The Swedish Government announced on June 15, 2022 that electric scooters will no longer be allowed to park on pedestrian and bicycle lanes starting from September 1, 2022, except at designated bicycle racks or other designated parking areas. This measure has been taken to improve accessibility and safety for pedestrians and cyclists. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the effects and opinions regarding the parking ban in Stockholms stad, with a focus on users, municipalities, and operators. The report combines quantitative and qualitative methods, including surveys, interviews, and data analysis, to analyze various effects and opinions regarding the parking ban. The results show that users, municipalities, and operators perceive the implementation of parking zones as positive for the urban environment bypromoting increased orderliness and cleanliness. However, there is a downside in terms of longer walking distances to destinations and reduced convenience, as door-to-door travel is no longer as feasible. Complaints about illegal parking have decreased among the general public, but there have been other requests from users and operators regarding the placement of parking zones.  The municipalities Stockholms stad and Göteborgs Stad agree that a well-developed infrastructure for privately owned bicycles and shared electric scooters is crucial for implementing the parking ban. This study ultimately demonstrates that the introduction of the parking ban has had a negative impact on the usage of electric scooters in Stockholm's inner city.

This thesis examines examples of the management of shared e-scooters in the three Swedish municipalities of Västerås, Borås, and Gävle to understand the approaches used in the planning of these vehicles. Since the amendment of the Traffic Ordinance (Chapter 3, Section 48) on September 1, 2022, municipalities have faced challenges in managing e-scooters in urban areas, as they are no longer allowed to be parked on sidewalks and bike lanes, and can only be parked at bicycle rack or other designated spots.The aim of the thesis is to see through content analysis how the three municipalities of Västerås, Borås and Gävle manage shared electric scooters in planning. This is to find best practice on how future planning for shared electric scooters can be designed in the city of Västerås in order to better address the requirements set in the Traffic Ordinance (Chapter 3, Section 48).The result shows that there are different approaches to handling electric scooters to benefit both the municipality and the interested operators who offer the electric scooter services. In this way, both parties can be involved in the development of the vehicle and its infrastructure for a more sustainable structure in the city and a better choice of means of transport.The city of Västerås has good opportunities to influence the development of shared electric scooters as they are still at a stage where they can evaluate what needs they have in this matter. The opportunities to take inspiration from other municipalities' management and implement these in the city can be a good first step towards planning that is adapted to the Traffic Ordinance (Chapter 3, Section 48). / Examensarbetet tittar på exempel av hantering av delade elsparkcyklar i de tre svenska kommunerna Västerås, Borås och Gävle för att se vilka tillvägagångssätt som används i planeringen av fordonet. Detta för kommuner har, sedan införandet av ändringen i Trafikförordningen (3 kap. 48§) den 1 september 2022, haft besvär med hur de ska hantera elsparkcyklar i staden då de längre inte får parkeras på gång- och cykelbanor och får endast parkeras vid cykelställ eller annan uppställningsplats.Syftet med examensarbetet är att genom innehållsanalys se hur de tre kommunerna Västerås, Borås och Gävle hanterar delade elsparkcyklar i planeringen. Detta för att hitta bästa praxis på hur framtida planering för delade elsparkcyklar kan utformas i Västerås stad för att bättre adressera de krav som ställs i Trafikförordningen (3 kap. 48§).Resultatet visar att det finns olika tillvägagångssätt att hantera elsparkcyklar för att både gynna kommunen och de intresserade operatörerna som erbjuder elsparkcykeltjänsterna. På detta vis kan båda parter involveras i utvecklingen av fordonet och dess infrastruktur för en mer hållbar struktur i staden samt bättre val av transportmedel.Västerås stad har bra möjligheter att påverka delade elsparkcyklars utveckling då de fortfarande är i ett skede där de kan utvärdera vad för behov de har i frågan. Möjligheterna att ta inspiration från andra kommuners hantering och implementera dessa i staden kan vara ett bra första steg att gå mot en planering som är anpassad efter Trafikförordningen (3 kap. 48§).

The rapid increase in car ownership has caused rigorous issues for people living in the major cities in China, which is observe from traffic pressure, the inconvenience of city travelling, and air pollution. While the fast development of digital service platforms based on the Internet provides an alternative approach to touch the problems, leading a researchable phenomenon, online car-sharing service in China. This paper strives to explore the impact of car sharing on millennial sustainability attitudes by using the daily service on apps to ‘drive less, share more’. The paper is conducted using mixed research methods in Suzhou, China. Principally, the researchers interviewed ten car- sharing consumers during shared ride. To ensure the creditability and reliability, the paper collected 326 online survey responses from local car-sharing platforms as comparable data. The results show that most millennials agree car-sharing service makes their traffic modes more convenient, and taking shared ride more compared to self-driving has a significant influence on social and environmental issues in cities. Also, some respondents present willingness or already take actions on giving up car ownerships. However, the result also emphasises the fundamental reasons for millennials to participate in car-sharing service, which is personalised service and reasonable price. The paper closes with three outcomes, sharing economy as ‘Development’, digital service as ‘Innovation’, and sustainability as ‘The future’. They not only enrich the current literature research between Millennials and sharing economy, but also promote further strategies for car-sharing companies with empirical data.

abstract: Optimization of on-demand transportation systems and ride-sharing services involves solving a class of complex vehicle routing problems with pickup and delivery with time windows (VRPPDTW). Previous research has made a number of important contributions to the challenging pickup and delivery problem along different formulation or solution approaches. However, there are a number of modeling and algorithmic challenges for a large-scale deployment of a vehicle routing and scheduling algorithm, especially for regional networks with various road capacity and traffic delay constraints on freeway bottlenecks and signal timing on urban streets. The main thrust of this research is constructing hyper-networks to implicitly impose complicated constraints of a vehicle routing problem (VRP) into the model within the network construction. This research introduces a new methodology based on hyper-networks to solve the very important vehicle routing problem for the case of generic ride-sharing problem. Then, the idea of hyper-networks is applied for (1) solving the pickup and delivery problem with synchronized transfers, (2) computing resource hyper-prisms for sustainable transportation planning in the field of time-geography, and (3) providing an integrated framework that fully captures the interactions between supply and demand dimensions of travel to model the implications of advanced technologies and mobility services on traveler behavior. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2018