Bakgrund: Migration är ett vanligt förekommande fenomen idag vare sig den är ofrivillig eller frivillig. Mycket forskning har gjorts om den ofrivilliga flyktingmigrationen men ytterst lite forskning har fokuserat på den frivilliga migrationen, då i synnerhet gällande högutbildade individer med special kompetens. Avgränsningar: Vi har begränsat oss till att studera de mer rationella orsakerna till inflödet av utländsk kompetens, vilka anses vara lättare för en stat att påverka. Vidare så har vi fokuserat oss mot de individer som anses vara högutbildade eller inneha en speciell eftertraktad kompetens. Studien är också begränsad till att studera migration av högutbildad arbetskraft mellan i-länder. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka orsakerna till det nettoinflöde av utländsk kompetens till ett visst land vilka kan påverkas av statliga åtgärder. I vårt fall har vi använt oss av Nederländerna som ett studieobjekt i vår undersökning för att se vad den nederländska staten gjort för att attrahera utländsk kompetens. Genomförande: Uppsatsen baseras på empiriska resultat som insamlades under en veckas uppehåll i Nederländerna. Vi har också använt oss av litteratur och artiklar angående migration av högutbildade. Viss statistik data angående Nederländerna har också använts. Resultat: Vi har funnit att orsakerna till migration av högutbildade individer styrs av både rationella och irrationella faktorer som mer eller mindre kan påverkas av statliga åtgärder. Vad gäller Nederländerna så har man inte tagit några åtgärder med det explicita syftet att attrahera utländsk kompetens. Detta har blivit en positiv konsekvens av den nederländska statens försök att attrahera utländska direktinvesteringar. Slutligen har vi funnit att"brain drain"inte nödvändigtvis är en negativ företeelse på lång sikt. / Background: It is a common phenomenon for people today to leave their country of origin to move to another country. Involuntary movements have been the focus of much research, however little has been done to explain why voluntary migration takes place specifically amongst highly skilled individuals. Purpose: The purpose of this report is therefore to investigate the reasons for the net inflow of foreign skilled workforce to a country, which a government can influence. In doing so we have made use of the Netherlands as a case study. Limitations: We have focused on the inflow of foreign competence for more rational reasons, which a country's government could have some influence upon. Furthermore, we will concentrate on those individuals who are considered to be highly educated or specialists. The study is limited to the migration of skilled labour from one industrialised country to another. Manner of Proceedings: The report is based on empirical results collected during a weeks visit to the Netherlands. We have also made use of literature and articles treating the brain drain-brain gain phenomenon. Some use of statistics regarding the Netherlands has also been used. Results: We have found that the reasons for the migration of highly skilled labour is dependent on both rational and irrational factors of influence. The possibility for a government to influence any of these issues varies. Regarding the Netherlands nothing has been done with the explicit intent of attracting foreign competence, this has been a positive side effect in the attempt to attract FDI. Finally we have found that brain drain is not necessarily a bad phenomenon in the long run.

For years, corporations in the United States have criticized the native workforce for not having enough qualified workers who are skilled in science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Changing the immigration system could solve their problem. Current debates about how to best accomplish this task stem from different perceptions of whether high-skill immigrants adapt to the labor market, suffer from labor market disadvantages or meet rapid earnings growth. This study examines the initial wage gap immigrants working in the scientific research, development and testing services industry face upon entry to the United States as well as their income assimilation patterns. Ultimately, this paper provides evidence of a wage gap in this industry for recently arrived immigrants and otherwise similar natives, as well as confirms that the earnings for male immigrants in the industry tend to converge toward native levels the longer they remain in the country. Therefore, these results can provide valuable perspective on present immigration debates about whether to reduce immigration levels or change the skill composition of new immigrants.

In Canada, the non-recognition of foreign credentials remains a considerable policy issue as well as a challenge for skilled immigrants. Many studies have shed light on the difficulties that foreign professionals face when seeking a placement in the Canadian job market. This thesis focused on the experiences of professional women from Morocco on the basis of the premise that every racialized group’s immigration experience deserves a space in the literature to voice their realities and inspire policy considerations. As a result, this study focused on examining the experiences of Moroccan women in the Canadian job market and the impact thereof, on their socio-economic status, and as such, health and well-being. In order to effectively capture the experiences of this particular community, a fieldwork study was conducted in the form of semi-structured individual interviews with twelve women who immigrated to Canada from Morocco with professional qualifications. Based on the participants’ accounts, I described that systemic discrimination as manifested in Othering and racialization remain major obstacles to the realization of equal access in the Canadian labour market. All in all, this research provides valuable insight into the plight of skilled immigrants in Canada and thus, offers strong policy recommendations to facilitate a more effective integration process for this group into the Canadian Job market.

In Canada, the non-recognition of foreign credentials remains a considerable policy issue as well as a challenge for skilled immigrants. Many studies have shed light on the difficulties that foreign professionals face when seeking a placement in the Canadian job market. This thesis focused on the experiences of professional women from Morocco on the basis of the premise that every racialized group’s immigration experience deserves a space in the literature to voice their realities and inspire policy considerations. As a result, this study focused on examining the experiences of Moroccan women in the Canadian job market and the impact thereof, on their socio-economic status, and as such, health and well-being. In order to effectively capture the experiences of this particular community, a fieldwork study was conducted in the form of semi-structured individual interviews with twelve women who immigrated to Canada from Morocco with professional qualifications. Based on the participants’ accounts, I described that systemic discrimination as manifested in Othering and racialization remain major obstacles to the realization of equal access in the Canadian labour market. All in all, this research provides valuable insight into the plight of skilled immigrants in Canada and thus, offers strong policy recommendations to facilitate a more effective integration process for this group into the Canadian Job market.

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Didelio meistriškumo krepšininkų ugdymo krūvių išdėstymo racionalumas rengimo makrocikle ir jų įtaka jėgos greitumo rodiklių kaitai išlieka aktualia šiai dienai tyrimo problema. / The rationality of arrangement of educational loads of highly skilled basketball players during preparation macrocycle and their influence on the variation of indices of speed power remains the relevant research problem nowadays.

Sportas svarbus socialinis fenomenas, kuris daro didelę įtaką pagrindinėms visuomenės gyvenimo sferoms: žmonių tarpusavio santykiams, darbinei veiklai, visuomeniniams santykiams, taip pat formuoja madą, etines vertybes, žmonių gyvenimo būdą. K. Kardelis ir F. Motiejūnas (1995), N. B. Stambulova (1999), J. Taylor ir B. C. Ogilvie (2001) ir daugelis kiltų autorių bandė nustatyti lemiamus sportinės karjeros ir jos nutraukimo probleminius periodus. Sportininko karjera yra daug trumpesnė nei kitos profesinės karjeros, nes daugelis sportininkų baigia savo profesinę veiklą savanoriškai arba priversti įvairių aplinkybių, nesulaukę keturiasdešimties metų. Tyrėjai teigia, kad ryškiausias ir daugiausia nerimo sportininkui keliantis sportinės karjeros etapas yra jos pabaiga (Taylor ir Ogilvie, 2001). Tyrimo objektas – didelio meistriškumo sportininkų karjeros pereigos projektavimo galimybės. Tyrimo hipotezė – didelio meistriškumo sportininkų karjeros pereigos kokybė tiesiogiai priklauso nuo atleto individualaus pasirengimo ir racionalaus suvokimo, kad nuoseklus karjeros projektavimas yra būtinas visais jos raidos etapais. Šio darbo tikslas yra ištirti didelio meistriškumo sportininkų karjeros ypatumus bei numatyti jos pereigos projektavimo galimybes. Tyrimo metodai: literatūros šaltinių analizė ir apibendrinimas; interviu metodas; statistinė tyrimo duomenų analizė. Tirtų didelio meistriškumo sportininkų karjeros nutraukimo priežastys: senyvas kaip sportininko amžius, traumos bei... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Sport is an important social phenomena, which has an influence on the main society life spheres: relationship between people, working activities, public relations, also form a fashion, ethnic values, people’s lifestyle. K. Kardelis and F. Motiejunas (1995), N. B. Stambulova (1999), J. Taylor and B. C. Ogilvie (2001_ and many other authors tried to determine decisive problematic periods of sporting career and its termination. An athlete’s career is shorter than other professional careers, because many athletes finish their professional activity voluntarily or forced by various circumstances, before reaching 40 years. The researchers claim that the most notable athletic career stage which mainly causes anxiety to the athlete is its termination (Taylor and Ogilvie, 2001). The research object is the designing career transition opportunities of highly skilled athletes. The research hypothesis – the career transition quality of the highly skilled athletes depends directly on athlete’s individual preparation and rational perception, that the consistent career designing is necessary for all development stages. The aim of the research is to analyze the highly skilled athlete’s career peculiarities, also to predict designing possibilities of its transition. The research methods: analysis of literature sources and summary; interview method; statistical research data analysis. The career termination causes of the researched highly skilled athletes: elderly for an athlete’s age... [to full text]

This dissertation concentrates on the subject of migration from the less researched angle of the rural areas losing migrants. This dissertation is premised upon the hypothesis that emigration of skilled people stifles development in rural areas and this in turn leads to the lack of development. The lack of development causes emigration. I am arguing that this vicious cycle must be broken down through leadership committed to achieving development goals and through personal sacrifices of skilled people remaining in rural areas. Therefore, this dissertation seeks to establish the impact that migration has on rural development. It looks at the case of eMabhuqwini as the study’s focal point. There are two arguments that are advanced by the thesis: (1) Migration negatively impacts on development in the area of eMabhuqwini. The more able‐bodied, skilled and capable people emigrate, the higher the likelihood that the area they leave will stay underdeveloped. This is because people who have the capacity to drive development in the area will have left. At the same time, if the area is underdeveloped, people are likely to leave it and seek greener pastures – especially in terms of better living conditions and employment opportunities – elsewhere, particularly in more developed urban areas. (2) Political infighting between political parties appears to be the main cause of the slow (if any) pace of service delivery and development in the area. This is so because of growing political intolerance among political parties in South Africa. This political intolerance is also characterised by an unwillingness to accept political defeat. As such, this process has dictated the terms of and speed of service delivery as there is little will on the part of political leaders to spearhead development in an area governed by the opposition. I further provide a comprehensive conceptual framework on migration theory, a detailed presentation of the case study area, a three‐pronged empirical study consisting of interviews with thirty‐two households, household in‐depth survey (6 respondents) as well as three focus groups. Quantitatively, 32 respondents answered a semi‐structured research questionnaire. Six of the same people were also requested to respond to an open‐ended research schedule that sought to gain answers to open‐ended questions. The questions themselves were divided into two sections, a closed‐ended part as well as an open‐ended part. Quantitative questionnaires were analysed using the SPSS computer program, while the others were analysed thematically. In terms of conclusions and recommendations, it was observed that the two arguments were confirmed: that migration does have a negative impact on development; and that, to minimise this impact, or to reverse the process, an intensive effort must be put into encouraging the government, together with traditional and local leadership, to deliver services to the people so as to develop the area and minimise the impact of migration. / Thesis (M.T.R.P.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

In Canada, the non-recognition of foreign credentials remains a considerable policy issue as well as a challenge for skilled immigrants. Many studies have shed light on the difficulties that foreign professionals face when seeking a placement in the Canadian job market. This thesis focused on the experiences of professional women from Morocco on the basis of the premise that every racialized group’s immigration experience deserves a space in the literature to voice their realities and inspire policy considerations. As a result, this study focused on examining the experiences of Moroccan women in the Canadian job market and the impact thereof, on their socio-economic status, and as such, health and well-being. In order to effectively capture the experiences of this particular community, a fieldwork study was conducted in the form of semi-structured individual interviews with twelve women who immigrated to Canada from Morocco with professional qualifications. Based on the participants’ accounts, I described that systemic discrimination as manifested in Othering and racialization remain major obstacles to the realization of equal access in the Canadian labour market. All in all, this research provides valuable insight into the plight of skilled immigrants in Canada and thus, offers strong policy recommendations to facilitate a more effective integration process for this group into the Canadian Job market.

This study deals with skilled migration from a developing country perspective. The migration of skilled individuals from developing countries to developed countries is often viewed as a costly subsidy from the poor nations to the rich, and a threat to their economic development. The first part of the study brings up to date both the theoretical and the policy debate on the impact of skilled migration on the sending economies. The second purpose of the study is to take a closer look at the motivations for skilled emigration from Turkey. The emigration of skilled individuals from Turkey has attracted greater attention in recent years, particularly after the experience of back to back economic crises that have led to increased unemployment among the highly educated young. A survey study was undertaken during the first half of 2002 in order to collect information on various characteristics of Turkish professionals and Turkish students residing abroad. Over 2000 responses were received from the targeted populations. The information from this survey was then used to determine the empirical importance of various factors on return intentions by estimating ordered probit models for the two samples. In the migration literature, wage differentials are often cited as an important factor explaining skilled migration. The findings of the study suggest, however, that other factors are also important in explaining the non-return of Turkish professionals. Economic instability in Turkey is found to be an important push factor, while work experience in Turkey also increases non-return. In the student sample, higher salaries offered in the host country and lifestyle preferences, including a more organized and ordered environment in their current country of study increase the probability of not returning. For both groups, the analysis also points to the importance of prior intentions and the role of the family in the decision to return to Turkey or stay overseas.