Radiation risks to humans in space will be better understood if ground-based mixed field irradiations are developed and used to measure the overall effectiveness of proposed space radiation shielding. The space environment is composed of wide range of particles containing various energies. Existing measurements illustrate the properties of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) in particle fluence and species. However, it is nearly impossible to simulate a radiation environment corresponding to both properties at once. Since the final objective of this thesis research is to understand radiation risks, and radiation risks are more directly related to the energy deposited in the human tissue than to fluence and charge, the more likely goal would be reproducing the linear energy transfer (LET) spectrum found in the GCR. The purpose of this thesis research is to use a Monte Carlo transport code to study the fragmentation of a combined iron and proton beam source using a multi-depth moderator block to reproduce the LET component of the GCR. To study mixed-field radiation exposures, the Monte Carlo transport code - Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) will be used. Calculations showed it is necessary to design a moderator block that contains two different thicknesses - one with a length less than 23 cm and one with a length greater than 23 cm. The thinner moderator will allow high-Z particles to pass through and produce heavy-ion fragments that contribute mostly in the high-LET range. The thicker moderator will stop most of fragments and only allow lighter ions to penetrate and contribute to the mid-range and low-LET portion of the GCR spectrum. Since iron beams along will not produce enough low-LET particles, proton beams were employed to increase the abundance of the low-LET portion of the GCR spectrum. After series of studies, it was concluded that a 17 cm and 49 cm thickness will be most effective. The initial conclusion of this project was that it is possible to produce the GCR environment using a multi-depth moderator block and a combined iron and proton beam.

No description available.

The force exerted during manual tasks is a dominant risk factor for upper-limb musculoskeletal disorders. To identify tasks that may lead to fatigue over a shift, or increase the risk of injury, the demands placed on the hand and forearm system must be quantified and predicted. The purpose of this research was to determine how different ways of simulating manual tasks affected the estimate of demand on the hand and forearm and how well normative data could be used to provide an estimate of that demand. The forces and moments required to perform 20 manual tasks were measured and simulations with three different levels of realism developed, ranging from simple feedback, with real parts, postures and timing to more controlled simulations with simplified parts, standard postures and 5s static exertions. 11 workers hired from a temporary employment agency each performed the simulated tasks and their physical demand was determined using perceived effort, the muscle activity of 8 hand and forearm muscles, and grip (or pinch) force matching. Based on these criteria, the best simulation was that with the same handle size, shape and orientation as the criterion version of the task using simple feedback to match one or two forces. Over the variety of tasks studied here, perceived effort, grip force matching and extensor digitorum activation provided the most similar demand estimate to the criterion task of all measured parameters. The more controlled simulation had the highest correlation compared with normative demand. Overall, the more changes in hand-object interface made between the task of interest and a simulation or normative data, the greater the discrepancy in demand. Normative data tended to underestimate demand, thus underestimating the risk of fatigue and injury. The use of simulations and task specific normative data to estimate hand task demand, with an accuracy useful for field measurements by ergonomists, was supported.

The force exerted during manual tasks is a dominant risk factor for upper-limb musculoskeletal disorders. To identify tasks that may lead to fatigue over a shift, or increase the risk of injury, the demands placed on the hand and forearm system must be quantified and predicted. The purpose of this research was to determine how different ways of simulating manual tasks affected the estimate of demand on the hand and forearm and how well normative data could be used to provide an estimate of that demand. The forces and moments required to perform 20 manual tasks were measured and simulations with three different levels of realism developed, ranging from simple feedback, with real parts, postures and timing to more controlled simulations with simplified parts, standard postures and 5s static exertions. 11 workers hired from a temporary employment agency each performed the simulated tasks and their physical demand was determined using perceived effort, the muscle activity of 8 hand and forearm muscles, and grip (or pinch) force matching. Based on these criteria, the best simulation was that with the same handle size, shape and orientation as the criterion version of the task using simple feedback to match one or two forces. Over the variety of tasks studied here, perceived effort, grip force matching and extensor digitorum activation provided the most similar demand estimate to the criterion task of all measured parameters. The more controlled simulation had the highest correlation compared with normative demand. Overall, the more changes in hand-object interface made between the task of interest and a simulation or normative data, the greater the discrepancy in demand. Normative data tended to underestimate demand, thus underestimating the risk of fatigue and injury. The use of simulations and task specific normative data to estimate hand task demand, with an accuracy useful for field measurements by ergonomists, was supported.

Teisėsaugos institucijos kovoje su organizuotu nusikalstamumu sėkmingai gali kovoti tik pasitelkdamos efektyvias priemones – tokias kaip nusikalstamą veiką imituojančių veiksmų atlikimą. Ši priemonė apibrėžiama kaip formaliai nusikalstamos veikos požymių turinčių veiksmų, kurie yra sankcionuoti teismo arba Generalinio prokuroro ar jo įgalioto Generalinio prokuroro pavaduotojo, atlikimas turint tikslą išaiškinti planuojamą, pradėtą ar padarytą nusikalstamą veiką. Magistrinio darbo tikslas yra išnagrinėti nusikalstamą veiką imituojančių veiksmų atlikimo teisinį reglamentavimą ir galimybes panaudoti gautus šių veiksmų atlikimo metu duomenis įrodinėjimo procese. Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo ir Lietuvos Aukščiausiojo Teismo nagrinėtų bylų analizė išryškino pagrindines problemines sritis naudojant nusikalstamą veiką imituojančius veiksmus. EŽTT suformuota pozicija remiasi Texeira de Castro prieš Portugaliją byla ir išryškina pagrindinius principus, kurie legalizuoja nusikalstamos veikos imitavimo metu gautus duomenis: 1. Nusikalstamą veiką imituojantys veiksmai yra naudojami įtariamojo asmens, kuriam pradėtas ikiteisminis tyrimas, atžvilgiu; 2. Nusikalstamą veiką imituojantys veiksmai yra pasyvūs. Nusikalstamos veikos iniciatorius yra pats įtariamasis; 3. nusikalstamą veiką imituojančių veiksmų atlikimo sankcionavimas yra teismo kompetencijoje. Užsienio valstybių nusikalstamos veikos imitavimo veiksmų atlikimo teisinio reglamentavimo analizė parodė, kad duomenys gauti atliekant... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / „EXECUTION OF CRIMINAL ACT SIMULATING ACTIONS IN AVERMENT PROCESS“ Police and other law enforcement structures to struggle against organized crime have very powerful tool named as execution of criminal act simulating actions. This legal proceeding is definable as actions by the nature are very similar to crime actions that are authorized by court or general prosecutor or deputy general prosecutor and have the purpose to solve the crime. The purpose of this master’s degree study is to reveal a legal framework of executing of criminal act simulating actions and possibilities to use results gained during this action in averment process. The studies of European Human Rights Court’s, Lithuania Constitutional Court’s and Lithuania Supreme Court’s cases showed up the main problems of usage of criminal act simulating actions. The European Human Rights Court position is based on Texeira de Castro case and exposes the main principles of legality: Usage of criminal act simulating actions could be only against person who is suspected and there is a procedural proceeding against him; Usage of criminal act simulating actions has to be passive. Initiator to commit a crime has to be suspected person; Authorization to use criminal act simulating actions should be the Court privilege. Studies of foreign legal framework of usage of criminal act simulating actions disclosure that results discovered during above mentioned procedures could not be used as direct evidence in averment process. Only... [to full text]

This study was undertaken to investigate mobile salt and its effect on fault structures and gas hydrate occurrence in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Industry 2-D multichannel seismic data were used to investigate the effects of the salt within an area of 7,577 mi^2 (19,825 km^2) on the Texas continental slope in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. The western half of the study area is characterized by a thick sedimentary wedge and isolated salt diapirs whereas the eastern half is characterized by a massive and nearly continuous salt sheet topped by a thin sedimentary section. This difference in salt characteristics marks the edge of the continuous salt sheets of the central Gulf of Mexico and is likely a result of westward decline of original salt volume. Beneath the sedimentary wedge in the western part of the survey, an anomalous sedimentary package was found, that is described here as the diapiric, gassy sediment package (DGSP). The DGSP is highly folded at the top and is marked by tall, diapiric features. It may be either deformed shale or the toe of a complex thrust zone detaching the sedimentary wedge from deeper layers. The dataset was searched for the occurrence of bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs), as they are widely accepted as a geophysical indicator of gas trapped beneath gas hydrate deposits, which are known to occur farther east in the Gulf. Although, many seismic signatures were found that suggest widespread occurrence of gas within the upper sediment column, few BSRs were found. Even considering non-traditional definitions of BSRs, only a few occurrences of patchy and isolated BSRs features were identified. The lack of traditional BSRs is likely the result of geologic conditions that make it difficult to recognize gas hydrate deposits. These factors include: (1) unfavorable layer geometries, (2) flow of warm brines from depth, (3) elevated geotherms due to the thermogenic properties of salt and its varying thickness, and (4) widespread low porosity and permeability sediments within the gas hydrate stability zone.

The building sector is a one of modern society’s biggest users of energy. In turn, a building’s windows have a significant impact on its energy usage. Electrochromic windows have a thin film on one of the panes, designed to variably change the tint of the window. Thereby the solar heat gain, needed internal lighting and building energy utilization are varied. This thesis uses the simulation software IDA ICE 4.5 to simulate control scenarios for electrochromic windows. The goal is to examine how well this software can simulate the windows as well as to explore the potential of creating custom control algorithms for the windows. The impact of the control scenarios on the energy consumption of a building is then analyzed. The reference case for the simulations is a regular window with blinds, where the blinds are controlled with a built-in algorithm. The simulated control scenarios for the electrochromic windows were; the built-in algorithm, always off, always on, operative temperature, workplane illuminance, and light levels at the façade and window. In the simulation results the energy usage was slightly lowered with the electrochromic windows using the built-in control compared to the reference case. The custom algorithm that uses the light levels at the façade and window was designed to improve upon the built-in algorithm with additional adjustable settings. However, this custom algorithm produced similar results to the built-in algorithm and the majority of the additional settings had little impact on the energy usage. The other custom designed algorithms measured workplane illuminance and operative temperature to control the shading. These showed an overall decrease in the energy usage compared to the reference case. The IDA ICE software has potential for further simulations of a building’s energy usage while using electrochromic windows. Further investigation is needed to determine if the simulation resolution is high enough to accurately depict the effect these settings might have on the energy usage.

Orientador: Sergio Robles Reis de Queiroz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T08:29:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camillo_EdilaineVenancio_M.pdf: 3778361 bytes, checksum: 55aa017934e31fa94cedc82be73a8ab6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O objetivo desse trabalho é analisar as atividades tecnológicas realizadas pelo setor de telecomunicações no Brasil após a privatização com base na literatura disponível. Para tanto, aborda-se, primeiramente, as trajetórias institucional e tecnológica do setor no âmbito internacional, destacando a expansão da cadeia produtiva e a mudança no regime de inovação da indústria de telecomunicações, tendo como conseqüência o redirecionamento do foco das atividades de pesquisa. A seguir, faz-se uma retrospectiva histórica acerca das telecomunicações no Brasil, dedicando maior ênfase às políticas de fomento à indústria nacional, e ao processo de desregulamentação e liberalização do setor, determinantes na composição e capacitação tecnológica atual da indústria de telequipamentos presente no país. Essas colocações prévias visam contextualizar e balizar a análise proposta, delineada em torno das duas esferas centrais no processo de capacitação tecnológica do setor em estudo: a) o Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (CPqD); e b) e os fabricantes locais de equipamentos. Nesse sentido, são apresentadas e debatidas as evidências diretas e indiretas contidas nos trabalhos estudados. A partir disso, conclui-se que não há evidências concretas sobre a redução dos esforços tecnológicos do setor de telecomunicações no período pós-privatização / Abstract: The purpose of the work is to analyze, based on the existing literature, the technological efforts undertaken by the Brazilian telecommunications sector after its privatization (in the 1990¿s). Initially, it discusses the institutional and technologic trajectories at the international level, the changes in the telecom industry¿s innovation regime and, consequently, the change in its R&D activities. Second, is traced the historical background about Brazilian telecommunications industry, emphasizing the policies towards the sector, and also the determining factors of the current structure and technological competence of the local telecom equipments industry. These previous analyses provide the context to the proposed exam the proposed exam, focused on the two main actors of technological development in the referred sector: the ¿Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Telecomunicações¿ (CPqD) and the local telecom equipment producer. In this sense, the direct and indirect evidences highlighted in the preceding works are presented and discussed. The main conclusion is that there are no strong evidences about the reduction of technological efforts in the Telecom sector after privatization / Mestrado / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica

The Kribi-Campo sub-basin is the northernmost of a series of Aptian basins along the coast of West Africa. These extensional basins developed as a result of the northward progressive rifting of South America from West Africa, initiated c. 130 Ma ago. Post-rift sediments of the Kribi-Campo sub -basin contain several regional unconformities and changes in basin-fill architecture that record regional tectonic events. The tectono-stratigraphic evolution and plumbing system has been investigated using a high-quality 3D seismic reflection dataset acquired to image the deep-water Cretaceous-to-Present-day post-rift sediments. The study area is located c. 40 km offshore Cameroon in 600 to 2000 m present-day water depth, with full 3D seismic coverage of 1500 km2, extending down to 6.5 seconds Two-Way Travel time. In the late Cretaceous the basin developed as a result of tectonism related to movement of the Kribi Fracture Zone (KFZ), which reactivated in the late Albian and early Senonian. This led to inversion of the early syn-rift section overlying the KFZ to the southeast. Two main fault-sets - N30 and N120 - developed in the center and south of the basin. These normal faults propagated from the syn-rift sequences: the N120 faults die out in the early post-rift sequence (Albian time) whilst N30 faults tend to be associated with the development of a number of fault-related folds in the late Cretaceous post-rift sequence, and have a significant control on later deposition. The basin is filled by Upper Cretaceous to Recent sediments that onlap the margin. Seismic facies analysis and correlation to analogue sections suggest the fill is predominantly fine-grained sediments. The interval also contains discrete large scale channels and fans whose location and geometry were controlled by the KFZ and fault-related folds. These are interpreted to contain coarser clastics. Subsequently, during the Cenozoic, the basin experienced several tectonic events caused by reactivation of the KFZ. During the Cenozoic, deposition was characterized by Mass Transport Complexes (MTCs), polygonal faulting, channels, fans and fan-lobes, and aggradational gullies. The main sediment feeder systems were, at various times, from the east, southeast and northeast. The plumbing system shows the effects of an interplay of stratigraphic and structural elements that control fluid flow in the subsurface. Evidence for effective fluid migration includes the occurrence of widespread gas-hydrate-related Bottom Simulating Reflections (BSRs) 104 - 250 m below the seabed (covering an area of c. 350 km2, in water depths of 940 m - 1750 m), pipes and pockmarks. Focused fluid flow pathways have been mapped and observed to root from two fan-lobe systems in the Mid-Miocene and Pliocene stratigraphic intervals. They terminate near, or on, the modern seafloor. It is interpreted that overpressure occurred following hydrocarbon generation, either sourced from biogenic degradation of shallow organic rich mudstone, or from effective migration from a thermally mature source rock at depth. This latter supports the possibility also of hydrocarbon charged reservoirs at depth. Theoretical thermal and pressure conditions for gas hydrate stability provide an opportunity to estimate the shallow geothermal gradient. Variations in the BSR indicate an active plumbing system and local thermal gradient anomalies are detected within gullies and along vertically stacked channels or pipes. The shallow subsurface thermal gradient is calculated to be 0.052 oC m-1. With future drilling planned in the basin, this study also documents potential drilling hazards in the form of shallow gas and possible remobilised sands linked with interconnected and steeply dipping sand bodies.

No description available.