Diss.--München (Technische Hochschule).

A b s t r a c t. Shea nut butter was extracted from shea nut by cold press method and was investigated as feedstock for the production of biodiesel. Biodiesel yield was used to verify the optimization, while density and viscosity were chosen to serve as an indicator for the effectiveness and completeness of the ester conversion process. Based on the amount of shea butter used, the final product yield obtained was 94.55% mass and the percentage conversion of FFA in shea butter to biodiesel was 92.3% using a methanol/oil ratio of 6:1 and 1.0% mass KOH at 60 min and 55°C, respectively. The important properties of the biodiesel (density, kinematic viscosity, cloud point, pour point, cetane number, neutralization number, iodine value, methyl ester content and high heating value) were compared to those of ASTM and EN standards for biodiesel. The comparison shows that the shea butter methyl ester could be used as an alternative to diesel.

Thesis (M.A. in anthropology)--Washington State University, May 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 28, 2009). "Department of Anthropology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-103).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1995. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 207-230).

Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka effekten av olika kvalitéer av shea-stearin och palmolja med avseende på solid fat content (SFC)-värdet efter att fettet hade genomgått en simulering av en deodoriseringsprocess. Utöver att undersöka olika kvalitéer testades även effekten av två olika grundrecept med stora andelar av shea-stearin och palmolja. Recepten bestod av en mindre andel shea-stearin och resterande var palmolja (recept A) samt högre andel shea-stearin med resterande palmolja (recept B). Andelen diglycerider för samtliga prover studerades för att undersöka dess effekt på SFC-värdet. Metoderna som användes för försöken var en simulator som skulle efterlikna en deodorisör samt så användes externa NMR och HPLC-analyser för att få ut solid fat content respektive andelen diglycerider för proverna. Resultaten visade att andelen av shea-stearin och palmolja i en lösning har en tydlig påverkan på SFC-värdet då skillnader i SFC-värdena observerades för samtliga prov. Beroende på receptet kunde även skillnader ses före och efter deodoriseringen där receptet med störst andel shea-stearin gav störst skillnad i SFC-värden. Andelen diglycerider observerades ha en tydlig omvänd korrelation med både SFC-värdet och kvalitén av en olja. Vid tillsättning av god kvalité med lägre andel diglycerider observerades det att SFC-värdet ökade. Slutsatsen är att receptet har störst påverkan för SFC-värdet men även andelen av god kvalité jämfört med sämre kvalité sågs ha en effekt. Även om tydliga mönster observerades genom att undersöka SFC-kurvor utifrån av andelen diglycerider och dess effekt på SFC-värdet i en fettlösning, så går det inte att fastställa orsaken till detta och mekanismerna utan ytterligare undersökning.

Les échanges commerciaux s'intensifient et s'étendent à l'ensemble de la planète. Le consommateur est exigeant et sensible à la qualité et à l'origine des produits alimentaires qu'il achète. Devant la difficulté de mettre en place des systèmes documentaires dans les pays d'Afrique sub-saharienne, des nouvelles stratégies de traçabilité émergent. Parmi les nouveaux moyens de tracer les produits d'origine végétale, l'idée de créer un « code barre biologique » basé sur l'analyse des ADN de microorganismes présents sur les fruits est une piste intéressante. Cette thèse est l'objet d'étude d'un WP dirigé par D. Montet obtenu dans le cadre du projet Inco Innovkar géré par JM Bouvet de l'UR 39. Cette méthode repose sur l'hypothèse que la microflore commensale du fruit de karité est spécifique entre autre d'une zone géographique de production. L'écologie des bactéries, levures et moisissures seront étudiées par le thésard sur le karité et le Physalis, une plante à fruit de la même zone géographique à fort potentiel commercial. L'analyse biochimique des fruits ainsi que l'activité antimicrobienne de certaines molécules sera étudiée (physaline). / Trade intensified and spread to the entire planet. The consumer is demanding and sensitive to the quality and origin of food products they buy. Given the difficulty of setting up documentation systems in countries in sub-Saharan Africa, new strategies are emerging traceability. Among the new means of tracing products of plant origin, the idea of creating a "biological bar code" based on the analysis of DNA of microorganisms on fruit is an interesting idea. This thesis is the subject of a study conducted by D. Montet WP obtained under the Inco project managed by JM Bouvet Innovkar of UR 39. This method assumes that the commensally microflora of the fruit of Shea is among other a specific geographical area of production. The ecology of bacteria, yeasts and molds will be reviewed by the PhD student on Shea butter and Physalis, a plant with fruit of the same geographical area with high commercial potential. Biochemical analysis of fruit and antimic robial activity of certain molecules will be studied (physaline).

Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies affect an estimated 3 billion people worldwide and are linked with cognitive and physical impairments, maternal and child mortality rates, and decreased adult work activity. To combat this "hidden" hunger, plant breeders in Mali are working to increase sorghum grain Fe and Zn concentrations. The objective of this study was to investigate soil and mold influences that affect Fe and Zn uptake and accumulation in sorghum grain. In southern Mali, soils from participatory sorghum variety trials and areas of different parent material and proximity to Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) trees were analyzed for diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Zn and related soil properties, and sorghum grain was analyzed for Zn concentration. An inoculation trial was also performed at College Station, TX to determine if sorghum grain infected by the mold Curvularia lunata significantly increased grain Fe concentrations. DTPA-extractable Zn concentration was highly variable with high concentrations found in soils under Shea tree canopies with high pH and organic carbon and derived from mafic, high Zn-content parent material. However, these high concentrations did not significantly affect grain Zn concentrations in sorghum grown outside of the canopy. Groundnut grown underneath the canopy is likely to be affected and warrants further investigation. In many cases, soil DTPA-extractable Zn concentrations were at deficient levels, thus hampering its correlation to sorghum grain Zn concentration and potentially limiting the expression of genetic Zn biofortification. Knowledge of soil DTPA-extractable Zn concentrations or basic soil properties such as pH, organic carbon, and soil parent material may aid in the location of suitable available Zn fields and overall biofortification efforts. Grain Fe concentration was not significantly related to Curvularia lunata percent recovery or grain mold rating, but instead showed a relatively high variance by panicle, digestion batch, and grain subsample. Additional work is needed to address these sources of Fe variation so as to determine better if mold affects grain Fe concentrations.

This dissertation investigates the modern American stadium from the late 1940s to the early 1980s, examining the ideologies that shaped these monumental buildings and the meanings people affixed to them. Stadiums were significant components of the modern landscape, frequently hosting massive audiences, costing tens of millions of public dollars, and uniquely symbolizing cities and their citizens’ civic spirit. Through interpretations of these stadiums’ architectural expression, spatial constitution, discursive construction, and visual representation, this study explores the ideological landscape of the modern United States, expands understandings of modern space, and examines what it meant to be “modern” throughout this period. A response to the old stadiums they replaced—largely masculine, inter-class, inter-racial, rambunctious places locked into run-down neighborhoods—new stadiums eliminated traditional and iconic sites of urban diversity, reconstituting sports spaces as modern, suburban, and technological. They re-gendered stadium space, integrating women into it as consumers and service workers. They re-classed stadium space, outfitting it with exclusive restaurants and private luxury boxes. They technologized stadium space, conspicuously loading it with exploding scoreboards and massive video screens. They re-racialized stadium space, relocating it from old ballparks adjacent dense African-American neighborhoods to open sites along freeways convenient to booming white suburbs or as anchors to clean-sweep downtown redevelopment. They fundamentally altered stadium experience, shifting emphasis from games on the field to entertainments and consumption opportunities around it. In doing all these things, modern stadiums materialized an ideological apparatus privileging a range of values and practices including gender distinction in mixed-gender settings, socio-economic and racial segregation, technological scientism, and consumption-oriented stimulation. Roy Hofheinz, the force behind the iconic Houston Astrodome’s planning and execution, fully understood the relationship of the material and the ideological; as he put it, “You’ve got to have tangibles to sell intangibles.” To illustrate these points, this dissertation engages postwar plans for futuristic new stadiums from designers like Norman Bel Geddes and Buckminster Fuller; the construction of new stadiums in the mid-1960s in New York, Houston, and St. Louis; and the increasingly routinized modern stadium of the 1970s—a controversial expression of modern progress for some, modern artificiality for others. / text

Os mecanismos endógenos de proteção frente aos danos promovidos pelas radiações solares são insuficientes, tornando importante a utilização de formulações fotoprotetoras, corporais e labiais, para reduzir as lesões promovidas por tais radiações. Protetores labiais são preparações que protegem os lábios de fatores ambientais adversos e evitam o ressecamento. Citam-se, como exemplos, os fotoprotetores labiais, que protegem a mucosa labial das radiações ultravioleta A e B. Estes são compostos por filtros solares (compostos ativos), aditivos e agentes graxos, dentre outros, os quais podem exercer influência na eficácia fotoprotetora da preparação. Deste modo, estudar a influência da alteração quali e quantitativa de determinados componentes da fórmula na fotoproteção conferida pelo produto final é de grande valia para a melhoria da eficácia do fotoprotetor labial. Portanto, este trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento de fotoprotetores labiais contendo manteiga de karitê (butyrospermum parkii) como composto bioativo, ethylhexyl methoxicinnamate como filtro solar orgânico e titanium dioxide como filtro solar inorgânico; a avaliação da estabilidade das preparações por meio da Avaliação Preliminar da Estabilidade; a caracterização organoléptica e física das preparações; e a determinação da eficácia fotoprotetora in vitro por espectrofotometria de refletância difusa com esfera de integração. Todas as balas foram consideradas estáveis. Dentre as variáveis estudadas, o titanium dioxide exerceu influência na maioria das respostas avaliadas (ponto de fusão por equipamento de ponto de fusão; valor de L*; valor de b*; distância máxima no teste de dureza; força máxima no cantilever test; valor de slope no cantilever test; razão UVA/UVB; fator de proteção solar; e porcentagem de transmitância). A manteiga de karitê exerceu influência nas respostas: distância máxima no teste de dureza; força máxima no cantilever test; e valor de slope no cantilever test (apenas a 25°C). O ethylhexyl methoxicinnamate influenciou nas respostas: distância máxima no teste de dureza; força máxima no cantilever test; valor de slope no cantilever test (apenas a 25°C); razão UVA/UVB; fator de proteção solar; e porcentagem de transmitância. Nenhuma das variáveis influenciou as respostas: valor de ponto de gota, DSC e a distância máxima no cantilever test. / The endogenous protection mechanisms against the damages promoted by solar radiations are insufficient. Therefore, the use of photoprotective formulations both corporal and labial, become important for the minimization of the lesions caused by these radiations. Lip protectors are preparations that protect the lips against adverse environmental conditions and avoid their dehydration. Photoprotective lipsticks may be cited as examples. These formulations protect the mucosa against ultraviolet A and B radiations. They are composed by solar filters (active compounds), addictives and fatty agents, amongst others, which may exert influence on the formulation\'s photoprotective efficacy. Therefore, the study of the influence of qualitative and quantitative alterations of certain components of the formula on the photoprotection supplied by the final product is greatly valuable for the efficacy improvement of a photoprotective lipstick. Hence, this research work aimed at the development of photoprotective lipsticks containing shea butter (butyrospermum parkii) as bioactive compound, ethylhexyl methoxicinnamate as organic filter and titanium dioxide as inorganic filter; the evaluation of formulations\' stability through the Preliminary Stability Test; physical and organoleptical characterization of the formulation; and the determination of the in vitro photoprotective efficacy by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy with integration sphere. All formulations were considered stable. Amongst the studied variables, titanium dioxide influenced the majority of the evaluated responses (melting point using melting point equipment; L* value; b* value; maximum distance on the hardness test; maximum strength on cantilever test; slope value on cantilever test; UVA/UVB ratio; sun protection factor; and transmittance percentage). Shea butter influenced: maximum distance on the hardness test; maximum strength on cantilever test; and slope value on cantilever test (only at 25°C). Ethylhexyl methoxicinnamate influenced: maximum distance on the hardness test; maximum strength on cantilever test; slope value on cantilever test (only at 25°C); UVA/UVB ratio; sun protection factor and transmittance percentage. None of the variables influenced drop point, DSC and maximum distance on the cantilever test.

Os mecanismos endógenos de proteção frente aos danos promovidos pelas radiações solares são insuficientes, tornando importante a utilização de formulações fotoprotetoras, corporais e labiais, para reduzir as lesões promovidas por tais radiações. Protetores labiais são preparações que protegem os lábios de fatores ambientais adversos e evitam o ressecamento. Citam-se, como exemplos, os fotoprotetores labiais, que protegem a mucosa labial das radiações ultravioleta A e B. Estes são compostos por filtros solares (compostos ativos), aditivos e agentes graxos, dentre outros, os quais podem exercer influência na eficácia fotoprotetora da preparação. Deste modo, estudar a influência da alteração quali e quantitativa de determinados componentes da fórmula na fotoproteção conferida pelo produto final é de grande valia para a melhoria da eficácia do fotoprotetor labial. Portanto, este trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento de fotoprotetores labiais contendo manteiga de karitê (butyrospermum parkii) como composto bioativo, ethylhexyl methoxicinnamate como filtro solar orgânico e titanium dioxide como filtro solar inorgânico; a avaliação da estabilidade das preparações por meio da Avaliação Preliminar da Estabilidade; a caracterização organoléptica e física das preparações; e a determinação da eficácia fotoprotetora in vitro por espectrofotometria de refletância difusa com esfera de integração. Todas as balas foram consideradas estáveis. Dentre as variáveis estudadas, o titanium dioxide exerceu influência na maioria das respostas avaliadas (ponto de fusão por equipamento de ponto de fusão; valor de L*; valor de b*; distância máxima no teste de dureza; força máxima no cantilever test; valor de slope no cantilever test; razão UVA/UVB; fator de proteção solar; e porcentagem de transmitância). A manteiga de karitê exerceu influência nas respostas: distância máxima no teste de dureza; força máxima no cantilever test; e valor de slope no cantilever test (apenas a 25°C). O ethylhexyl methoxicinnamate influenciou nas respostas: distância máxima no teste de dureza; força máxima no cantilever test; valor de slope no cantilever test (apenas a 25°C); razão UVA/UVB; fator de proteção solar; e porcentagem de transmitância. Nenhuma das variáveis influenciou as respostas: valor de ponto de gota, DSC e a distância máxima no cantilever test. / The endogenous protection mechanisms against the damages promoted by solar radiations are insufficient. Therefore, the use of photoprotective formulations both corporal and labial, become important for the minimization of the lesions caused by these radiations. Lip protectors are preparations that protect the lips against adverse environmental conditions and avoid their dehydration. Photoprotective lipsticks may be cited as examples. These formulations protect the mucosa against ultraviolet A and B radiations. They are composed by solar filters (active compounds), addictives and fatty agents, amongst others, which may exert influence on the formulation\'s photoprotective efficacy. Therefore, the study of the influence of qualitative and quantitative alterations of certain components of the formula on the photoprotection supplied by the final product is greatly valuable for the efficacy improvement of a photoprotective lipstick. Hence, this research work aimed at the development of photoprotective lipsticks containing shea butter (butyrospermum parkii) as bioactive compound, ethylhexyl methoxicinnamate as organic filter and titanium dioxide as inorganic filter; the evaluation of formulations\' stability through the Preliminary Stability Test; physical and organoleptical characterization of the formulation; and the determination of the in vitro photoprotective efficacy by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy with integration sphere. All formulations were considered stable. Amongst the studied variables, titanium dioxide influenced the majority of the evaluated responses (melting point using melting point equipment; L* value; b* value; maximum distance on the hardness test; maximum strength on cantilever test; slope value on cantilever test; UVA/UVB ratio; sun protection factor; and transmittance percentage). Shea butter influenced: maximum distance on the hardness test; maximum strength on cantilever test; and slope value on cantilever test (only at 25°C). Ethylhexyl methoxicinnamate influenced: maximum distance on the hardness test; maximum strength on cantilever test; slope value on cantilever test (only at 25°C); UVA/UVB ratio; sun protection factor and transmittance percentage. None of the variables influenced drop point, DSC and maximum distance on the cantilever test.