle. I denna avhandling studeras effekten på bränslecellens prestanda genom att operera en MCFC i lab-skala med driftförhållanden som simulerar de som förväntas uppkomma om bränslecellen användes för CO2-avskiljning ur rökgaser från förbränning. Dessa driftförhållanden karaktäriseras av låg CO2-koncentration på katodsidan jämfört med normal drift. Svavelföroreningar i bränsle, speciellt H2S, är kända för att orsaka förgiftning av anoden, vilket i sin tur försämrar bränslecellens prestanda. Dessutom innehåller rökgaser ofta SO2, vilket antas orsaka korrosion och förgiftning av katoden. Detta gör effekten av svavelföroreningar till ett prioriterat ämne för utvecklingen av MCFC. I denna avhandling undersöks effekten av svavelföroreningar på både anod- och katodsidan, i normala driftförhållanden och i förhållanden med låg CO2 som simulerar användandet av rökgaser för CO2-avskiljning. Resultaten tyder på att effekten av förgiftning med SO2 på katoden liknar den med H2S på anoden, och att detta kan vara orsakat av en transport av svavel från katod till anod. Vidare, i kombination med låg CO2 koncentration på katoden så orsakar SO2-föroreningar elektrolytdegradering, vilket orsakar hög inre resistans. Genom att använda en liten MCFC i lab-skala med kommersiella material och standardförhållanden för MCFC påvisades att reversibla smältkarbonatbränsleceller kan vara ett lovande koncept. Den elektrokemiska prestandan av både cell och separata elektroder undersöktes både som bränslecell (MCFC)och vid elektrolys (MCEC). Resultaten visade att cellen uppvisade lägre polarisation vid elektrolys än som bränslecell, och att ten hög CO2-koncentration på det som är bränslecellens anodsida gav upphov till en minskad elektrodpolarisation, vilket indikerar att CO2 reduceras för att producera CO eller karbonat. / <p>QC 20141028</p>

Capturer le CO2 est devenu un domaine de recherche important en raison principalement des forts effets de serre dont il est jugé responsable. La formation d'hydrate de gaz comme technique de séparation montre un potentiel considérable, d'une part pour sa faisabilité physique et d'autre part pour une consommation énergétique réduite. En bref, les hydrates de gaz (clathrates) sont des composés ″cages″ non-stoechiométriques, cristallins comme la glace et formés par une combinaison de molécules d'eau et de molécules hôtes convenables, à basses températures et pressions élevées. Puisque la pression exigée pour la formation d'hydrate de gaz est généralement forte, il est judicieux d'ajouter du bromure tétra-n-butylique d'ammonium (TBAB) comme promoteur de formation d'hydrate de gaz. En effet, le TBAB permet généralement de réduire la pression exigée et/ou d'augmenter la température de formation aussi que de modifier la sélectivité des cages d'hydrates au profit des molécules de CO2. TBAB participe à la formation des cages par liaisons ″hydrogène″. De tels hydrates sont nommés "semi-clathrate hydrates". Évidemment, des données d'équilibres de phase fiables et précises, des modèles thermodynamiques acceptables, et d'autres études thermodynamiques sont requises pour concevoir des procédés de séparation efficaces utilisant la technologie mentionnée ci-dessus. Dans ce but, des équilibres de phase de clathrate/semi-clathrate hydrates de de divers mélanges avec des gaz contenant CO2 (CO2 + CH4/N2/H2) ont été mesurés, ici, en présence d'eau pure et de solutions aqueuses de TBAB. La partie théorique de la thèse présente un modèle thermodynamique développé avec succès sur la base de la théorie des solutions solides de van der Waals et Platteeuw (vdW-P) associée aux équations modifiées de la détermination des constantes de Langmuir des promoteurs d'hydrates pour la représentation/prédiction des équilibres en présence de ″semi-clathrate hydrates″ de CO2, CH4, et N2. Plusieurs tests de cohérence thermodynamique basés soit sur l'équation de Gibbs-Duhem, soit sur une approche statistique ont été appliqués aux données d'équilibre de phase des systèmes de ″clathrate hydrates″ simples/mélanges afin de statuer sur leur qualité. / CO2 capture has become an important area of research mainly due to its drastic green-house effects. Gas hydrate formation as a separation technique shows tremendous potential, both from a physical feasibility as well as an envisaged lower energy utilization criterion. Briefly, gas (clathrate) hydrates are non-stoichiometric, ice-like crystalline compounds formed through a combination of water and suitably sized guest molecule(s) under low-temperatures and elevated pressures. As the pressure required for gas hydrate formation is generally high, therefore, aqueous solution of tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) is added to the system as a gas hydrate promoter. TBAB generally reduces the required hydrate formation pressure and/or increases the formation temperature as well as modifies the selectivity of hydrate cages to capture CO2 molecules. TBAB also takes part in the hydrogen-bonded cages. Such hydrates are called "semi-clathrate" hydrates. Evidently, reliable and accurate phase equilibrium data, acceptable thermodynamic models, and other thermodynamic studies should be provided to design efficient separation processes using the aforementioned technology. For this purpose, phase equilibria of clathrate/semi-clathrate hydrates of various gas mixtures containing CO2 (CO2 + CH4/N2/H2) in the presence of pure water and aqueous solutions of TBAB have been measured in this thesis. In the theoretical section of the thesis, a thermodynamic model on the basis of the van der Waals and Platteeuw (vdW-P) solid solution theory along with the modified equations for determination of the Langmuir constants of the hydrate formers has been successfully developed to represent/predict equilibrium conditions of semi-clathrate hydrates of CO2, CH4, and N2. Later, several thermodynamic consistency tests on the basis of Gibbs-Duhem equation as well as a statistical approach have been applied on the phase equilibrium data of the systems of mixed/simple clathrate hydrates to conclude about their quality.

The objective of this thesis is to critically evaluate difficulty of all steps needed to set up a kindergarten focused on German language. The thesis then questions the potential of this type of organization in Pilsen. The scale for the amount of potencial is based on a conducted survey targeted at pilsner parents with young children and their priorities when choosing a kindergarten. The evaluation arises also from the captures evaluating the project schedule, financial plan and expected amount of registered children. The theoretical part summarizes the geographical development in Czech Republic during the last periods and the legislation adjusting the establishment of a kindergarten. The practical part describes the concrete steps of the project from the very first thoughts to opening the kindergarten including the first two months of its operation.