This article explores the use of presidential signing statements during the George W. Bush administration. Given the existence of united government for much of Bush's term in office, why could the Bush administration and Congress not reach agreements on issues where much common ground should have existed? Its principal argument contends that the administration's use of presidential signing statements constitutes a new and important tool in the executive's efforts to influence legislation and expand the powers of the presidency. The paper employs case study and interview-based research to explore why the Bush administration has chosen to pursue this unprecedented path.

This article explores the use of presidential signing statements during the George W. Bush administration. Given the existence of united government for much of Bush's term in office, why could the Bush administration and Congress not reach agreements on issues where much common ground should have existed? Its principal argument contends that the administration's use of presidential signing statements constitutes a new and important tool in the executive's efforts to influence legislation and expand the powers of the presidency. The paper employs case study and interview-based research to explore why the Bush administration has chosen to pursue this unprecedented path.

This article explores the use of presidential signing statements during the George W. Bush administration. Given the existence of united government for much of Bush's term in office, why could the Bush administration and Congress not reach agreements on issues where much common ground should have existed? Its principal argument contends that the administration's use of presidential signing statements constitutes a new and important tool in the executive's efforts to influence legislation and expand the powers of the presidency. The paper employs case study and interview-based research to explore why the Bush administration has chosen to pursue this unprecedented path. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

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This study evaluates the relationship between different types of player prospects selected in the Major League Baseball amateur draft and their signing bonuses relative to where in the draft they were selected. In a perfect market differences in prospects’ statistical likelihoods of reaching the major leagues should be reflected in their relative signing bonus. The research reported here found that college players, regardless of position, have a higher likelihood of reaching the major leagues than high school players but this is not reflected in their signing bonus indicating that college players continue to be undervalued in the draft. Outfielders were found to reach the major leagues at a significantly lower rate than other players in other positions but are not penalized financially for the decreased likelihood of reaching the major leagues indicating an overvaluation of outfielders.

Les protocoles d'échange d'informations représentent un des grands domaines actuels de recherche en sécurité informatique, et sont entre autres à la base des mécanismes de commerce électronique. Ils sont par exemple nécessaires à la réalisation d'un achat en ligne, à la signature d'un contrat électronique et au courrier électronique recommandé. Dans ces exemples, les échanges d'informations consistent à échanger respectivement un objet électronique contre un paiement, des signatures digitales sur un même contrat, et un courrier électronique contre un accusé de réception. Informellement, un protocole mettant en oeuvre de tels types d'échanges est dit équitable si et seulement si à la fin du protocole soit l'échange d'information a eu lieu, soit aucune information (même en partie) n'a été échangée. Afin d'assurer cette propriété d'équité de manière efficace, et d'éviter ainsi des éventuels comportements malhonnêtes de la part des participants à l'échange d'informations qui chercheraient à nuire au bon déroulement du protocole, une tierce partie de confiance est utilisée. Un des buts de cette thèse est de discerner les tâches devant être assurées par une telle tierce partie de confiance et développer des méthodes permettant d'en minimiser le nombre et l'importance, afin de limiter la confiance que les entités effectuant l'échange doivent porter à cette tierce partie. Pour cela, nous identifions tout d'abord de manière générique quels sont ces types de tâches, puis nous analysons sous ce point de vue les principaux protocoles ayant été proposés dans la littérature. Cette démarche nous conduit ensuite naturellement à nous pencher sur les relations de confiance entre les participants à un protocole d'échange. Ce type de relations est particulièrement significatif pour des protocoles à plus de deux participants. Enfin, dans ce travail, nous observons à la lumière des aspects de confiance, les différentes propriétés propres aux protocoles d'échange, et nous proposons plusieurs nouveaux protocoles ayant des besoins en confiance limités.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’utilisation par le 43ème président des États-Unis, George W. Bush, des déclarations de promulgation, ces documents écrits qui permettent au président américain de donner son opinion sur une loi qu’il vient de promulguer et dans lesquels il peut faire part de sa réticence à faire appliquer certaines des dispositions de la loi en question car il les juge potentiellement inconstitutionnelles, et ce quand bien même il a accepté de promulguer la loi en question. Une telle pratique peut sembler contraire à l’esprit même de la Constitution américaine, qui contraint le président à « veiller à la fidèle exécution des lois » qu’il promulgue sans lui laisser la possibilité de sélectionner au sein desdites lois les disposions qu’il souhaite ou ne souhaite pas voir appliquées.A travers un travail de comparaison des déclarations de promulgation de George W. Bush à celles de ses prédécesseurs à la Maison-Blanche et une analyse de la capacité théorique et pratique de cet outil présidentiel à influer sur le processus d’exécution des lois, on se proposera de démontrer que les déclarations de promulgation sont davantage l’outil rhétorique d’une affirmation des pouvoirs de la présidence visant à renforcer cette dernière sur le long terme qu’un levier d’action immédiate permettant à la présidence de mettre la main sur l’exécution des lois. / This thesis focuses on the use of presidential signing statements by the Bush 43 Administration. Presidential signing statements are written documents that allow the President to give his opinion of a bill he signed into law and to say that even though he willingly signed the law, he does not necessarily plan on executing all of its provisions as he believes some of them to be potentially unconstitutional. Such a behavior may seem problematic constitutionally speaking as the American Constitution forces the President to « faithfully execute the laws » without affording him the opportunity to pick and choose the provisions he wants to execute.Through a comparison with the signing statements of previous presidents as well as an analysis of both the theoretical and practical capacity of presidential signing statements to allow the President to control the execution of the laws, this thesis will describe signing statements as tools of the rhetorical presidency that allow the executive to assert and defend its constitutional prerogatives in order to strengthen them in the long run, rather than weapons of the administrative presidency with an immediate effect on the execution of the laws.

<p>Preparing for segregation. Educational work within the Swedish special school - an activity theoretical approach</p><p>This study aims at illuminating what is special about Särskolan’s pedagogical work. In Sweden schooling for children who are regarded intellectually disabled is organised in a special school, Särskolan, established during the late 1800s. Today Särskolan is organised in two forms, a training school and a compulsory särskola. The pedagogical work in Särskolan is commonly referred to as special and unique. However, what this special is has not previously been explored.</p><p>The study is conducted within the tradition of cultural-historical activity theory. According to this tradition, personality, development and change is understood and explained in relation to various activity systems in which the individual is involved. Each activity is regarded as a historically developed, complex system of motive-driven, goal-orientated human actions that aim at finding solutions to a societal need. These theoretical assumptions have informed the design of the study of Särskolan as a historically developed activity.</p><p>The study was carried out during the school year 2002–2003 in one training school classroom (grade 2–5) and one compulsory särskola classroom (K–4). Class-room observations and staff interviews were used for data production. The core of the analyses concerned what the teachers were trying to achieve. According to the theoretical assumption, the motive is expected to appear in the object of the activity, therefore the overall analysis focused on the object of the activity of teaching.</p><p>One major result was that the teachers in the training school pursued preparations for daily life while in the compulsory särskola the pupils were prepared for teaching. With an activity theoretical approach to learning, the study further shows that the possibilities for pupils to learn – e.g. sign language in the training school or literacy in the compulsory särskola – were limited.</p><p>The overall conclusion is that the special with the Särskola is that up-bringing and preparation dominate the activity. The emphasis on preparation seem to be related to the teachers’ conceptions of the pupils as being in need of a special kind of knowledge before they can be taught the knowledge referred to in the syllabuses.</p>

Neste trabalho é analisada a retrorrefletividade (capacidade de um material permitir a visualização e a leitura de informações quando iluminadas pelo farol de um veículo), a conspicuidade (facilidade de chamar a atenção) e a legibilidade (facilidade de leitura de símbolos e palavras impressos) de placas de sinalização vertical de trânsito. A análise da retrorrefletividade foi feita mediante medições em laboratório com os materiais retrorrefletivos mais comumente utilizados na sinalização viária. A conspicuidade e a legibilidade foram analisadas em função do ambiente no qual está inserida a sinalização e o tipo de material retrorrefletivo utilizado. Considerando o fato de que as placas devem ter desempenho satisfatório tanto durante o dia como à noite, a conclusão é que as placas sem material refletivo não são recomendadas. Do ponto de vista estritamente técnico, as placas confeccionadas com materiais de maior retrorrefletividade são as mais indicadas. Cabe observar, no entanto, que os tamanhos das amostras utilizadas na elaboração dos experimentos sobre a conspicuidade e legibilidade não apresentam representatividade estatística em nível de significância adequado; razão pela qual os resultados obtidos devem ser vistos apenas como sinalizadores de tendências. / In this dissertation is analyzed the retroreflectivity (ability of a material to allow viewing and reading information when illuminated by the vehicle headlamp), the conspicuity (facility to get attention) and legibility (readability of printed words and symbols) plates in traffic sign. The analysis of retroreflection was made by laboratory measurements with retroreflective material most commonly used in road marking. Conspicuity and legibility were analyzed according to the environment the signal is inserted and the type of retroreflective material used. Considering the fact that the sign must have a satisfactory performance both during day and night, the conclusion is that the signs without reflective material are not recommended. From a strictly technical, the signs that use grater reflective material are the most suitable. It should be noted, however, that the samples sizes used in the experiments on the conspicuity and readability do not have a statistical significance level appropriate, and the results should be viewed only as trends indicators.

Neste trabalho é analisada a retrorrefletividade (capacidade de um material permitir a visualização e a leitura de informações quando iluminadas pelo farol de um veículo), a conspicuidade (facilidade de chamar a atenção) e a legibilidade (facilidade de leitura de símbolos e palavras impressos) de placas de sinalização vertical de trânsito. A análise da retrorrefletividade foi feita mediante medições em laboratório com os materiais retrorrefletivos mais comumente utilizados na sinalização viária. A conspicuidade e a legibilidade foram analisadas em função do ambiente no qual está inserida a sinalização e o tipo de material retrorrefletivo utilizado. Considerando o fato de que as placas devem ter desempenho satisfatório tanto durante o dia como à noite, a conclusão é que as placas sem material refletivo não são recomendadas. Do ponto de vista estritamente técnico, as placas confeccionadas com materiais de maior retrorrefletividade são as mais indicadas. Cabe observar, no entanto, que os tamanhos das amostras utilizadas na elaboração dos experimentos sobre a conspicuidade e legibilidade não apresentam representatividade estatística em nível de significância adequado; razão pela qual os resultados obtidos devem ser vistos apenas como sinalizadores de tendências. / In this dissertation is analyzed the retroreflectivity (ability of a material to allow viewing and reading information when illuminated by the vehicle headlamp), the conspicuity (facility to get attention) and legibility (readability of printed words and symbols) plates in traffic sign. The analysis of retroreflection was made by laboratory measurements with retroreflective material most commonly used in road marking. Conspicuity and legibility were analyzed according to the environment the signal is inserted and the type of retroreflective material used. Considering the fact that the sign must have a satisfactory performance both during day and night, the conclusion is that the signs without reflective material are not recommended. From a strictly technical, the signs that use grater reflective material are the most suitable. It should be noted, however, that the samples sizes used in the experiments on the conspicuity and readability do not have a statistical significance level appropriate, and the results should be viewed only as trends indicators.