隨著無線網路的興起，許多相關的研究議題也應運而生，利用無線網路(WLAN)對於使用者位置的判斷與追蹤就是其中相當熱門的一塊。經過近幾年的發展，室內WLAN定位誤差的進步空間已達到極限，其原因主要出在無線訊號傳播的物理性質所產生的侷限。然而，大部分擁有良好精準度的定位系統是建立在不切實際的人力成本上，故我們將著眼點放在如何減少收集大量訊號所耗費的人力，同時保持不錯的精準度。取得AP位置所消耗的人力資源也是我們考慮的一環。 因此，我們提出一套新的定位系統：首先建立少數的資料點，再透過推測基地台位置和插入機制來完成訊號資料庫的初步建置。然後在定位的同時收集使用者接收到連續的訊號強度，透過隱馬可夫鏈建立的模型，再配合其他演算法來更新訊號資料庫。實驗結果顯示，相較於其他兩個定位系統，我們的系統能夠減少最多的人力建置資源，並且達到有競爭力的定位精準度。除此之外，我們也分析了系統在使用舊的資料庫或是不同的實驗環境下，能夠展現怎樣的定位結果。 / Following the raise of Wireless LAN networks, there are a lot of relative research issues in today’s life. Tracking and locating mobile users in RF-based WLAN (IEEE 802.11) is a very important issue in location-based applications area. The error distances of indoor WLAN locating was decreased to approximately 1.5 meter in recent years. However, the improvement in accuracy was limited due to the nature of radio propagation. Many researches which contain precise accuracy were based on an impractical effort of collecting too much signal data which we usually called “calibration” in this area. So this thesis focuses on how to reduce the calibration efforts without losing too much accuracy. Confirming the allocation of access points is another kind of calibration effort we concerned. As a consequence, we proposed a new locating system: first we calibrated few points and utilized inferring AP’s position and interpolation to complete radio map. During location estimation phase, radio map could be updated dynamically using learning mechanism modeled by HMM and other algorithms. In the experimental results, we proved our system maintained a comparable accuracy under reducing much calibration effort than other two locating systems. Besides, we analyzed the performance of our system with elder radio map and in two different experimental environments.

Call quality has been crucial from the inception of telecommunication networks. Operators need to monitor call quality from the end-user's perspective, in order to retain subscribers and reduce subscriber 'churn'. Operators worry not only about call quality and interconnect revenue loss, but also about network connectivity issues in areas where mobile network gateways are prevalent. Bandwidth quality as experienced by the end-user is equally important in helping operators to reduce churn. The parameters that network operators use to improve call quality are mainly from the end-user's perspective. These parameters are usually ASR (answer seizure ratio), PDD (postdial delay), NER (network efficiency ratio), the number of calls for which these parameters have been analyzed and successful calls. Operators use these parameters to evaluate and optimize the network to meet their quality requirements. Analysis of speech quality is a major arena for research. Traditionally, users' perception of speech quality has been measured offline using subjective listening tests. Such tests are, however, slow, tedious and costly. An alternative method is therefore needed; one that can be automatically computed on the subscriber's handset, be available to the operator as well as to subscribers and, at the same time, provide results that are comparable with conventional subjective scores. QMeter® 'a set of tools for signal and bandwidth measurement that have been developed bearing in mind all the parameters that influence call and bandwidth quality experienced by the end-user' addresses these issues and, additionally, facilitates dynamic tariff propositions which enhance the credibility of the operator. This research focuses on call quality parameters from the end-user's perspective. The call parameters used in the research are signal strength, successful call rate, normal drop call rate, and hand-over drop rate. Signal strength is measured for every five milliseconds of an active call and average signal strength is calculated for each successful call. The successful call rate, normal drop rate and hand-over drop rate are used to achieve a measurement of the overall call quality. Call quality with respect to bundles of 10 calls is proposed. An attempt is made to visualize these parameters for better understanding of where the quality is bad, good and excellent. This will help operators, as well as user groups, to measure quality and coverage. Operators boast about their bandwidth but in reality, to know the locations where speed has to be improved, they need a tool that can effectively measure speed from the end-user's perspective. BM (bandwidth meter), a tool developed as a part of this research, measures the average speed of data sessions and stores the information for analysis at different locations. To address issues of quality in the subscriber segment, this research proposes the varying of tariffs based on call and bandwidth quality. Call charging based on call quality as perceived by the end-user is proposed, both to satisfy subscribers and help operators to improve customer satisfaction and increase average revenue per user. Tariff redemption procedures are put forward for bundles of 10 calls and 10 data sessions. In addition to the varying of tariffs, quality escalation processes are proposed. Deploying such tools on selected or random samples of users will result in substantial improvement in user loyalty which, in turn, will bring operational and economic advantages.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-08-07T13:35:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ?RIKA CAPELLI DE PAULA.pdf: 5259838 bytes, checksum: 1d9b6fe276253a112ebacd6f7e2f3725 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T13:35:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ?RIKA CAPELLI DE PAULA.pdf: 5259838 bytes, checksum: 1d9b6fe276253a112ebacd6f7e2f3725 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-30 / Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas ? PUC Campinas / The necessity to monitor the greatness related to the comfort of internal environments of buildings, aiming to provide well-being to its occupants, made one think of a solution using Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). This research project proposes the construction of a WSN, with the elements Base, Sensor Node and Repeater, and methods, of verification and distribution of these elements, that aim at the monitoring of greatness related to the comfort of indoor environments, in an urban context. For proof of concept of what was proposed and verification of the behavior of the network, measurements of Temperature, Relative Humidity (RH) and Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) were collected, the latter being the focus of analysis at work, the Which allowed the adaptation of the WSN to allow the distance between the Base and the environment monitored by the Sensor Nodes. The tests were divided into two parts, the first one to validate the components, sectoral antenna Antenna and SHT75 sensor, and the second one to collect measurements, in the internal environment of a library. Through the tests, it was verified, through the observation of the signal intensity behavior, the operation of the WSN and the fulfillment of the proposal. / A necessidade do monitoramento de grandezas relacionadas ao conforto de ambientes internos de edifica??es, visando proporcionar bem-estar a seus ocupantes, fez com que se pensasse em uma solu??o utilizando Rede de Sensores Sem Fio (RSSF). Este projeto de pesquisa prop?e a constru??o de uma RSSF, com os elementos Base, N? sensor e Repetidor, e metodologia, de verifica??o e distribui??o desses elementos, que visam o monitoramento de grandezas relacionadas ao conforto de ambientes indoor, em um contexto urbano. Para prova de conceito do que foi proposto e verifica??o do comportamento da rede, foram coletadas medidas de temperatura, Umidade Relativa (UR) e intensidade do sinal (RSSI - Received Signal Strength Indication), sendo a ?ltima o foco de an?lise no trabalho, o que permitiu a adequa??o da RSSF para possibilitar o distanciamento entre a Base e o ambiente monitorado pelos N?s sensores. Os ensaios foram divididos em duas partes, a primeira para valida??o dos componentes, antena Path setorial e sensor SHT75, e a segunda para coleta de medidas, no ambiente interno de uma biblioteca. Atrav?s dos ensaios realizados, foi comprovado, atrav?s da observa??o do comportamento da intensidade do sinal, o funcionamento da RSSF e o atendimento da proposta.

The ultra-wideband (UWB) technology has a vast unlicensed frequency spectrum, which can support precise indoor positioning in orders of centimeters. The features of UWB signals can be utilized for variety of applications. In this project first we present an empirical channel models to analyze the localization accuracy of the UWB technology for interactive electronic gaming (Ping-Pong) in Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Obstructed LOS (OLOS) scenarios. Then we introduce a new concept that we refer to as micro-gesture detection to handle the more refined motions of the hand, such as rotation, while one antenna is held by the user using features of UWB signal. We use four specific features of the UWB signals: time of arrival, power of the first peak, total power, and the Root-Mean Square (RMS) of the delay spread, for this purpose. As the hand rotates the position of the antenna in the hand and the external antenna changes from LOS to OLOS. We demonstrate that features of the UWB signals are more useful than the RSS signal of the Wi-Fi to detect this class of micro-gestures. We foresee this micro-gesture detection capabilities become helpful for the people with limited ability or visually impaired for implementation of simplified sign language to communication with electronic devices located away from a person. We compare gesture detection using multiple features of the UWB signal with traditional gesture detection using the received signal strength (RSS) of the Wi-Fi signal.

Advances in wireless communication have enabled mobility of personal computing services equipped with sensing and computing capabilities. This has motivated the development of location-based services (LBS) that are implemented on top of existing communication infrastructures to cater to changing user contexts. To enable and support the delivery of LBS, accurate, reliable, and realtime user location information is needed. This thesis introduces a cognitive dynamic system for tracking the position of mobile users using received signal strength (RSS) in Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN). The main challenge in WLAN positioning is the unpredictable nature of the RSS-position relationship. Existing system rely on a set of training samples collected at a set of anchor points with known positions in the environment to characterize this relationship. The first contribution of this thesis is the use of nonparametric kernel density estimation for minimum mean square error positioning using the RSS training data. This formulation enables the rigorous study of state-space filtering in the context of WLAN positioning. The outcome is the Nonparametric Information (NI) filter, a novel recursive position estimator that incorporates both RSS measurements and a dynamic model of pedestrian motion during estimation. In contrast to traditional Kalman filtering approaches, the NI filter does not require the explicit knowledge of RSS-position relationship and is therefore well-suited for the WLAN positioning problem. The use of the dynamic motion model by the NI filter leads to the design of a cognitive dynamic tracking system. This design harnesses the benefits of feedback and position predictions from the filter to guide the selection of anchor points and radio sensors used during estimation. Experimental results using real measurement from an office environment demonstrate the effectiveness of proactive determination of sensing and estimation parameters in mitigating difficulties that arise due to the unpredictable nature of the indoor radio environment. In particular, the results indicate that the proposed cognitive design achieves an improvement of 3.19m (56\%) in positioning error relative to memoryless positioning alone.

Advances in wireless communication have enabled mobility of personal computing services equipped with sensing and computing capabilities. This has motivated the development of location-based services (LBS) that are implemented on top of existing communication infrastructures to cater to changing user contexts. To enable and support the delivery of LBS, accurate, reliable, and realtime user location information is needed. This thesis introduces a cognitive dynamic system for tracking the position of mobile users using received signal strength (RSS) in Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN). The main challenge in WLAN positioning is the unpredictable nature of the RSS-position relationship. Existing system rely on a set of training samples collected at a set of anchor points with known positions in the environment to characterize this relationship. The first contribution of this thesis is the use of nonparametric kernel density estimation for minimum mean square error positioning using the RSS training data. This formulation enables the rigorous study of state-space filtering in the context of WLAN positioning. The outcome is the Nonparametric Information (NI) filter, a novel recursive position estimator that incorporates both RSS measurements and a dynamic model of pedestrian motion during estimation. In contrast to traditional Kalman filtering approaches, the NI filter does not require the explicit knowledge of RSS-position relationship and is therefore well-suited for the WLAN positioning problem. The use of the dynamic motion model by the NI filter leads to the design of a cognitive dynamic tracking system. This design harnesses the benefits of feedback and position predictions from the filter to guide the selection of anchor points and radio sensors used during estimation. Experimental results using real measurement from an office environment demonstrate the effectiveness of proactive determination of sensing and estimation parameters in mitigating difficulties that arise due to the unpredictable nature of the indoor radio environment. In particular, the results indicate that the proposed cognitive design achieves an improvement of 3.19m (56\%) in positioning error relative to memoryless positioning alone.

Indoor/Outdoor Location of Cellular Handsets Based on Received Signal Strength Jian Zhu 123 pages Directed by Dr. Gregory D. Durgin Accurate geo-location is an important emerging technology for public safety, commercial use, and military application. Especially, in the United States, the wireless Enhanced 911 (E911) rules by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) seek to provide 911 dispatchers with additional information on wireless 911 calls. This dissertation presents a novel technique for indoor/outdoor location of cellular handsets based on received signal strength (RSS) measurements taken by a cellular handset of the surrounding base stations. RSS location accuracy for different environments is studied as a function of base station separation distance, cell sector density, measurement density, radio propagation environment, and accuracy of measurement. The analytical and experimental results in this thesis serve as a guideline for the accuracy of RSS signature location technology under different conditions. Accurate outdoor to indoor penetration models are proposed and validated for dense urban areas by introducing pseudo-transmitters to simulate the wave-guiding effects in urban canyon environments. A set of location algorithms is developed to improve location accuracy. Furthermore, an algorithm to discriminate between indoor and outdoor users is proposed and validated. The research results demonstrate the feasibility of RSS location techniques to meet the FCCs requirements for E911 accuracy in urban and semi-urban environments. The techniques remain accurate for indoor handsets. The results also suggest that a hybridization of the handset-based GPS method and the RSS signature method may prove to be the most effective solution for locating handsets across a range of environments; including rural, suburban, dense urban, and indoor.

Ubiquitous location-aware systems and services are becoming a reality as made evident by the widely known Global Position System (GPS). However, indoor location-aware sensing systems are not yet commercially viable since: (i) for a GPS-based system, the signals attenuate and can multipath indoors causing weak signal and poor location (ii) for a Radiolocation-based system, the propagation of radio signals are complex and difficult to model. In this paper, we present RadLoco, a location-sensing system that uses IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN survey techniques to create a radio Received Signal Strength (RSS) map of the propagation environment. To provide accurate location estimation, we make use of a kernel-window estimation algorithm that is used to approximate the probability density function of RSS measurement and location. Unlike parametric estimators, this non-parametric kernel approach requires less knowledge of the distributions of location and measurements, and also makes use of the prior knowledge of mobile terminal location to reduce the estimation error. The novelty of the system is an innovative radio/ultrasonic sensory network which allows for rapid data collection whereas the standard technique of defining a grid of survey points with measuring rulers, chalk, and tape would require a great amount of manpower. Using this sensory network, a 2000m sq. office building is surveyed in four hours by a single technician. Our experimental results indicate the mobile terminal is located on the correct oor with over 98% accuracy and with a mean error of less than 2.5m from the true location.

Prevailing propagation phenomena in certain areas play a vital role in deciding terrestrial wireless systems performance. Vertical refractivity profile below 1 km is a critical parameter for designing reliable systems; noting that there is a shortage of upper-air data worldwide. Anomalous phenomena may cause severe signal fading and interference beyond the horizon. The objectives of this thesis are to investigate dominant refractive conditions in the subtropical Arabian Gulf region, develop new approaches and empirical models for evaluating vertical refractivity profiles and relevant propagation parameters in the low troposphere, and to examine the impact of frequently experienced anomalous phenomena on terrestrial microwave links. Twenty-three years of meteorological measurements, from 1990 to 2013, are utilized using spatially separated surface stations and a single radiosonde in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Profiles of sea level, surface and upper refractivity components are statistically analysed. Three major atmospheric layers; namely 65 m, 100 m and 1 km above the ground are studied to analyse relevant propagation parameters such as sub-refraction, super-refraction, anomalous propagation probability parameter β0 and point refractivity gradient not exceeded for 1% of time. The effective earth radius factor k is investigated using a new weighted averaged approach. In addition, the seasonal structure of atmospheric ducting is dimensioned within 350 m layer above ground. Finally, microwave measurement campaign is conducted using multiple radio links operating in UAE using various frequency bands. The link budget simulations are compared with the signal strength measurements. Fading scenarios are studied against the observed anomalous conditions and several recommendations are concluded.

The master's thesis deals with problems which is associated with rough detection of distance between wireless modules based on ZigBee technology. In the first logical part it theoretically describes this technology and their characteristics. This section gives basic informations needed to understand the operation of wireless communications and also acquaint him with some of the terms from this sphere. Next thing is description of the medium access together with a detailed description of functions that are crucial for deter-mining the signal strength. The second part is devoted to describe the 1321XDSK-BDM development kit. Another section is devoted to the design of the user's interface for displaying measured data. It consists of a theoretical design, which describes the initial vision of the device accompanied by solution of communication between wireless module and the proposed device. Follows the design of the involvement in Eagle software and explanation of the various components. In the last two chapters of the whole logical structure is described construction of the device and simple user's guide. The following chapter talks about the selection of suited application, necessary changes and own implementation of source code. There is even a description of important features and components of the application. The penultimate chapter contains a distance measurement in terrain using wireless modules and designed device. Here are tested different influences on the final distance measurement accuracy. In conclusion there is a debate over the results achieved. Particular, this section includes an assessment of precision measuring methods and evaluates aplicability of this method in practice.