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Volkswagen (VW) is one of the first foreign carmakers that made direct investments in China after 1978. From its entry in the Chinese market to the year of 2009, VW enjoyed popularity, high reputation, and undisputed leadership in the Chinese passenger car market, and achieved a great commercial success. Most previous accounts attribute VW’s success in China to VW’s wise business operation or Chinese government’s support. This study guided by the methods and theories of technology studies, especially the actor-network theory (ANT), takes into account technical, socioeconomic, political, or cultural factors simultaneously. By selecting one of VW’s successful joint ventures with China – Shanghai Volkswagen (SVW) – as a case to do in-depth investigation, it examines the relationship between heterogeneous actors (both humans and nonhumans) and the pathways of SVW development, and has found that all of the SVW establishment, production, marketing, and development were shaped by a range of diverse social and material actors, including the central planners, local government, VW, local suppliers, Chinese consumers, and VW cars, and depended on Chinese particular political and cultural context; VW’s success in China presents a story of co-construction of power and actor-networks. / Ph. D.

Under global urbanization backgrounds with physical population migrations and relocations, corresponding consequences in society developments, cultural transformations, technology inventions and interactions between regions and countries, etc. are considered as having a huge impact on normal urban dwellers. For human beings always have intentions towards managements and benefits from natural surroundings, urban dweller demands under the modern challenges and their interactions are necessary to be concerned about. Urban ecosystem is considered as a highly developed civilization, but also with features of resources and energy demands and pollution and distributional exports. As the only natural element in this ecosystem, UGI (urban green infrastructures) is considered as an important human-environment interaction provider with urban ecosystem services (UES) largely focused by academic scholars, urban planners and policy managers. As one of the fastest urbanizing cities in the world, Shanghai is considered as having huge cultural and social developments combined with socioeconomic acceleration. Under the unique background of policy planning and traditional Confucian culture transformation, the impacts to urban dweller demands, whether these newly developed modern demands can be satisfied by UES provided by UGI and how the understandings of these normal dwellers to UGI in Shanghai are necessary for academic researches. By considering the interactions with urban dwellers, six urban parks in the center of Shanghai are chosen as research sites in this study. Combined with factors of urbanization processes and observed patterns of visitor interactions, the indicator of “park age” is concerned with three old parks (older than 25 years old) and three new parks (younger than 25 years old). With methodologies of fieldwork mapping, questionnaires, indicator based evaluation system constructions, etc., the quantitative and qualitative analyses were carried out to habitat diversity, cultural and regulation UES results, and the background reasons caused by political and financial influences are subject to further discussion. The visitors to urban parks of Shanghai are classified into four sorts: “retired dwellers”, “dwellers for children care”, “tourist visitors” and “other visitors”, we found out that related demands and interactions with urban parks have significant differences. After detailed discussions, it could be figured out that the visitors demands play a significant role, and the interactions between visitors and UES in Shanghai are comprehensively influenced by multiple factors of “visiting objectives”, “park cultures (ages, popularities, etc.)” and “personal identities (educations, incomes, etc.)”. Based on this, the detailed differences of policy, finance, Confucian culture, nature understanding, and community society between old and new parks were further discussed. With all aspects of physical, mental, psychological and other demand aspects especially focused on, the typical features in Shanghai are also highly concentrated on dominant activities. For China is suffering from national environmental and urbanization problems but lack in related concerns combined with dweller demands, this research work may make certain efforts on model assessment methodologies constructions and national implementations. Also, with a combined background of top-down policy systems and natural understandings under socioeconomic duress, this research could also make significant efforts in dweller-UES interactions researches in similar cases of other countries and newly developed urban ecosystems in the world.

published_or_final_version / Asian Studies / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / Education / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

張娟. / "2013年8月". / "2013 nian 8 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Zhang Juan.

Ce travail traite un sujet négligé par les historiens chinois et occidentaux : la cour mixte française de Shanghai à la fin des Qing (1869-1911), un tribunal chargé de régler les litiges entre résidents étrangers et chinois, ceci sur la base d’archives françaises et chinoises inédites. Le chapitre premier retrace l’établissement de la cour, en décrit la juridiction et le personnel. Le chapitre deux réévalue le conflit juridictionnel entre la cour mixte française et la cour mixte internationale de Shanghai en 1902, à la suite duquel la cour mixte française fut reconnue par les autres puissances occidentales. Le chapitre trois procède à une relecture détaillée des jugements rendus par la cour, qui montre l’influence croissante mais encore limitée du Droit Civil. Le chapitre quatre restitue l’influence de la justice traditionnelle chinoise dans le règlement des litiges entre Chinois où la médiation reste plus importante que le jugement formel. Les chapitres cinq et six examinent la justice pénale rendue par la cour dans les infractions aux règlements municipaux au moyen desquels le Consul français entreprit de discipliner les comportements des habitants chinois de la concession. Imposant sa juridiction sur les affaires criminelles par l’aggravation de peine des délinquants et la correctionnalisation des crimes, il parvint à réduire l’intervention des magistrats chinois. Cette étude entend contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de la justice dans la concession étrangère de Shanghai, et à une meilleure compréhension des éléments composites qui ont contribué à la modernisation de la Chine à la fin des Qing. / This work deals with a subject neglected by Chinese and Western historians: the French mixed court of Shanghai in the Late Qing (1869-1911), a tribunal to settle disputes between foreign and Chinese residents, on the basis of archives French and Chinese. Chapter One reviews the establishment of the court, describes its jurisdiction and staff. Chapter Two re-evaluates the jurisdictional dispute between the French Mixed Court and the Shanghai International Mixed Court in 1902, after which the French Mixed Court was recognized by the other Western powers. Chapter Three gives a detailed analysis of the judgments rendered by the court, which shows the growing but still limited influence of Civil Law. Chapter Four restores the influence of traditional Chinese justice in the settlement of disputes between Chinese in which mediation remains more important than formal judgment. Chapters Five and Six examine the criminal justice system rendered by the court in breaches of municipal by-laws by which the French Consul undertook to discipline the behavior of the Chinese inhabitants of the concession. Imposing its jurisdiction over criminal cases through the aggravation of the penalties of offenders and the correctionalization of crimes, he succeeded in reducing the intervention of the Chinese magistrates. This study aims to contribute to a better knowledge of justice in the Shanghai foreign concession, and to a better understanding of the composite elements that contributed to the modernization of China at the end of the Qing.

Cette monographie consacrée à l’Exposition universelle de Shanghai (2010) voudrait être une contribution à l’histoire générale des Expositions universelles. Elle propose une approche plurifocale qui se déploie sur une temporalité à la fois longue et contemporaine.Il s’agit, dans un premier temps, de tenter de retracer l’histoire de la présence de la Chine dans les Expositions universelles (de 1851 à 2018) tout en mettant en lumière la motivation historique de l’organisation de l’Expo 2010 Shanghai.Dans un deuxième temps, l’attention se polarise sur l’organisation, le déroulement et l’appropriation de l’Exposition universelle de 2010 (Shanghai), un méga-événement qui se situe dans un temps très court (184 jours). Le rôle de cet événement dans la construction de l’image d’une ville « mondiale » et « harmonieuse », vitrine de la modernité chinoise est mis en avant.Dans un troisième temps est abordée la question de l’évaluation (matérielle et immatérielle) de l’événement sous un double aspect : les représentations que l’Expo 2010 a suscitées (en Chine et hors de Chine) et les conséquences sur le développement urbain et culturel de Shanghai.Une note finale s’attachera à questionner les enjeux de la création du World Expo Museum et du rôle que la Chine entend jouer de manière durable dans la valorisation des Expositions internationales, métaphore permanente de sa stratégie de « soft power ». / This monograph dedicated to the Expo 2010 Shanghai and it contributes to the general history of World Expos. It discusses the history of China’s participations in the World Expos and the contemporary effects of Expo 2010 Shanghai from multiple aspects.Firstly, it aims to trace the history of China's presence in the World Expos (from 1851 to 2018) by attempting to reproduce the of the country image of China that wanted to be shown to the world, but also to measure the impact of Chinese domestic politics on this international presence. Relative Chinese documents, including unpublished ones have been mobilized for this purpose.Secondly, the focus is on the Expo 2010 Shanghai, which was held within a very short time (184 days) as a mega-event. By reconstructing the root cause of the decision that led to this event, it is a question of identifying the role of this event that played on three scales: local, national and international. Expo 2010 Shanghai is part of a policy of geopolitical affirmation of China (like the Olympic Games) which wanted to show its ability to organize an event as a developing country for the events that usually held by western countries. The preparation, organization, and the influence of this event are the subject of a special study to understand the role of this event in the construction of a "world city" and a "Harmonious City" for Shanghai, in the practice of "soft power" strategy for China.Thirdly, the question of the evaluation (material and nonmaterial) of the event are considered from two points of view: Expo 2010 representations raised domestic and overseas; the influence generated by the left elements (pavilion, site, and materials) of this event on China, Shanghai city, as well as on World Expos.The final note seeks the future influence of the construction of the World Expo Museum and the experience of holding international expositions, which could be a permanent engine of China’s “soft power” strategy.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) as a regional organization and its role on the policies of People&rsquo / s Republic of China towards Central Asia. Central Asia region is important for Beijing because of plenty of reasons like energy, commercial ties, balancing weight of United States and security of Xinjiang Autonomous Region. In this respect, relations of China with this important region constitute great importance in order to understand current situation and future of China. SCO, as mainly a security organization, has been transformed to a multi purpose organization and it has begun to occupy important place in policies of China towards Central Asia. SCO is a very effective instrument for China in order to implement her policies, increase her influence and solve her problems in the region. This thesis consists of five chapters / explanation of conceptual framework and introduction of the study will be made in Chapter 1 and then broad definition of SCO will be made in Chapter 2. In the 3rd chapter, sources and aims of Chinese foreign policy, Central Asia policy and effects of SCO to these elements will be explained. In chapter 4, attitude of other important powers to SCO will be examined and at the last Chapter thesis will be concluded.