Thesis (M.A.) - Simon Fraser University, 2005. / Theses (School of Criminology) / Simon Fraser University.

Thesis (M.A.) - Simon Fraser University, 2005. / Theses (School of Criminology) / Simon Fraser University.

The thesis deals with scientific expeditions to the Tibetan plateau carried out by Chinese scientists from the 1950s. The whole thesis is framed by two models of the spread of Western science to an unknown land. Is it or is it not the spread of Western science into Tibet the form of colonial control? We will use these two models to answer this question. The thesis tracks the interests and the meaning of expeditions to China and Chinese science. It deals with the development of Chinese Academy of Sciences, which organized the Chinese expeditions. It also describes and summarizes the work and results of Chinese scientists which were presented at the international conference on Tibet in 1980, and examines their contributions to the Chinese and Western science. Part of the thesis deals with the reflection of otherness in the published interviews with participants which we use as primary sources for the thesis. Keywords: Chinese science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China-Tibet relations, Tibetan plateau, geology, alternity.

LL.M. (International Law) / Please refer to full text to view abstract.

Einleitung: Brustkrebspatientinnen sind im Rahmen ihrer Erkrankung in klinisch relevantem Ausmaß psychisch belastet. Die Stärke der Belastung wird durch verschiedene Faktoren determiniert. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs der psychischen Belastung mit Erwerbstätigkeit und dem Vorhandensein eigener Kinder unter Einbeziehung der Zeit seit Diagnosestellung. Material und Methodik: Im Rahmen einer randomisierten klinischen Studie wurden 724 Brustkrebspatientinnen im Alter von 18–65 Jahren im kurativen Stadium mit einer Zeit seit Diagnosestellung von 0–12 Monaten hinsichtlich ihrer psychischen Belastung (Ängstlichkeit und Depressivität) mit der Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) beurteilt. In uni- und multivariaten Analysen wurde der Zusammenhang von Ängstlichkeit und Depressivität mit den Variablen Erwerbstätigkeit, Elternschaft und Zeit seit Diagnosestellung geprüft. Ergebnisse: Patientinnen mit längerer Zeit seit Diagnosestellung (4–12 Monate) zeigen geringere Werte für Ängstlichkeit (6,28) als die Patientinnen, bei denen die Diagnosestellung erst 0–3 Monate zurück liegt (7,24; p < 0,01). Zwischen Elternschaft und Ängstlichkeit gibt es keinen eindeutigen Zusammenhang. Das Alter der Kinder ist entscheidend. Auch unter Kontrolle des Lebensalters der Patientinnen zeigt sich Ängstlichkeit bei Frauen mit Kindern unter 16 Jahren signifikant höher (7,84) als bei kinderlosen Patientinnen (6,42) oder solchen mit Kindern ab 16 Jahren (6,87; p = 0,04). Erwerbslose Frauen zeigen signifikant höhere Depressivitätswerte als alle anderen Studienteilnehmer (p = 0,02). Wechselwirkungen zwischen den untersuchten Variablen treten nicht auf. Schlussfolgerung: Zwischen der Zeit seit Diagnosestellung, dem Erwerbsstatus sowie dem Vorhandensein eigener Kinder und psychischen Belastung bei Brustkrebspatientinnen ergeben sich differenzielle Zusammenhänge. Bei der Erfassung der psychischen Belastung im 1. Jahr nach der Diagnosestellung sollte besondere Aufmerksamkeit auf erwerbslose Patientinnen und Patientinnen mit jüngeren Kindern gerichtet werden.:1 Einführung in die Thematik.................................................................................................4 1.1 Psychische Belastungen bei onkologischen Patienten..........................................................4 1.1.1 Entstehung und allgemeine Risikofaktoren psychischer Erkrankungen bei Tumorpatienten.....4 1.1.2 Folgen ....................................................................................................................................6 1.1.2.1 Folgen psychischer Komorbidität für Tumorpatienten.............................................................6 1.1.2.2 Folgen psychischer Komorbidität für das Gesundheitssystem..................................................6 1.1.3 Defizite in der Erkennung und Ursachen.................................................................................8 1.2 Psychische Belastung bei Brustkrebspatientinnen ..............................................................9 1.2.1 Epidemiologie von Brustkrebs in Deutschland........................................................................9 1.2.2 Epidemiologie komorbider psychischer Störungen bei Brustkrebspatientinnen........................9 1.2.3 Risikofaktoren für Ängstlichkeit und Depressivität bei Brustkrebspatientinnen .......................9 1.2.3.1 Soziodemografische und psychosoziale Risikofaktoren.........................................................10 1.2.3.2 Krankheits- und behandlungsbezogene Risikofaktoren..........................................................10 1.2.3.3 Erwerbstätigkeit ...................................................................................................................11 1.2.3.4 Eigene Kinder ......................................................................................................................12 1.2.3.5 Zeit seit Diagnosestellung.....................................................................................................13 1.3 Zusammenfassende Betrachtung der Studienlage.............................................................15 1.4 Ableitung der Fragestellung und Zielstellung ...................................................................15 2 Publikation „Children and employment- Resource or stressors after Breast Cancer?“ ......17 3 Zusammenfassung der publikationsbasierten Dissertation ..............................................25 3.1 Fragestellung........................................................................................................................25 3.2 Ausgangssituation ................................................................................................................26 3.3 Methoden .............................................................................................................................26 3.4 Ergebnisse............................................................................................................................26 3.5 Zusammenfassung der Arbeit und der Ergebnisse .................................................................27 3.6 Praxisimplikation .................................................................................................................28 4 Anlagen ...............................................................................................................................30 4.1 Tabellen- und Abbildungsverzeichnis ...................................................................................30 4.2 Literaturverzeichnis ..............................................................................................................31 4.3 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der publikationsbasierten Dissertation..............35 4.4 Lebenslauf............................................................................................................................36 4.5 Danksagung..........................................................................................................................38 / Introduction: Breast cancer patients suffer clinically relevant levels of psychological stress because of their disease. Various factors can affect the level of stress experienced. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the level of psychological stress and employment and children, including time since diagnosis. Material and Methods: A randomised clinical study was done of 724 breast cancer patients aged between 18 and 65 years; all were in the curative stage of disease and had been diagnosed 0–12 months previously. Patients were investigated for their levels of psychological stress (anxiety and depression) using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The relationship between anxiety and depression and the variables "employment", "parenthood" and "time since diagnosis" were investigated, using univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: Patients with a longer time since diagnosis (4–12 months) were found to have lower levels of anxiety (6.28) compared to patients who had been diagnosed only 0–3 months previously (7.24; p < 0.01). There was no unambiguous relation between parenthood and anxiety. The age of the children was crucial. Even when results were controlled for patient age, the anxiety levels of women with children below the age of 16 years were significantly higher (7.84) compared to patients without children (6.42) or patients whose children were older than 16 years (6.87; p = 0.04). Women who were not employed had significantly higher levels of depression compared to all other participants in the study (p = 0.02). No reciprocal effects were found between investigated variables. Conclusion: We found a differentiated relationship between the variables "time since diagnosis", "employment" and "children" and the level of psychological stress experienced by breast cancer patients. When determining the level of psychological stress in the 1st year after diagnosis, particular attention should be paid to patients who are not employed and patients with children below the age of 16 years.:1 Einführung in die Thematik.................................................................................................4 1.1 Psychische Belastungen bei onkologischen Patienten..........................................................4 1.1.1 Entstehung und allgemeine Risikofaktoren psychischer Erkrankungen bei Tumorpatienten.....4 1.1.2 Folgen ....................................................................................................................................6 1.1.2.1 Folgen psychischer Komorbidität für Tumorpatienten.............................................................6 1.1.2.2 Folgen psychischer Komorbidität für das Gesundheitssystem..................................................6 1.1.3 Defizite in der Erkennung und Ursachen.................................................................................8 1.2 Psychische Belastung bei Brustkrebspatientinnen ..............................................................9 1.2.1 Epidemiologie von Brustkrebs in Deutschland........................................................................9 1.2.2 Epidemiologie komorbider psychischer Störungen bei Brustkrebspatientinnen........................9 1.2.3 Risikofaktoren für Ängstlichkeit und Depressivität bei Brustkrebspatientinnen .......................9 1.2.3.1 Soziodemografische und psychosoziale Risikofaktoren.........................................................10 1.2.3.2 Krankheits- und behandlungsbezogene Risikofaktoren..........................................................10 1.2.3.3 Erwerbstätigkeit ...................................................................................................................11 1.2.3.4 Eigene Kinder ......................................................................................................................12 1.2.3.5 Zeit seit Diagnosestellung.....................................................................................................13 1.3 Zusammenfassende Betrachtung der Studienlage.............................................................15 1.4 Ableitung der Fragestellung und Zielstellung ...................................................................15 2 Publikation „Children and employment- Resource or stressors after Breast Cancer?“ ......17 3 Zusammenfassung der publikationsbasierten Dissertation ..............................................25 3.1 Fragestellung........................................................................................................................25 3.2 Ausgangssituation ................................................................................................................26 3.3 Methoden .............................................................................................................................26 3.4 Ergebnisse............................................................................................................................26 3.5 Zusammenfassung der Arbeit und der Ergebnisse .................................................................27 3.6 Praxisimplikation .................................................................................................................28 4 Anlagen ...............................................................................................................................30 4.1 Tabellen- und Abbildungsverzeichnis ...................................................................................30 4.2 Literaturverzeichnis ..............................................................................................................31 4.3 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der publikationsbasierten Dissertation..............35 4.4 Lebenslauf............................................................................................................................36 4.5 Danksagung..........................................................................................................................38

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This thesis focuses on the comparison between immigrants and non-immigrants with respect to various health-related behaviours perspective/viewpoints. Specifically, this thesis comprises three essays. First, I investigate any differences in the factors for utilizing general practitioners (GP) and specialists (SP) between immigrants and non-immigrants in Canada. Second, I examine the causal effects of language proficiency on the health and health behaviours of immigrants to Canada. Finally, I investigate whether there are any differences in the claiming patterns of the Medical Expense Tax Credit (METC) and/or Medical Expense Supplement (MES) for immigrants compared to non-immigrants in Canada. Chapter 1 investigates any differences in healthcare utilization patterns between immigrants and non-immigrants. We implement a two-part model, where the first part applies logistic regressions to assess factors associated with visiting a physician, and the second applies zero-truncated negative binomial regression models to capture the frequency of using healthcare services, conditional on having at least one visit. Our results show that the patterns of healthcare utilization are different for immigrants compared to non-immigrants; differences are also observed by gender and age. More specifically, prescription drug insurance coverage and chronic conditions play opposing roles for male and female immigrants compared to their non-immigrants counterparts. Moreover, the number of years since migration is an important factor in increasing the probability of any general practitioner (GP) and specialist (SP) visit for all immigrants. Chapter 2 is to my knowledge, the first research on the causal effects of language proficiency on health outcomes and healthcare utilization of immigrants in Canada. My finding contradicts the idea that immigrants with poor language facilities are less likely to have a regular doctor. I find that good self-reported health is positively associated with language proficiency. However, I find no statistically significant causal effect of language proficiency on reporting ‘good mental health’. In addition, I find strong evidence that the utilization of hospital and mental health care services are positively associated with being English-language proficient even after controlling for many possible sets of factors. Chapter 3 contributes by supporting existing literature, but with a completely different dimension: the medical tax perspective. I am unaware of any previous research that directly compares the claim patterns of the Medical Expense Tax Credit (METC) and/or refundable Medical Expense Supplement (MES) for immigrants with those of non-immigrants in Canada. My results show that there are differences in the proportions of tax filers who claimed the METC and/or MES, and the amounts of a claim for the METC and/or MES for immigrants compared to non-immigrants; differences are also observed by age, years since migration (YSM), province and immigration categories. In both couples and single families, a lower proportion of immigrant tax filers claimed gross immediate family medical expenses (GME), potential METC claims, and METC refunds compared to non-immigrants. In the case of single families, a higher proportion of non-immigrant tax filers claimed MES compared to their immigrant counterparts. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This thesis focuses on the comparison between immigrants and non-immigrants with respect to various health-related behaviours perspective/viewpoints. Specifically, this thesis comprises three essays. First, I investigate any differences in the factors for utilizing general practitioners (GP) and specialists (SP) between immigrants and non-immigrants in Canada. Second, I examine the causal effects of language proficiency on the health and health behaviours of immigrants to Canada. Finally, I investigate whether there are any differences in the claiming patterns of the Medical Expense Tax Credit (METC) and/or Medical Expense Supplement (MES) for immigrants compared to non-immigrants in Canada.

No / Contradictions and misconceptions regarding the effect of lime on the decay of human remains have demonstrated the need for more research into the effect of different types of lime on cadaver decomposition. This study follows previous research by the authors who have investigated the effect of lime on the decomposition of human remains in burial environments. A further three pig carcasses (Sus scrofa), used as human body analogues, were observed and monitored for 78 days without lime, with hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) and with quicklime (CaO) in the taphonomy laboratory at the University of Bradford. The results showed that in the early stages of decay, the unlimed and hydrated lime cadavers follow a similar pattern of changes. In contrast, the application of quicklime instigated an initial acceleration of decay. Microbial investigation demonstrated that the presence of lime does not eliminate all aerobic bacteria. The experiment also suggested that lime functions as a sink, buffering the carbon dioxide evolution. This study complements the field observations. It has implications for the investigation of time since death of limed remains. Knowledge of the effects of lime on decomposition processes is of interest to forensic pathologists, archaeologists, humanitarian organisations and those concerned with disposal of animal carcasses or human remains in mass disasters.

The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) has been both contentious and successful. By examining the ICTY from a Levinasian ethical standpoint, we might be able to understand how the court uses language to enforce ethical and moral standards upon post-war societies. Using linguistic methods of analysis combined with traditional data about the ICTY, I empirically examine the court using ordinary least squares (OLS) in order to show the impact that language has upon the court's decision making process. I hypothesize that the court is an ethical entity, and therefore we should not see any evidence of bias against Serbs and that language will provide a robust view of the court as an ethical mechanism.

Fire is the primary natural disturbance vital to the ecological integrity of Quetico Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. A new provincial park planning process (i.e., Class Environmental Assessment) has required the review of Quetico’s Fire Management Plan. To support this review, large and severe (stand-replacing) Quetico fires were studied using 1966 Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) forest resource inventory (FRI) mapping. A Geographic Information Systems (GIS) database of the FRI was created and updated with the OMNR digital fire atlas. This database was used as a time-since-fire and fire interval dataset to estimate fire frequency. It also served to archive the 1966 FRI for the largest protected area in the transition between the Boreal and Great Lakes-St. Lawrence forest regions. Non-parametric (Kaplan-Meier) survival analysis was used to estimate survival functions and mean fire intervals (i.e., the expected time between two consecutive stand-replacing fires for any location within the Park). Previous studies that have used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis methods have based fire frequency estimates solely on time-since-fire data. However, time-since-fire data cannot be equated with fire interval data when using non-parametric methods. At least one fire interval is required to obtain reliable results. The mean fire interval for the entire 475,782 ha Park between the years 1668 and 2007 was 230 years. Performing the analysis on various geographic and temporal partitions revealed fire frequency spatial and temporal variability. A constant (independent of time-since-fire) probability of burning was not observed for Quetico which is contrary to accepted conjecture for northwestern Ontario boreal/mixed-wood forests. A current fire cycle was also estimated for the Park (342 years) using the digital fire atlas. The results suggested that use of historical static fire frequency estimates as fire management prescriptions may not be justified given considerable fire frequency temporal variability. The observed fire frequency spatial variability suggests that studies should be undertaken at coarser scales than is the norm to characterise the regions fire regime in support of landscape level fire management planning.