付記する学位プログラム名: 京都大学卓越大学院プログラム「メディカルイノベーション大学院プログラム」 / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(薬科学) / 甲第25227号 / 薬科博第189号 / 京都大学大学院薬学研究科医薬創成情報科学専攻 / (主査)教授 大野 浩章, 教授 二木 史朗, 教授 掛谷 秀昭 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of death from gastrointestinal infections in Canada. Current antiobiotic treatment is non-ideal due to the high incidence of relapse and the rise in hyper-virulent antibiotic-resistant strains. Surface layer proteins (SLPs) cover the entire bacterial surface and mediate adherence to host cells. Passive and active immunization against SLPs greatly enhances survival in hamsters, suggesting that antibody-mediated bacterial neutralization may be an effective alternative therapeutic strategy. Using a recombinant-antibody phage display library, and SLPs from strain QCD 32g58 as bait antigen, we isolated and extensively characterized 11 SLP-specific recombinant single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), in terms of affinity and specificity, intrinsic stability, and ability to inhibit cell motility. Several sdAbs exhibit promising characteristics for a potential oral therapeutic based on their high affinity, high thermal stability, and resistance to pepsin digestion. Our study provides the basis of a proof-of-principle model with which to develop specific, broadly neutralizing and intrinsically stable antibodies for the oral therapy of C. difficile infections, as an alternative to conventional antibiotic treatment.

Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of death from gastrointestinal infections in Canada. Current antiobiotic treatment is non-ideal due to the high incidence of relapse and the rise in hyper-virulent antibiotic-resistant strains. Surface layer proteins (SLPs) cover the entire bacterial surface and mediate adherence to host cells. Passive and active immunization against SLPs greatly enhances survival in hamsters, suggesting that antibody-mediated bacterial neutralization may be an effective alternative therapeutic strategy. Using a recombinant-antibody phage display library, and SLPs from strain QCD 32g58 as bait antigen, we isolated and extensively characterized 11 SLP-specific recombinant single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), in terms of affinity and specificity, intrinsic stability, and ability to inhibit cell motility. Several sdAbs exhibit promising characteristics for a potential oral therapeutic based on their high affinity, high thermal stability, and resistance to pepsin digestion. Our study provides the basis of a proof-of-principle model with which to develop specific, broadly neutralizing and intrinsically stable antibodies for the oral therapy of C. difficile infections, as an alternative to conventional antibiotic treatment.

Drug resistant strains of Clostridium difficile are a major health concern with over 3 million cases costing over 1 billion $ per year in the United-States. The diseases associated with these bacteria (CDAD) are toxin-mediated which offers a mean of treating and lessening the severity of CDAD symptoms. Toxin inactivation via antibodies therapy can drastically reduce CDAD morbidity and this project was aiming at investigating the large-scale production and recovery of a novel llama single domain antibody (pSJF2H-ToxA5.1) in recombinant Escherichia coli TG1 targeting C. difficile enterotoxin A (TcdA). In order to achieve these objectives, the project was divided into four segments: 1) ToxA5.1 being an intracellular recombinant protein, obtaining a high biomass production was the first step towards large-scale production. To achieve HCDC, effects of initial glucose concentration and pH-stat feeding strategy were studied; 2) Upon achieving HCDC, effects of parameters such as temperature, induction timing and media supplementation with complex nitrogen sources were investigated; 3) Once large-scale production of ToxA5.1 was obtained, the recombinant protein needed to be recovered and a selective cell lysis scheme where synergistic lysis effects of Triton X-100 and temperature were studied. And finally 4) Single-step purification using nickel nanoparticles (NNP) synthesized via a modified polyol method was studied. Combining the HCDC strategy with a temperature shift and yeast extract addition at the time of induction, ToxA5.1 concentration of 127 mg/L was obtained. Synergistic and selective cell lysis using Triton X-100 and temperature was achieved where 95% of the available ToxA5.1 was recovered and still functional while ToxA5.1 fraction in the resulting lysate increased to 27% in the cell lysate. Single-step purification was achieved using the synthesized NNP which proved to be highly selective and could be used up to five times. Diameter of the NNP synthesized was controlled by using various concentration of ranging from 131 ± 80 nm to 47 ± 20 nm. Using experimental data from binding isotherm, the ToxA5.1-NNP system was modeled.

Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of death from gastrointestinal infections in Canada. Current antiobiotic treatment is non-ideal due to the high incidence of relapse and the rise in hyper-virulent antibiotic-resistant strains. Surface layer proteins (SLPs) cover the entire bacterial surface and mediate adherence to host cells. Passive and active immunization against SLPs greatly enhances survival in hamsters, suggesting that antibody-mediated bacterial neutralization may be an effective alternative therapeutic strategy. Using a recombinant-antibody phage display library, and SLPs from strain QCD 32g58 as bait antigen, we isolated and extensively characterized 11 SLP-specific recombinant single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), in terms of affinity and specificity, intrinsic stability, and ability to inhibit cell motility. Several sdAbs exhibit promising characteristics for a potential oral therapeutic based on their high affinity, high thermal stability, and resistance to pepsin digestion. Our study provides the basis of a proof-of-principle model with which to develop specific, broadly neutralizing and intrinsically stable antibodies for the oral therapy of C. difficile infections, as an alternative to conventional antibiotic treatment.

Drug resistant strains of Clostridium difficile are a major health concern with over 3 million cases costing over 1 billion $ per year in the United-States. The diseases associated with these bacteria (CDAD) are toxin-mediated which offers a mean of treating and lessening the severity of CDAD symptoms. Toxin inactivation via antibodies therapy can drastically reduce CDAD morbidity and this project was aiming at investigating the large-scale production and recovery of a novel llama single domain antibody (pSJF2H-ToxA5.1) in recombinant Escherichia coli TG1 targeting C. difficile enterotoxin A (TcdA). In order to achieve these objectives, the project was divided into four segments: 1) ToxA5.1 being an intracellular recombinant protein, obtaining a high biomass production was the first step towards large-scale production. To achieve HCDC, effects of initial glucose concentration and pH-stat feeding strategy were studied; 2) Upon achieving HCDC, effects of parameters such as temperature, induction timing and media supplementation with complex nitrogen sources were investigated; 3) Once large-scale production of ToxA5.1 was obtained, the recombinant protein needed to be recovered and a selective cell lysis scheme where synergistic lysis effects of Triton X-100 and temperature were studied. And finally 4) Single-step purification using nickel nanoparticles (NNP) synthesized via a modified polyol method was studied. Combining the HCDC strategy with a temperature shift and yeast extract addition at the time of induction, ToxA5.1 concentration of 127 mg/L was obtained. Synergistic and selective cell lysis using Triton X-100 and temperature was achieved where 95% of the available ToxA5.1 was recovered and still functional while ToxA5.1 fraction in the resulting lysate increased to 27% in the cell lysate. Single-step purification was achieved using the synthesized NNP which proved to be highly selective and could be used up to five times. Diameter of the NNP synthesized was controlled by using various concentration of ranging from 131 ± 80 nm to 47 ± 20 nm. Using experimental data from binding isotherm, the ToxA5.1-NNP system was modeled.

La recherche de nouvelles molécules à visée thérapeutique ou diagnostic ciblant les récepteurs membranaires incluant les RCPGs, les récepteurs à tyrosine kinase et les canaux ioniques sont au coeur des recherches investies par les entreprises pharmaceutiques. Dans ce projet nous avons étudié et caractérisé des domaines variables de chaîne lourde d'anticorps de lamas (sdAbs) qui peuvent contourner certaines limites liées à l'utilisation des anticorps monoclonaux ou des petites molécules. En effet, de par leurs particularités structurales qui les rendent particulièrement intéressants en termes de stabilité, d'affinité et de reconnaissance d'antigène, les sdAbs représentent etre une alternative prométeuse. Dans ce manuscrit sont exposés les travaux effectués sur les récepteurs aux tyrosines kinases appartenant à la famille des ErbBs et les récepteurs au glutamate mGluRs (RCPG). En plus d'avoir sélectionné des sdAbs hautement spécifiques de ces différents antigènes, ces molécules ont également montré des caractéristiques très étonnantes et inattendues. En effet, la majeure partie des sdAbs sélectionnés présentent une spécificité pour une conformation du récepteur particulière (forme active ou inactive). Cette particularité très pertinente nous ouvre un spectre d'application très diversifié, car elle permet de cibler et d'analyser les récepteurs dans ces différents états d'activation. Ajouté à cela, certains sdAbs possèdent une activité de modulateur allostérique, voir même présentent un effet agoniste. Ces résultats très encourageants nous ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives, et ces molécules représentent une nouvelle approche pour la modulation et l'étude des ces récepteurs. / The research for new therapeutic or diagnostic molecules targeting membrane receptors, including GPCRs, tyrosine kinase receptors and ion channels are the heart of the research invested by pharmaceutical companies. In this project we used the variable domain of llama antibody heavy chain also called single domain antibodies (sdAbs) that can bypass some limitations to the use of monoclonal antibodies or small molecules. Indeed, because of their structural features that make them particularly interesting in terms of stability, affinity and antigen recognition, sdAbs represent a very promising candidates that can be used in various fiels of application: as fluorescent probes , screening tools , or therapeutic molecules. In this manuscript are exposed the work performed on the tyrosine kinases receptor belonging to the ErbBs family and metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluRs (GPCRs).We selected very highly specific sdAbs directed against antigen of interest, but these molecules have also shown very surprising and unexpected particularities. Indeed, most of the selected sdAbs exhibit specificity for a particular conformation of the receptor (active or inactive form). This very relevant feature opens an highly diversified application spectrum, because it allows to identify and analyze these receptors in different states of activation. Added to this, some sdAbs present an allosteric modulator activity, or even present an agonist effect. These encouraging results open up new perspectives, and these molecules represent a new approach for modulation and study of these membrane receptors.

Alphaviruses are a group of medically relevant arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) belonging to the Togaviridae family that are maintained by mosquito vectors. These zoonotic viruses are clustered into two groups: New World and Old World, depending on their geographical origin/distribution and clinical manifestations. Both of these groups cause disease symptoms of an acute febrile illness; however, each group has a distinct, hallmark disease symptom; New World alphaviruses, such as Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses (EEEV, WEEV, and VEEV, respectively), present with severe encephalitis while Old World alphaviruses, such as Sindbis, chikungunya, and Mayaro viruses (SINV, CHIKV, and MAYV, respectively) present with an incapacitating polyarthralgia that can persist for years following initial infection. To date, the most effective means of controlling these arboviral infections is through mosquito control programs. However, these programs have crucial limitations in their effectiveness; therefore, novel approaches are necessary to control the spread of these crippling pathogens and lessen their disease burden. Given the close phylogenetic and antigenic relationship between MAYV and CHIKV, we hypothesized that prior CHIKV immunity may affect the outcome of MAYV disease and/or limit its emergence in humans. Our work has shown that anti-CHIKV neutralizing antibodies can provide cross-protective immunity against MAYV disease. Alongside these studies, we have characterized the potency of a camelid-derived single-domain antibody (sdAb) that neutralizes a breadth of alphaviruses, including CHIKV and MAYV. With these data, we have designed and generated transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that express two anti-CHIKV sdAbs to target infection, dissemination, and transmission of MAYV and CHIKV within this deadly vector. These findings are particularly significant because they highlight the ability to co-target two emerging alphaviruses that are crippling public health and obliterating quality of life around the globe within a single defense strategy. / Doctor of Philosophy / Alphaviruses are arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) belonging to the Togaviridae family that infect millions of people annually via the bite of female mosquitoes. These viruses are major public health threats due to their ability to infect humans and animals and infections resulting in a range of debilitating diseases. Viruses within this genus are clustered into two groups: Old World and New World, based on geographical origin and distribution. While New World alphaviruses are known for inducing severe encephalitis (i.e., swelling in the brain), a hallmark symptom of the Old World alphaviruses is the development of incapacitating polyarthralgia (i.e., widespread joint pain) that can persist for years following initial infection. To date, the most effective means of combatting these viruses is through mosquito control programs. However, these programs have crucial limitations in their effectiveness; therefore, novel approaches are necessary to control the spread of these crippling pathogens. Given the close genetic relationship between chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Mayaro virus (MAYV), our research has focused on harnessing cross-reactive immunity between these emerging alphaviruses. We discovered this cross-reactivity provides protective immunity to both viruses (i.e., CHIKV and MAYV) after exposure to only one (i.e., CHIKV) of the viruses. Next, we characterized the potency of a small, single-domain antibody (sdAb) to neutralize a breadth of alphaviruses, including CHIKV and MAYV. With these data, we have designed and generated transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that express this sdAb to target both CHIKV and MAYV within this deadly mosquito vector. These findings are particularly significant because they provide the foundation for a novel approach to controlling and preventing outbreaks of these emerging alphavirus pathogens that obliterate quality of life in public health settings around the globe.

No description available.

Le VIH-1 est l'agent infectieux qui cause le SIDA. De nombreuses thérapies existent pour combattre le SIDA mais aucune ne permet son éradication et des résistances apparaissent. Le développement de nouvelles thérapies est donc nécessaire. Les anticorps simple-domaine (sdAb) de lamas présentent les propriétés idéales pour le développement de molécules neutralisantes. Des lamas ont donc été immunisés avec Vpr et les formes native, ou induite par un miniCD4, du trimère de gp140 (partie extracellulaire de l'enveloppe (Env)). Des banques de sdAbs ont ensuite été construites et des sélections par phage display et par double hybride ont été réalisées. Trois sdAbs se liant au site de liaison du co- récepteur de l'Env et un sdAb se liant au site de liaison du CD4 ont ainsi été sélectionnés. Ces sites sont conservés mais difficile d'accès pour des immunoglobulines conventionnelles. Ces sdAbs ont ensuite été caractérisés par ELISA, SPR et cytométrie de flux pour leur capacité de liaison à différentes Env, et en « single round assay » pour leur capacité de neutralisation d'un large spectre (LS) de pseudovirus. Des protéines multidomaines (plusieurs sdAbs reliés par un linker) ont ensuite été construites et testées pour leur neutralisation. Plusieurs de ces molécules, neutralisant un LS de virus, pourraient être utilisées dans des microbicides. La stabilité caractéristique des sdAbs, même en absence de formation de pont disulfure, par exemple dans un environnement réducteur tel que le cytoplasme, est primordiale dans le développement d'anticorps intracellulaires (intrabodies). / HIV-1 is the infectious agent of AIDS. Numerous therapies exist to fight AIDS, but they are not able to eradicate it, and resistances appear. So, new therapy development is necessary. Single-domain antibodies (sdAb) of llamas have ideal properties to develop neutralizing molecules. So, llamas have been immunized with Vpr and with free or miniCD4 induced trimeric gp140 (extracellular part of the envelope (Env)). SdAb libraries have been built and selections were done by phage display and yeast two hybrid. Three sdAbs targeting the co-receptor binding site of the Env and one sdAb targeting the CD4 binding site have been selected. These sites are conserved but inaccessible by conventional immunoglobulins. These sdAbs have been characterized by ELISA, SPR and FACS for their ability to bind different Env and by single-round assay for their neutralization ability. Multimeric proteins (linked sdAbs) have been built and tested for their neutralization ability. Several of these molecules are able to neutralize a broad spectrum of pseudoviruses. They can be used in microbicides. The characteristic stability of these sdAbs, even without disulfide bound formation, ie into reducing environment, as the cytoplasm, is primordial for intracellular antibody (intrabody) development. One sdAb anti-Vpr has been selected using the Sos Recruitment System (SRS), an yeast two-hybrid system allowing detection of cytoplasmic protein-protein interactions. This sdAb is able to alter the localization of its antigen into eukaryotic cells. It is a proof of concept ot the use of SRS in the selection of intracellularly functional sdAbs.