The role of clusters in planetary atmospheres and the interstellar medium is potentially important. Investigating such a role requires basic experimental information, however lacking. The goal of this thesis was to develop an efficient experimental set-up to produce clusters in the laboratory in concentrations large enough to allow their high resolution spectra to be recorded, thus providing the necessary data allowing the physico-chemical properties of the clusters to be studied. The study of this subject however suffers from the lack of basic experimental data. The goal is therefore to produce clusters in the laboratory in concentration large enough to record their high resolution spectrum. This is the initial aim of the present thesis. During this work, we have built and extensively tested a new experimental set-up called FANTASIO (``Fourier trANsform, Tunable diode and quadrupole mAss spectrometers interfaced to a Supersonic expansIOn'). With the help of this new device, various experiments on jet-cooled species have been performed. The cartography of the supersonic expansion was established, using the mass spectrometer as a moving pressure probe. This enabled us to characterize the geometrical properties of the supersonic jet produced by circular and slit nozzles and to determine the position of the virtual nozzle. The effect of the axisymmetric expansion geometry on the R(0) lineshape in the nu_3 band of N_2O, recorded by FTIR, was also investigated. The rotational temperature of the jet-cooled molecules was determined to be a few K by measuring the intensity of lines in spectra recorded by FTIR spectroscopy. Vibrational energy transfer occuring in the expansion between N_2O molecules and different collision partners was investigated on the nu_2+nu_3-nu_2 band of N_2O, again using FTIR spectroscopy. The trend of these transfers was found to be related to the energy difference between the v_2=1 level of N_2O and the closest vibrational state in the collision partner, with the largest population. The sensitivity of the set-up was enhanced by a factor of 5 by increasing the absorption path length, using a multipass system. A procedure to remove the residual gas contribution from the IR spectra was developped, based on the mass spectrometer. Thanks to this sensitivity increase, broadband absorption features of clusters were observed for a C_2H_2-Ar mixture in circular and slit expansions. The optical sensitivity of FANTASIO was again increased by the implementation of the CW-CRDS system. The enhancement over FTIR was calculated to be over a factor 750. Thanks to this drastic improvement, spectral signatures of various clusters were recorded, such as C_2H_2-Ar, C_2H_2 multimers, C_2H_2-N_2O and C_2H_2-CO_2, at high resolution. The role of clustering in generating unusual line shapes of acetylene in an axisymmetric expansion was investigated. We demonstrated that C_2H_2 aggregates produced in the expansion are responsible for central dips observed in the monomer absorption. These acetylene clusters thus appear to be formed in the centre of the expansion, while, unexpectedly, acetylene-Ar complexes are formed at the edge of the conical expansion. Various research prospects were explored during this thesis thanks to the FANTASIO device, opening new research directions. FANTASIO is today operational and defines a useful tool to achieve the study of small clusters by infrared spectroscopy./ Le rôle des agrégats dans les atmosphères planétaires et dans le milieu interstellaire est potentiellement important. Cependant, les études sur ce sujet souffrent du manque de données expérimentales. Le but de cette thèse était de développer un dispositif expérimental efficace pour produire au laboratoire des agrégats en quantité suffisante pour permettre l'enregistrement de leur spectre infrarouge à haute résolution et donc l'étude de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques. Durant ce travail, nous avons construit et testé un nouveau dispositif expérimental appelé FANTASIO, basé sur un jet supersonique couplé à un spectromètre de masse, un spectromètre à transformée de Fourier et un système CRDS. Grâce à cet appareillage, différentes expériences sur des molécules à basse température ont été menées. L'expansion supersonique a été cartographiée en utilisant le spectromètre de masse comme une sonde de pression mobile. Cette cartographie nous a permis d'établir les propriétés géométriques des jets supersoniques produits par les orifices circulaire et de type fente, et de déterminer la position de l'orifice virtuel. L'effet de la géométrie de l'expansion sphérique sur le profil de la raie R(0) de la bande nu_3 de N_2O, enregistré par FTIR, a aussi été étudié. Une température rotationnelle de quelques K a été déterminée pour les molécules refroidies en jet supersonique par mesure de la distribution d'intensité de raies dans les spectres enregistrés par FTIR. Le transfert d'énergie vibrationnelle entre des molécules de N_2O et différents partenaires collisionnels a été étudié en analysant l'intensité de la bande nu_2+nu_3-nu_2 de N_2O, enregistré également par spectroscopie FTIR. Il a été trouvé que la tendance de ces transferts est liée à la différence d'énergie entre le niveau v_2=1 de N_2O et l'état vibrationnel le plus proche et le plus peuplé du partenaire collisionnel. La sensibilité du dispositif a été augmentée d'un facteur 5 dû à l'allongement du chemin d'absorption, grâce à l'utilisation d'un système multipassage. Une procédure basée sur l'utilisation du spectromètre de masse et visant à enlever la contribution du gaz chaud résiduel dans les spectres infrarouges a été mise au point. Grâce à cette augmentation de sensibilité, des structures d'absorption non résolues d'agrégats ont été observées dans des expansions en trou et en fente d'un mélange de C_2H_2-Ar. La sensibilité optique de FANTASIO a encore été augmentée par l'ajout au dispositif d'un système CW-CRDS. L'amélioration par rapport au spectromètre à transformée de Fourier a été calculée comme étant supérieure à un facteur 750. Grâce à cette importante amélioration, les signatures spectrales de divers agrégats, tels que C_2H_2-Ar, des multimères de C_2H_2, C_2H_2-N_2O et C_2H_2-CO_2, ont été enregistrées à haute résolution. Le rôle de l'agrégation dans la génération de profils de raie inhabituels dans une expansion en trou de l'acétylène a été étudié. Nous avons démontré que les agrégats de C_2H_2 produits dans le jet supersonique sont responsables des creux observés dans le profil d'absorption du monomère. Ces agrégats apparaissent donc comme étant formés au centre de l'expansion, tandis que, de manière inattendue, les agrégats de C_2H_2-Ar sont formés aux bords de l'expansion conique. Plusieurs idées de recherche ont été explorées durant cette thèse grâce au dispositif FANTASIO, ouvrant de nouvelles directions de recherche. FANTASIO est aujourd'hui opérationnel et se présente comme un outil utile dans l'étude des petits agrégats par spectroscopie infrarouge.

Las características antropométricas, del material de competición y la evolución de las variables cinemáticas (velocidad, frecuencia, longitud e índice de ciclo) sobre las distancias de 200 y 500 m, se valoraron en un total de 131 piragüistas de 13 y 14 años (hombres kayakistas, mujeres kayakistas y hombres canoistas, agrupados por edad). En la mayoría de las medidas antropométricas, los hombres kayakistas de 14 años fueron superiores al resto de categorías, no encontrándose diferencias entre los grupos de mujeres. La evolución de las variables cinemáticas fue similar en las diferentes categorías y distancias, con una tendencia decreciente de la velocidad y del índice de ciclo a partir de los primeros 50 m, una estabilización de la longitud de ciclo a partir de esta distancia y una disminución progresiva de la frecuencia de ciclo desde el inicio de la prueba. / The anthropometric characteristics, set-up of competition equipment and evolution of the kinematic variables (speed, cycle frequency, cycle length and cycle index) over distances of 200- and 500-m were analysed in 131 paddlers (male kayakers, women kayakers and male canoeists; 13-14 years-old). In most of the anthropometric measurements, 14 year-old male kayakers were higher than other groups; no differences were found between female groups. The evolution of the kinematic variables was similar in the different categories and distances. The speed and cycle index decreased through the test after the first 50 m, while the cycle length was stable. The cycle frequency had a progressive decrease along the distance

The aim of this report is to analyse the use of the capacity at the CNC (computer numerical control) cutters and show how the level of set up time for these cutters at Stålöv AB. This assignment is concrete whereas there are no subjective questions to this matter and there are only cold figures presented. Production economy is getting more important as the competition hardens and there are several different ways to increase productivity and efficiency in a company. In order to increase productivity and efficiency work studies are used to, through an analysis, find developments in methods that result in improved work methods and to establish the time that are used. Increased production of different parts and customer driven production in combination with increased demands on rationalisation of capital have led to an enlarged interest for shorter set up times in the production. To point out the use of capacity and the set up time of the cutters at Stålöv AB we used frequency studies. Frequency studies are work measure methods based on random observations on predetermined events to calculate the relative occurrence of these events. The purpose is to present the objective cold figures that show the use of capacity for all machines and totally. The compilation of the seven CNC cutters shows that the use of capacity reaches 33 %. The lack of machine operators is the single largest reason, 45 % of the total use of capacity. The set up time reaches 6 % totally of the 36 hours of observation of the machines. The study of the separate CNC cutters shows that the result follows the result of the compilation of all machines; the main reason why the use of capacity is low depends on the lack of machine operators. This means that if the demand increases there will not be enough operators to meet this demand. If using SMED, the set up time percentage share of the total use of capacity are too large, but the production of prototypes that supplies great value to the company may justify the set up times. By using Total Productive Maintenance (TPM), based on the elimination of breakdowns and defective products, the stability in production and the use of capacity may increase.

<p>The aim of this report is to analyse the use of the capacity at the CNC (computer numerical control) cutters and show how the level of set up time for these cutters at Stålöv AB. This assignment is concrete whereas there are no subjective questions to this matter and there are only cold figures presented.</p><p>Production economy is getting more important as the competition hardens and there are several different ways to increase productivity and efficiency in a company. In order to increase productivity and efficiency work studies are used to, through an analysis, find developments in methods that result in improved work methods and to establish the time that are used. Increased production of different parts and customer driven production in combination with increased demands on rationalisation of capital have led to an enlarged interest for shorter set up times in the production.</p><p>To point out the use of capacity and the set up time of the cutters at Stålöv AB we used frequency studies. Frequency studies are work measure methods based on random observations on predetermined events to calculate the relative occurrence of these events. The purpose is to present the objective cold figures that show the use of capacity for all machines and totally.</p><p>The compilation of the seven CNC cutters shows that the use of capacity reaches 33 %. The lack of machine operators is the single largest reason, 45 % of the total use of capacity. The set up time reaches 6 % totally of the 36 hours of observation of the machines.</p><p>The study of the separate CNC cutters shows that the result follows the result of the compilation of all machines; the main reason why the use of capacity is low depends on the lack of machine operators. This means that if the demand increases there will not be enough operators to meet this demand.</p><p>If using SMED, the set up time percentage share of the total use of capacity are too large, but the production of prototypes that supplies great value to the company may justify the set up times.</p><p>By using Total Productive Maintenance (TPM), based on the elimination of breakdowns and defective products, the stability in production and the use of capacity may increase.</p>

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the business environment of Ukraine from year 2001 to 2011 and evaluate the major changes and trends. I will proceed from the basic assessment of the economic environment in Ukraine to its focus on business issues. At the beginning I will show the development of general macroeconomic indicators of Ukrainian economy, then I will give statistics on international trade and investment. The next section will evaluate the international trade of Ukraine with its main partners. After that I will focus on the possibilities of cooperation with Czech Republic. At the end I will show specific actions related to the establishment of a foreign legal entity. Based on the analysis and my own experience I will create recommendations for entrepreneurs wishing to start working and develop business in Ukraine. I will also make some proposals for improvements to be made in the business environment in Ukraine to ensure effective trade with foreign business partners. The result of this thesis should be the conclusion if Ukraine is moving in the right direction nowadays.

Neuartige funktionsbedingte Bauteilgeometrien in geringen Stückzahlen lassen sich mit verschiedenen Methoden der additiv, generativen Fertigung, populärwissenschaftlich 3D- Druck genannt, effizient herstellen. Für den Konstrukteur solcher Bauteile bedeutet dies ebenfalls neuartige Methoden als bisher anzuwenden. Bauteilgeometrien, die hinsichtlich einer Zielgröße optimiert sind, können mit der Topologieoptimierung auf Basis eines FE- Modells rechnerisch ermittelt werden. Während die Topologieoptimierung schon seit längerem bekannt und etabliert ist, war die durchgängige Nutzung einer gemeinsamen Datenbasis häufig durch Hindernisse geprägt. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden die heutigen Möglichkeiten anhand des FE-Systems ANSYS aufgezeigt und hinsichtlich des effizienten praktischen Einsatzes bewertet. / Innovative function-related component geometries in small quantities can be produced efficiently with different methods of additive, generative manufacturing, in a popular science known as 3D printing. For the designer of such components it also means to use other methods as usual. Component geometries optimized regarding to a target size can be calculated using topology optimization based on a FE model. While topology optimization has been known and established for a long time, the consistent use of a common database was often characterized by obstacles. In this article today's possibilities are shown with the FE system ANSYS and evaluated with regard of the efficient practical use.

Genom en skriftlig intervju med strukturerade och öppna frågor samlasförskollärares perspektiv på interaktioner i tamburen in. Tolkning av förskollärarnassvar visar att det, som är viktigt för att en bra interaktion ska ske mellan barn ochvuxen i en tambursituation, krävs tid för kommunikation genom en väl utveckladarbetsstrategi. Bidraget av denna studie kan användas som inspiration förreflektionsarbete för att förbättra för alla som har förskolan som sin arbetsmiljö,vuxen som barn.

Forward osmosis (FO) is a membrane technology that uses the osmotic pressure difference to treat two fluids at a time giving the opportunity for an energy-efficient water and wastewater treatment. Various applications are possible; one of them is the application in industrial water management. In this review paper, the basic principle of FO is explained and the state-of-the-art regarding FO application in manufacturing industries is described. Examples of FO application were found for food and beverage industry, chemical industry, pharmaceutical industry, coal processing, micro algae cultivation, textile industry, pulp and paper industry, electronic industry, and car manufacturing. FO publications were also found about heavy metal elimination and cooling water treatment. However, so far FO was applied in lab-scale experiments only. The up-scaling on pilot- or full-scale will be the essential next step. Long-term fouling behavior, membrane cleaning methods, and operation procedures are essential points that need to be further investigated. Moreover, energetic and economic evaluations need to be performed before full-scale FO can be implemented in industries.

Das Rissverhalten von Stahlbeton wird maßgeblich durch die Verbundwirkung zwischen Bewehrung und Beton beeinflusst. Aktuelle Untersuchungen befassen sich mit der Rissbreitenentwicklung und Verbundspannungsverteilung unter Langzeitbelastung. Dabei werden verschiedene Betonsorten (fcm ≈ 30–70 MPa), drei unterschiedliche Probetypen sowie faseroptische Sensoren verwendet. In diesem Artikel sind der experimentelle und messtechnische Aufbau sowie die Ergebnisse der ersten Versuchsreihen im Vergleich zu bestehenden Verbundmodellen dargestellt. Darüber hinaus werden Einflüsse des Prüfkörpers und der Verbundlänge sowie die Möglichkeiten zur Erfassung des lokalen Verbundverhaltens mit faseroptischen Sensoren aufgezeigt.

La Tomographie à Emission de Positrons (TEP) permet d'obtenir une mesure dynamique et résolue en espace de la concentration d'un traceur radioactif injecté au patient. La quantification du débit sanguin cérébral par TEP repose sur l'utilisation d'un modèle cinétique le reliant à la variation spatio-temporelle de la concentration du traceur dans le cerveau. Différents modèles cinétiques sont proposés dans la littérature. Cependant, la majorité d'entre eux repose sur une modélisation compartimentale de l'organe observé. Dans ce cas, l'organe est subdivisé en un compartiment capillaire échangeant avec un compartiment tissulaire par une cinétique le plus souvent du premier ordre. Les résultats obtenus avec ce type de modèle sous-estiment le débit et ne permettent pas de prédire les premiers instants de la dynamique de répartition du traceur. Ces faiblesses ont été confirmées suite à l'amélioration de la résolution temporelle des tomographes, conduisant à l'élaboration de modèles incorporant plus de réalité physiologique. Cependant, tous ces modèles sont développés pour modéliser les échanges entre la micro-circulation et le tissu environnant à l'échelle d'un capillaire (échelle microscopique). Or la résolution spatiale des tomographes utilisés en clinique ne permet pas de distinguer la micro-circulation et le tissu. L'utilisation de ces modèles cinétiques avec des mesures de concentrations macroscopiques dépasse donc leur cadre théorique de validité et peut introduire des résultats faussés. Dans ce contexte, nous proposons un modèle cinétique basé sur le changement d'échelle (utilisant la méthode de prise de moyenne volumique). Ce changement d'échelle permet de remplacer l'ensemble micro-circulation/tissu par un volume fictif, homogène, dont les propriétés macroscopiques sont calculées à partir des propriétés microscopiques d'un Volume Elémentaire Représentatif (VER) du milieu. Dans un premier temps, afin de pouvoir comparer les résultats de ce modèle avec ceux du modèle compartimental standard, le VER considéré est constitué d'un capillaire unique et de son enveloppe de tissu, puis une complexité géométrique supplémentaire est introduite en considérant un réseau de capillaire isotrope à l'échelle de Darcy. Ces modèles sont utilisés pour identifier le débit à l'aide d'une méthode inverse. Pour cela, l'évolution temporelle du champ de concentration dans notre géométrie de référence, qui ne peut être mesurée par TEP en raison de sa faible résolution spatiale, est déterminée par des simulations numériques ainsi que par des mesures in vitro à l'aide d'un modèle expérimental, également développé au cours de ce travail, permettant de reproduire l'écoulement dans un canal traversant une matrice diffusante (gel d'alginate). / Positron Emission Tomography (PET) provides a dynamic and space-resolved measurement of the concentration field of a radioactive tracer previously injected to the patient. Quantification of cerebral blood flow by PET is based on the use of a kinetic model linking cerebral blood flow to the spatial and temporal variations of tracer concentration in the brain. Various kinetic models have been proposed in the literature. However, most of the mare based on a compartmental approach of the observed organ In this case, the organ is divided in two compartments, the capillary and the tissue, and the exchanges between these two compartments are often described by a first order kinetic model. Results obtained with this kind of model under estimate the flow rate and are notable to predict the first instants of the tracer dynamics distribution. With the continuous improvement of the temporal resolution of PET, these weaknesses have been confirmed, which led to the development of models incorporating more physiological reality. However, all these models have been developed to describe exchanges between micro-circulation and surrounding tissue at the scale of capillary vessels (microscopic scale). Because the spatial resolution of PET inclinical practice is insufficient to allow the distinction between micro-circulation and tissue, using of these models with kinetic measurement of macroscopic concentrations exceeds their theoretical validity and can introduce false results. In this context, we propose a kinetic model based on up-scaling (using the method of volume averaging). This up-scaling technique allows to replace the two previous compartments (tissue and micro-circulation) by an homogeneous fictive volume, whose macroscopic properties are calculated from the microscopic properties of are presentative elementary volume (REV) of the medium. First, in order to compare the results of this model with those of the standard compartmental model, the considered REV consists of a single capillary and its surrounding tissue. Second, additional geometric complexity is introduced by considering an isotropic capillary network at the Darcy scale. These models are used to identify the flow rate using an inverse method. For that purpose, the temporal evolution of concentration field in a geometry of reference, which can't be measured by PET due to its low spatial resolution, is determined by numerical simulations and by in vitro measurements. These measurements are performed using an experimental model developed during this work to reproduce the flow in a channel passing through a diffusive matrix (alginate gel).