This thesis utilizes a regression model and three different occupational status scores, namely, Duncan‘s SEI, Nam-Powers-Boyd Occupational Status Score and Prestige Score of Nakao and Treas, to examine the impact of sexual orientation. Previous studies have found that lesbian women have an advantageous wage effect, compared to their heterosexual counterparts irrespective of marital status. A special focus of comparing the occupational status of cohabiting lesbians with married women and cohabiting heterosexual women has not been studied in the past. Using 2006 ACS sample data from IPUMS-USA, the results of this analysis suggested that compared to married women, lesbians obtain a significant advantage in occupational status only with the Nam-Powers-Boyd metric. Compared to cohabiting heterosexual women, lesbians were shown to have an occupational status advantage with regard to each of the three occupational status metrics. In conclusion, using the most appropriate occupational status score such as the Nam-Powers-Boyd Score, lesbians have more occupational status points compared to their heterosexual peers and human capital theory provides a powerful explanation for the lesbians‘ advantageous occupational status.

The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the characters portrayed on "prime-time" television drama in an attempt to determine how they compared, with the distribution represented in U. S. Census Bureau data for sex, marital status and occupational status. In pursuing this objective, it was also concerned with the development of a method of content analysis that would not require use of a videotape recorder.

The aim with this study was to gain an understanding for teaching as an profession, and get a bigger knowledge about the certification of teaching and what it means for the teaching occupations status. To get an answer for this study two methods were used. The first method was a survey with questions that were sent out to working high school teachers in the North of Sweden. The second method was a document analysis of articales from three Swedish dailynewspapers. To analyse the results from this study a theory about professions is used troughout the whole paper. This studies resluts shows that profession as an definition is hard to undestand. On some level working teachers recognise there occupation as an profession, an analyis between one definition of profession and the results from this survey shows that teachers sees them selfves beeing in an semiprofession. The fakt that teaching is aknowledged as an profession from those outside the occupations could not be answered from this study, when the analyse from newspaperarticals shows that profession together with teaching occupation is something that is unusual. Furthermore, the results from the survey shows that working teachers feel that the certification of teachers had not had the expected effects on the teachers status. From the analysis of the newspaper articales it is hard to say if the certification has had any effect whatsoever, when the results points to both a positive change in status and no change at all in status. But the certification of a teacher is still a new process and is not expected to be completed until 1 july 2015, that means that there is still a chance that it will have an effect.

Vocational agriculture had its birth in Utah rural high schools in the spring of 1918. It is a program for training present and future farmers for proficiency in agriculture. The instruction in Utah, as in most states, has been devoted to the training of all-day (high school) students. Since 1918 considerably over one million dollars of federal, state and local funds have been expended for all-day instruction in vocational agriculture in Utah. The primary objective of the program is to train these boys to become farmers or farm leaders. From time to time the following questions have been asked: Do all-day students ever become farmers? If so, are they the poorer students of the high shcool? What percentage of former all-day students are remaining in rural communities? What percent of all-day students go to college? These and numerous other questions have been asked by taxpayers, school patrons, high school principals, county school superintendents, agricultural leaders, and others who are concerned with the education of farm youth. The state director of agricultural education and the teachers of vocational agriculture in the various districts in Utah have answered these questions as intelligently as possible with the information available. Their answers were necessarily very subjective and based on personal opinion. The state director of agricultural education and many of the teachers of vocational agriculture sensed the need of an objective study concerning former students. The vocational agricultural program had been in existence for more than 20 years, and no check up had been made in this regard. As far as the state as a whole was concerned the program was like a clock without hands; it was running, but no one knew the time in terms of results as they were related to the obejctives of the program.

The aim of this thesis is to explore several aspects of occupation-based inequality in post-Soviet Russia that have previously been given little attention in the literature. The data sources for statistical analysis are the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) and the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP). Various statistical techniques have been used, such as regression models with random and fixed effects, nonparametric and semiparametric regression models, survival models and log-multiplicative models for contingency tables. First, the thesis looks at the validity of the application of the European Socio-Economic Classiffcation (ESeC) in Russia. The results show that ESeC classes in Russia are different in respect to several aspects of their employment contract, such as the probability of informal employment, the index of fringe benefits and unemployment risks. This confirms the validity of the ESeC for Russia. Second, the association between earnings and age is analyzed. The shape of cross-sectional age-earnings profiles in Russia is different from the shape in Western countries, especially for men. There is little variation in earnings across age groups, and younger men have higher average earnings than older men. The thesis suggests and discusses several explanations for this, such as age segregation in the labour market and the effect of class structure. Third, the thesis explores the class gap in mortality. Non-manual classes have lower mortality risks than manual classes, both for men and women. The size of the class gap in mortality in Russia is larger than in Western European countries. Fourth, the thesis constructs an occupational status scale and analyzes its properties. The scale is based on the information about intermarriages between occupational groups. The Russian scale is similar to the scales previously constructed for European countries and the USA. Overall, the thesis demonstrates similarity in the patterns of occupation-based inequality in Russia and in Western industrial countries. It also discusses some technical aspects of class analysis and suggests a more clear separation between the descriptive and causal logic within it.

No description available.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur status påverkar problematiken att rekrytera och bibehålla virkesköpare inom skogsbranschen. Denna kvalitativa studie har utgått från ett bolag som fått representera hela skogsbranschen. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex personer inom bolaget och fyra studenter på jägmästarprogrammet inom SLU i Umeå. Utöver intervjuer skickades webbenkät till jägmästarprogrammets årskurs 4 och 5, vilket resulterade i 45 svar. Det empiriska materialet i studien har analyserats utifrån Webers (1983) teori om möjlighetsansamling och utestängningsmekanismer samt utifrån Bourdieus (1984) teori om status, baserat kulturellt-, ekonomiskt-, socialt- och symboliskt kapital.   De teman som tydligast framträdde utifrån den insamlade empirin var; den numerära ökningen, kunskap, identifikation, nätverk och frihet. Studien tyder på att status inom virkesköparrollen sjunkit i takt med att antalet virkesköpare ökat, samt att kunskapen som studenterna tar med sig från sina studier inte alltid är den kunskap som behövs som virkesköpare, vilket i sin tur resulterar i att studenterna inte identifierar sig med virkesköparrollen. Detta kan därmed ses som en grundorsak till varför virkesköpare inte ses som ett yrke man helst skulle vilja ha efter examen. I studien har det också visat sig att nätverk har stor inverkan på rollen och att de studenter som blir virkesköpare upplever rollen som svårare än de trott och att det gjort att man sökt sig vidare inom eller utanför företaget. Dessa aspekter kan ses som anledningar till att rollen har en negativ yrkesstatusförskjutning vilket kan vara en bidragande faktor till att det blivit svårare att rekrytera och bibehålla personer i virkesköparrollen. / The purpose of this paper is to investigate how occupational status affects the problem of recruiting and retaining timberbuyers in the forest industry. This qualitative study is based on a company that has represented the entire forest industry. The empirical material has been gathered through semi structured interviews with six people within the company and four students at the forestry program at SLU in Umeå. In addition to interviews, a web survey was sent to the students at the forestry program, grade 4 and 5, resulting in 45 answers. The empirical material of the study has been analyzed on the basis of Weber's (1983) theory of probability- and exclusion mechanisms as well as Bourdieu's (1984) theory of status, based in cultural, economic, social and symbolic capital.   The themes that most clearly emerged from the collected empirical material were; the numerical increase of timberbuyers, knowledge, identification, network and freedom. The study suggests that the status of the forester role has fallen as the number of timberbuyers grow, and that the knowledge that students bring from their studies is not always the knowledge needed as forester, which in turn results in the fact that the students don’t identify with the role of timberbuyer. This is understood to be one of the main reasons why it is not considered as a profession one would prefer to have after graduation. The study has also found that networks have a major impact on the role and that the students who become timberbuyers experience the role as more difficult than they thought. That makes it more likely that the new timberbuyers after a shorter period of time will move on to new roles within or outside the company. These aspects can be seen as a reason why the role has a negative occupational status shift, which can be a contributing factor to making it more difficult to recruit and retain people in the timberbuyer role.

Un nombre croissant d’études suggèrent que le rôle des facteurs psychologiques dans le risque cardio-métabolique pourrait différer selon la position socio-économique des individus.Les travaux de cette thèse ont utilisé les données du Centre d'Investigations Préventives et Cliniques, de l'Etude Prospective Parisienne 3 et de la cohorte CONSTANCES pour examiner le rôle modérateur de la profession et catégorie socioprofessionnelle (PCS) sur les relations entre stress ou dépression et différents marqueurs du risque cardio-métabolique.Les résultats montrent que la PCS était un facteur modérateur de l'association du stress perçu avec la PA élevée chez les femmes (étude no 1), le diabète (étude no 2) et l'athérosclérose préclinique (étude no 3), de telle sorte que les individus des PCS les moins favorisées étaient les plus à risque. Cela semblait également être le cas pour l'association entre la dépression et le risque de maladie coronarienne à 10 ans chez les hommes (étude no 4).Ces résultats montrent l'importance de prendre systématiquement en compte le rôle modérateur des inégalités socioprofessionnelles dans la relation entre facteurs psychologiques et risque cardio-métabolique, aussi bien dans les études épidémiologiques pour mieux caractériser ce risque, qu’en santé publique et pratique clinique pour mieux le prévenir. / A growing body of studies suggests that the association between psychological factors and cardiometabolic risk might depend upon individual's socio-economic status.Data of Centre d'Investigations Préventives et Cliniques, Paris Prospective Study 3 and CONSTANCES cohort were used to examine the moderating role of occupational status (OS) on the associations between stress or depression and cardiometabolic risk markers.OS was a moderating factor of the association between perceived stress and high blood pressure among women (study No. 1), diabetes(study No. 2) and subclinical atherosclerosis (study No. 3), with increased risk for the individuals of lower OS. Similar pattern of results were observed for the association between depression and 10-year coronary heart disease risk among men (study No. 4).These results highlight the importance to systematically take into account the moderating effect of occupational inequalities when examining the association between psychological factors and cardiometabolic risk in epidemiological studies to better characterize this risk but also in public health policies and clinical practice for a better prevention.

In many OECD countries, women are underrepresented in the highest status, highest paying positions and overrepresented in the lowest status, lowest paying positions. One potential reason for this inequity is the "motherhood penalty," where women with children face more roadblocks in hiring and promotions. This research investigates occupational segregation among mothers and fathers and analyzes whether gender gaps in occupational status are more extreme for immigrant populations. Using data from the Luxembourg Cross-National Data Center, I compare changes in gender occupational segregation from 2000 to 2016 in Germany and the United States among immigrant and native-born parents. Multinomial logistic regression models and predicted probabilities show that despite instituting policies intended to reduce gender inequality in the workforce, Germany fares worse than the US in their gendered occupational outcomes overall. While the gap between mothers' and fathers' probabilities of employment in the highest status jobs is shrinking over time in Germany, particularly for immigrant mothers, Germany's gender gaps in professional occupations are consistently larger than gaps in the US. Likewise, gender gaps in unskilled work participation are also larger in Germany, with immigrant mothers having a much higher likelihood of working in labor/elementary occupations than any other group--including US immigrant women. These findings suggest that work-family policies--at least those implemented in Germany--are not cure-all solutions for entrenched gender inequality. Results also demonstrate the importance of considering the interaction between gender and other demographic characteristics--like immigrant status--when determining the potential effectiveness of proposed work-family policies.

Lojalitet gentemot arbetsgivare har tidigare ansetts vara en merit för anställda, medan det i dagens arbetsliv kan upplevas vara mer av en belastning. Lojala medarbetare får ofta en sämre löneutveckling och blir mindre attraktiva på arbetsmarknaden än de som med jämna mellanrum byter arbetsplats, vilket kan vara en orsak till att organisationer idag har problem med personalomsättningar där individer lämnar sina anställningar i snabbare takt än vad som förväntas. Detta ställer höga krav på organisationer att arbeta strategiskt med sitt personalarbete för att rekrytera rätt personal samt behålla dem. Studiens syfte var att undersöka varför vissa individer är mer benägna till att lämna sina organisationer än andra. Detta genomfördes genom att kvantitativt studera variablerna organisationsidentifikation, upplevd yrkesstatus och dess korrelation med individens intention att lämna sin organisation. Studien genomfördes i samarbete med Försvarsmakten och Skaraborgs regemente P4. Respondenterna i studien bestod av soldater från den 42:a mekaniserade bataljonen vilka samtliga tillhörde yrkeskategorin kontinuerligt anställda soldater. Resultatet visade signifikanta negativa samband mellan organisationsidentifikation och individens intention att lämna sin organisation (β=-.39, p=<.001) samt mellan yrkesstatus och intentionen att lämna sin organisation (β =-.35, p=<.001). Organisationsidentifikation hade även ett signifikant positivt samband med yrkesstatus (β =.34, p=<.001). Resultatet indikerar därmed på att organisationsidentifikation inte bara påverkar individens intention att lämna sin organisation, vilket även tidigare studier visat, utan att den även påverkar medarbetares upplevda yrkesstatus. Detta ger incitament till organisationer att aktivt arbeta med att öka sina anställdas organisationsidentifikation om yrkets status upplevs vara låg samt om personalomsättningen är för hög. / Loyalty towards the employer has been considered a merit in the past. In today'slabor, loyalty may instead be regarded as a burden on the loyal employee because he/she often gets lower wage and gets less attractive on the labor market than those who change jobs every once in a while. This may cause problems within the organizations, such as a high employee turnover where individuals leave their jobs in a faster pace than the organizations expect. This places high demands on organizations to work strategically with their Human Resources Department to recruit the right staff and retaining them in the organization. The purpose of this study was to examine why some individuals are more likely to leave their organizationsthan others. This was accomplished through measuring the variables organizational identification, perceived occupational status and its correlation with the intention to leave their organization. A quantitative survey was conducted in collaboration with the Swedish Armed Forces. The respondents consisted of professional soldiers from Skaraborgs regiment serving in the 42nd mechanized battalion. The results showed significant negative correlations between organizational identification and intention to leave their organization (β=-.39,p=<.001), and perceived occupational status and intention to leave their organization (β =-.35,p=<.001). Organizational identification also had a significant positive association with perceived occupational status (β=.34, p=<.001). The results indicate that organizational identification affects not only the intention to leave their organization, which also has been shown by previous studies, but also employees' perceived occupational status. This provides incentives for organizations to work actively to increase their employees' organizational identification if the employee’s perceive a low occupational status and if the turnover rates are high.