Les systèmes piles à combustible de type PEM pour des applications de transport reposent sur un ensemble d’auxiliaires (stockage d’hydrogène, compresseur d’air, convertisseur de puissance, humidificateur, etc) qui assurent le bon fonctionnement du système pile. La mise en place d’observateurs permet de disposer d’un outil pour reconstruire les états non mesurés de ce système; cela permet de mettre en place un contrôle par retour de sortie en vue d’optimiser les performances du système pile et ainsi d'améliorer la détection et l’isolation de défauts (FDI). Cette thèse est basée sur l’étude et la synthèse d'observateurs adaptatifs par mode glissant d’ordre supérieur, pour deux principaux auxiliaires de la pile que sont, le système d'alimentation en air et les convertisseurs de puissance associés à la pile. La première partie de la thèse est consacrée à la synthèse d’observateurs pour la reconstruction des états et à la détection et l’isolation des défauts sur le système d’alimentation en air de la PEMFC. Dans un premier temps, un observateur algébrique par mode glissant d’ordre supérieur est synthétisé pour la reconstruction de la pression partielle de l'oxygène et de l'azote. Dans un deuxième temps, un nouvel observateur adaptatif par mode glissant d’ordre deux est synthétisé pour assurer l'observation simultanée des états, l'identification des paramètres, la surveillance et la reconstruction de défaut dans le circuit d’air. Les performances des observateurs proposées ont été validées grâce à un simulateur Hardware-In-Loop (HIL) du système pile à combustible.Dans la deuxième partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’élaboration d’observateurs et de commande par retour de sortie pour les convertisseurs associé au système pile dans une application transport. Ainsi, une commande novatrice par mode glissant d’ordre deux, de type retour de sortie, a été élaborée pour le convertisseur AC/DC. Dans un second temps, un observateur de type modes glissants d’ordre 2 adaptatif est synthétisé pour un convertisseur de type multicellulaire. / Automotive PEM Fuel Cell systems rely upon a set of auxiliary systems for proper operation, such as humidifier, air-feed compressor, power converter etc. The internal physical states of the latter are often unmeasurable, yet required for their precise control. Observers provide a means of obtaining the unmeasured states of these auxiliary systems for feedback control, optimal energy consumption and Fault Diagnosis and Isolation (FDI). This thesis is based on higher order sliding mode observer design studies for two major PEMFC auxiliary systems found in modern automobiles, the air-feed system and the power electronics system.The first part is focused on robust observation and FDI of the PEMFC air-feed systems. Sliding mode observer design and their applications to FDI have been studied in detail for this purpose and the key observation problems in this system have been identified. Based on this study, two solutions are proposed, a sliding mode algebraic observer for oxygen and nitrogen partial pressures and a novel robust adaptive-gain Second Order Sliding Mode (SOSM) observer based FDI for simultaneous state observation, parameter identification, health monitoring and fault reconstruction of the PEMFC air-feed system. The performance of the proposed observers has been validated on an instrumented Hardware-In-Loop (HIL) test bench.The observation and output feedback control problems of different power electronic converters, commonly found in fuel cell vehicles, are addressed in the next part. Robust output feedback SOSM control for three phase AC/DC converters have been presented. A robust SOSM observer for multi-cell converters has also been designed. The performance of all these designs has been demonstrated through a multi-rate simulation approach. The results highlight the robustness of the observers and controllers against parametric uncertainty, measurement noise and external disturbance.

Cette thèse porte sur le développement de nouvelles stratégies de commande et d’observation adaptatives par Modes Glissants (MG) et par Modes Glissants d’Ordres Supérieurs (MGOS). En effet, la mise en œuvre des commandes par MG et MGOS classiques nécessite la connaissance des limites supérieures des perturbations ou de leurs dérivées, souvent inconnues. Le premier apport de cette thèse est la synthèse d’une stratégie d’adaptation permettant d'assurer la convergence de la variable de glissement vers un voisinage prédéfini de zéro sans nécessiter d'informations sur les perturbations ou leurs dérivées et sans surestimation du gain. Cette stratégie est ensuite déclinée pour concevoir : deux commandes par MG d’ordre 1 et 2, une commande par mode glissant intégral, ainsi qu’une version du différenciateur de Levant. La deuxième contribution de la thèse est la mise au point de deux commandes adaptatives par MGOS discontinues. Ces deux algorithmes assurent un mode glissant d'ordre n en s’affranchissant de la connaissance de la limite supérieure de la perturbation et de sa dérivée. Enfin, afin de montrer l’efficacité des algorithmes proposés, ils sont appliqués avec succès à travers des simulations pour la commande d’un système de conversion de l’énergie éolienne et la commande d’un moteur à induction linéaire pour la cogénération. / This thesis deals with the development of novel strategies to adapt higher order sliding mode controllers and observers. The implementation of classics first order and higher order sliding mode controllers requires the knowledge of the upper bound of the disturbance or its derivative, which are often not known. The first contribution of this thesis is the design of an adaptive strategy that can ensure the convergence of the sliding variable to a predefined neighborhood of zero without requiring any information of the disturbance or its derivative and without overestimating the adaptive gain. This adaptive strategy is then declined for the design of the first order, second order and integral sliding mode controllers, and for the Levant's differentiator. The second contribution of the thesis is the development of two adaptive strategies for discontinuous higher order sliding mode control. The proposed two algorithms can provide the achievement of n-order sliding mode despite disturbances with unknown upper bounds or with unknown upper bounds of their derivatives. Finally, in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms, they are successfully applied through simulations to control the wind energy conversion system and the linear induction motor system for cogeneration.

Le contrôle par mode glissant est une technique d'automatique qui possède une longue histoire, la littérature remontant jusqu'au année 50. Son essence est la suivante : le contrôle est définit comme étant l'image d'une fonction discontinue de la variable de glissement, contraignant le système à évolué sur une variété, le système glisse alors dessus, d'où le nom. Cette variable de glissement est elle définie à partir de l'état du système. Les développements ont mené à la constitution d'une théorie bien établie à propos de cette technique, avec de nombreuses propriétés théoriques fort intéressante. Toutefois ceci ne porte que sur la version continue, c'est à dire quand le contrôle peut changer de valeur à chaque instant. En comparaison la version discrète du ce contrôleur est définie par le fait que la valeur du contrôle ne peut changer qu'à des instants isolés discrets. On a alors une fonction en escalier, constante sur la période d'échantillonnage. Cette situation est rencontrée par exemple lorsque le contrôleur est implémenté à l'aide d'un micro-contrôleur, ce qui est le cas dans nombre d'applications industrielles. Le principal problème avec le mode glissant est l'apparition d'un phénomène largement indésirable, le chattering (ou broutement) avec la version discrète du contrôleur, où même déjà en simulation. Dans ce dernier cas, nous appelons ceci du chattering numérique que nous attribuons à une mauvaise discrétisation du contrôle. L'approche développée ici se focalise sur ce point et est largement inspirée par les travaux effectués en mécanique non régulière, où ce type de comportement a aussi été observé lors de la simulation de système avec frottements et/où impacts. L'idée principale est de discretisé le contrôle de manière implicite et non explicite. Ceci permet d'éliminer le chattering numérique dans les cas simples (systèmes linéaires par exemple) où bien de le réduire grandement. Pour mener à bien l'analyse, des outils provenant de l'analyse convexe ainsi que des inégalités variationnelles en dimension finie sont utilisés. Le contrôleur proposé possède des propriétés intéressantes et proches de celles du temps continu. Ainsi on peut montrer que la variable de glissement est régie par une dynamique stable en temps finie, avec une fonction de Lyapunov. Le contrôle discret convergence vers celui du cas continu quand la période d'échantillonnage tends vers 0. Une atténuation d'éventuelles perturbations de type "matching" peut être établie. Ces travaux ont essentiellement portés sur le contrôle par mode glissant classique. L'algorithme dit twisting a pu être discrétisé avec la même technique et sa stabilité en temps finie grâce à une fonction de Lyapunov a pu être montrée. Ces propriétés ont été vérifiée en simulation, mais aussi de manière expérimentale. Ainsi des essais ont pu être menés sur deux banc d'essai: le premier est basé sur un système electropneumatique où à la fois le contrôle par mode glissant classique ainsi que le twisting ont pu être implémentés. L'objectif étant de suivre une trajectoire de référence. Le second système est un pendule inverse où le système doit être stabilisé à la position d'équilibre instable. Ici seul le contrôleur classique a été testé. L'analyse des données expérimentales a permis de mettre en lumière les performances supérieures des contrôleurs proposés par rapport à ceux classiquement usités. Les objectifs de contrôle sont mieux atteint et le chattering est grandement diminué. / Sliding Mode Control is a control technique with a long history, with research efforts dating back to the 50's. The basic idea is to define the control input as a discontinuous function of the sliding variable, which solely depends on the state, and to constraint the system to evolve on a manifold, hence the term sliding. Over the years a strong theory was build around this technique, but only in continuous time. In our context, this means that control input value can change value at any time. The discrete-time case is when the control input can only change at isolated time instants and the dynamical system on which the control is still a continuous-time process. The control input is therefore a step function. This case appears when the controller is digitally implemented, for instance with the help of a microcontroller. This kind of setup is nowadays ubiquitous in benchmarks and industrial applications. One of the main limitation of the applicability of sliding mode control is the chattering phenomenon that is witnessed when this control technique is applied in practice, but already in simulations. In contrast to previous approaches, we single out the chattering that is already witnessed in simulation, even with no disturbance and with perfect knowledge of the dynamics. This is called the numerical chattering and one of its distinct feature is the constant chattering, or high-frequency bang-bang behavior, of the control input. This naturally induces a chattering of the sliding variable. The claim that this type of chattering is usually predominant and that it is due to a bad discretization of the signum multifunction. The approach developed in this work was inspired by the research effort in the nonsmooth mechanical to properly simulate some systems like those with dry friction and/or unilateral constraints. The main point is to discretize the signum in an implicit fashion, that is its argument is the value of the sliding variable at the end of the next sampling period. With this change, the numerical chattering can be removed in the simplest cases, largely attenuated. The research effort was focused on classical sliding mode controller, rather than the higher order ones. The frameworks used to perform the analysis are convex analysis and variational inequalities. This discrete-time controller enjoys several interesting theoretical properties. First it is finite-time Lyapunov stable: the sliding variable goes to 0 in finite-time. The discrete-time control input converges to the continuous-time one as the sampling period goes to 0. The control action also attenuates the effect of matched perturbations. Also the increase of the gain of the controller does not affect the performances when the system is sliding. The twisting controller can be discretized in the same way and is also finite-time Lyapunov stable. This good theoretical properties have been verified in simulations, but also on experimental setups. Two tests were conducted: the first one on an electropneumatic system, where both the classical first-order sliding mode controller and the twisting algorithm were tested. The objective was to track a reference trajectory. The second one was an inverted pendulum on a cart with only the classical SMC. The goal was to stabilize the system at the unstable equilibrium. The analysis from the data collected during those experiments shows that the proposed controllers perform better than the their explicitly discretized versions. The performances are better and the chattering is effectively reduced.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the recent years we have seen that due scarcity of fossil fuels it becomes increasingly important the improvement of renewable energy such as micro hydro generation, solar energy, wind power and others. The reason for such importance is related to the consolidation of what has being called future in terms of power generation, which is based on power generation through decentralization of interconnected small generators and consumer centers. The distribution level, distributed on generation sources along with the loads connected to its bus, creates a microgrid. Depending on the instantaneous load and installed generation capacity a microgrid can behave as a consumption point or power generation at different times, being able to operate also connected to the network or isolated form according to the provided power quality or system needs in case of failure. A generation system based on a self-excited induction generator operates isolated meeting the microgrid demands. This type of electricity micro generation can answer a series of small loads by taking the advantage of the use of small waterfalls and also wind turbines, located outside major urban centers, mainly due to its characteristics of mechanical robustness and low cost when compared to synchronous machines. These energy resources can meet the need of rural properties that are not next to the electrical system, can also be a great solution for people living on islands and oil platforms. In this fashion this Master s Thesis deals with the study of a robust control based on sliding mode of a GIAE system for regulating voltage based on a static converter reactive distributed DSTATCOM. The frequency control was not covered in this in this research; however, the voltage regulation is performed from the control of reactive power assembly. This way the use of an implemented system containing a coupling motor-generator and a PWMinverter emulates the behavior of a hydro or wind micro power plant. The GIAE terminals feed a bus where are connected loads with different characteristics, featuring a microgrid, which aims to control the supply voltage stability from the generator to the isolated system. Throughout this dissertation, simulation and experimental results are presented in order to demonstrate the applicability method to control its performances and the technical feasibility of the system. / Nos últimos anos se viu que a escassez dos combustíveis fosseis se torna cada vez mais importante o aprimoramento das energias renováveis, tais como: micro hidro geração, energia solar, energia eólica e outras. A razão para tal importância se deve a consolidação do que é chamado futuro em termos de geração de energia, sendo este baseado na descentralização da geração de energia através de redes interligadas de pequenos centros geradores/consumidores. A nível de distribuição, as fontes de geração distribuída, juntamente com as cargas conectadas ao seu barramento, formariam o que é definido como uma micro-rede. Dependendo da carga instantânea e da capacidade de geração instalada, uma microrede pode comportar-se como um ponto de consumo ou de geração de energia em diferentes momentos, sendo capaz também de operar conectada à rede ou de forma ilhada de acordo com a qualidade da energia fornecida ou necessidade do sistema em caso de falta. Um sistema de geração baseada em um gerador de indução auto excitado (GIAE) operando isolado (ilhado) o que vem a atender estas demandas das chamadas micro-redes. Este tipo de microgeração de energia elétrica pode atender uma série de pequenas cargas se valendo da utilização de pequenas quedas d água e também turbinas eólicas, localizadas fora dos grandes centros urbanos, devido basicamente as suas características de robustes mecânica e baixo custo, quando comparadas às máquinas síncronas. Estes recursos energéticos podem suprir a necessidade de propriedades rurais ou comunidades isoladas, tais como na região Amazônica, que não estejam próximas do sistema elétrico. Algumas técnicas de controle foram utilizadas para o sistema GIAE, tais como controladores por histerese e controladores proporcionais-integrais, as quais apresentaram a vantagem relacionada a simplicidade estrutural, porém os controladores não apresentam um grau de robustez adequado. Neste sentido, a presente Dissertação de Mestrado trata do estudo de um controle robusto baseado em modos deslizantes de um sistema GIAE para regulação de tensão baseado em um conversor estático de reativos distribuído DSTATCOM. Este controlador busca incrementar o grau de robustez se comparado aos controladores anteriormente propostos. O controle de frequência não foi abordado nesta dissertação, porém, a regulação de tensão é realizada a partir do controle da potência reativa do conjunto. Utilizando um sistema implementado contendo um acoplamento motor/gerador e um inversor pwm que pode emular o comportamento de uma micro central hidrelétrica ou eólica. Os terminais do GIAE alimentam um barramento onde são conectadas cargas com características distintas, caracterizando uma micro-rede, tendo como objetivo a regulação de tensão fornecida pelo gerador ao sistema isolado. Ao longo desta dissertação, resultados de simulações e experimentais são apresentados, a fim de que, seja demonstrada a aplicabilidade dos métodos de controle, seus desempenhos e a viabilidade técnica do sistema.

The automotive industry has been involved in making vehicles autonomous to different levels in the past decade rapidly. Particularly in the commercial vehicle market, there is a significant necessity to make trucks have a certain level of automation to help reduce dependence on human efforts to drive. This could help in reducing several accidents caused by human error. Interestingly there are several challenges and solutions in achieving and implementing autonomous driving for trucks. First, a benchmark of different control architectures that can make a truck drive autonomously are explored. The chosen controllers (Pure Pursuit, Stanley, Linear Quadratic Regulator, Sliding Mode Control and Model Predictive Control) vary in their simplicity in implementation and versatility in handling different vehicle parameters and constraints. A thorough comparison of these path tracking controllers are performed using several metrics. Second, a collision avoidance system based on cubic polynomials, inspired by rapidly exploring random tree (RRT) is presented. Some of the path tracking controllers are limited by their ability and hence a standalone collision avoidance system is needed to provide safe maneuvering. Simulations are performed for different test cases with and without obstacles. These simulations help compare safety margin and driving comfort of each path tracking controller that are integrated with the collision avoidance system. Third, different performance metrics like change in acceleration input, change in steering input, error in path tracking, deviation from base frame of track file and lateral and longitudinal margin between ego and target vehicle are presented. To conclude, a set of suitable controllers for heavy articulated vehicles are developed and benchmarked. / Bilindustrin har varit involverad i att göra fordon autonoma till olika nivåer under det senaste decenniet snabbt. Särskilt på marknaden för kommersiella fordon finns det ett stort behov av att få lastbilar att ha en viss nivå av automatisering för att minska beroendet av mänskliga ansträngningar att köra. Detta kan hjälpa till att minska flera olyckor orsakade av mänskliga fel. Intressant nog finns det flera utmaningar och lösningar för att uppnå och implementera autonom körning för lastbilar. Först utforskas ett riktmärke av olika styrarkitekturer som kan få en lastbil att köra autonomt. De valda kontrollerna (Pure Pursuit, Stanley, Linear Quadratic Regulator, Sliding Mode Control och Model Predictive Control) varierar i sin enkelhet i implementering och mångsidighet när det gäller att hantera olika fordonsparametrar och begränsningar. En grundlig jämförelse av dessa vägspårningskontroller utförs med hjälp av flera mätvärden. För det andra presenteras ett system för undvikande av kollisioner baserat på kubiska polynom, inspirerat av snabbt utforskande slumpmässiga träd (RRT). Vissa av vägspårningskontrollerna är begränsade av sin förmåga och därför behövs ett fristående system för att undvika kollisioner för att ge säker manövrering. Simuleringar utförs för olika testfall med och utan hinder. Dessa simuleringar hjälper till att jämföra säkerhetsmarginal och körkomfort för varje vägspårningskontroller som är integrerade med kollisionsundvikande systemet. För det tredje presenteras olika prestandamått som förändring i accelerationsinmatning, förändring i styrinmatning, fel i banspårning, avvikelse från basramen för spårfilen och lateral och longitudinell marginal mellan ego och målfordon. Avslutningsvis utvecklas och benchmarkas en uppsättning lämpliga styrenheter för tunga ledade fordon.

In this dissertation, we discuss the Distributed Spacecraft Attitude Control System Simulator (DSACSS) testbed developed at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University for the purpose of investigating various control techniques for single and multiple spacecraft. DSACSS is comprised of two independent hardware-in-the-loop simulators and one software spacecraft simulator. The two hardware-in-the-loop spacecraft simulators have similar subsystems as flight-ready spacecraft (e.g. command and data handling; communications; attitude determination and control; power; payload; and guidance and navigation). The DSACSS framework is a flexible testbed for investigating a variety of spacecraft control techniques, especially control scenarios involving coupled attitude and orbital motion. The attitude hardware simulators along with numerical simulations assist in the development and evaluation of Lyapunov based asymptotically stable, nonlinear attitude controllers with three reaction wheels as the control device. The angular rate controller successfully tracks a time varying attitude trajectory. The Modified Rodrigues Parmater (MRP) attitude controller results in successfully tracking the angular rates and MRP attitude vector for a time-varying attitude trajectory. The attitude controllers successfully track the reference attitude in real-time with hardware similar to flight-ready spacecraft. Numerical simulations and the attitude hardware simulators assist in the development and evaluation of a robust, asymptotically stable, nonlinear attitude controller with three reaction wheels as the actuator for attitude control. The MRPs are chosen to represent the attitude in the development of the controller. The robust spacecraft attitude controller successfully tracks a time-varying reference attitude trajectory while bounding system uncertainties. The results of a Global Positioning System (GPS) hardware-in-the-loop simulation of two spacecraft flying in formation are presented. The simulations involve a chief spacecraft in a low Earth orbit (LEO), while a deputy spacecraft maintains an orbit position relative to the chief spacecraft. In order to maintain the formation an orbit correction maneuver (OCM) for the deputy spacecraft is required. The control of the OCM is accomplished using a classical orbital element (COE) feedback controller and simulating continual impulsive thrusting for the deputy spacecraft. The COE controller requires the relative position of the six orbital elements. The deputy communicates with the chief spacecraft to obtain the current orbit position of the chief spacecraft, which is determined by a numerical orbit propagator. The position of the deputy spacecraft is determined from a GPS receiver that is connected to a GPS hardware-in-the-loop simulator. The GPS simulator creates a radio frequency (RF) signal based on a simulated trajectory, which results in the GPS receiver calculating the navigation solution for the simulated trajectory. From the relative positions of the spacecraft the COE controller calculates the OCM for the deputy spacecraft. The formation flying simulation successfully demonstrates the closed-loop hardware-in-the-loop GPS simulator. This dissertation focuses on the development of the DSACSS facility including the development and implementation of a closed-loop GPS simulator and evaluation of nonlinear feedback attitude and orbit control laws using real-time hardware-in-the-loop simulators. / Ph. D.

Dans un contexte comme celui des technologies aérospatiales, qui se caractérise non seulement par sa complexité, mais aussi par sa difficulté à régler les erreurs une fois que le véhicule est dans son environnement final, l’utilisation des simulateurs de satellite sur Terre pour le développement et la vérification de nouveaux systèmes offre une alternative intéressante aux simulations traditionnelles par ordinateur. Plus précisément, dans le cas de la commande d’attitude, la possibilité d’utiliser la dynamique réelle du satellite pendant les phases de conception et de développement présente des avantages tels que l’inclusion des systèmes difficiles à modéliser et la réduction du risque d’erreur et du temps de vérification. Cependant, cette technologie est encore récente et est de ce fait sujette à être améliorée afin d’offrir le meilleur scénario possible pour le développement des algorithmes de commande d’attitude de la prochaine génération de satellites. À cet effet, l’Université de Sherbrooke et la société NGC Aérospatiale Ltée. développent en partenariat le simulateur matériel de satellite LABSAT qui possède toutes les fonctionnalités d’un véhicule spatial incluant les actionneurs, capteurs, calculateurs embarqués et éléments flexibles. Le projet présenté dans ce document consiste à concevoir et mettre en œuvre sur le minisatellite LABSAT un premier système de navigation et commande permettant d’exécuter les manœuvres en orientation à partir d’une station de contrôle. À cette fin, les différents sous-systèmes du simulateur matériel ont été intégrés et des solutions en termes de calibration de capteurs, d’estimateur d’état et de systèmes de commande ont été analysées théoriquement et en simulation. Les techniques les plus appropriées ont été, par la suite, implémentées et évaluées sur le système final, dans le but de vérifier leur fonctionnement dans l’environnement réel.

As ligas com memória de forma (Shape Memory Alloy - SMA) consistem em um grupo de materiais metálicos que possuem a habilidade de retornar a um formato ou tamanho previamente definido quando submetidas a um ciclo térmico adequado, devido a alterações em sua estrutura cristalina. Esta mudança não é um processo termodinamicamente reversível, apresentando, conseqüentemente, histerese. Portanto, a característica principal destes materiais é a habilidade de sofrer grandes deformações e, em seguida, recuperar sua forma original quando a carga é removida ou o material é aquecido. Assim, pode-se utilizar esse fenômeno para construir atuadores leves e silenciosos, como verdadeiros músculos metálicos. O desenvolvimento de atuadores com as SMAs apresenta grande atrativo para diversos campos da engenharia, principalmente na área de robótica, substituindo os atuadores convencionais de grande peso e ruidosos, como motores, válvulas solenóides, etc. Entretanto, para o bom desempenho de atuadores SMA requer-se um complexo sistema de controle e resfriamento, reduzindo-se o tempo de resposta do atuador e minimizando-se os efeitos da histerese. Neste trabalho, propõe-se um inovador sistema de resfriamento, baseado em pastilha termo-elétrica (efeito Seebeck-Peltier). Este método possui a vantagem de ser mais compacto e simples que outros métodos de resfriamento forçado. Um modelo matemático completo foi também desenvolvido, e um protótipo experimental foi construído. Diversos experimentos foram utilizados para a validação do modelo e para a identificação de todos seus parâmetros. Analisou-se então a aplicabilidade de um controle de posição baseado em algoritmo PID, utilizando-se diversos métodos de ajuste de ganhos. Verificou-se um desempenho razoável, com uma largura de banda em malha fechada de aproximadamente 0,37Hz. Em seguida, desenvolveu-se um sistema de controle de posição baseado em teoria de modos deslizantes (sliding mode control), que utiliza o modelo matemático do sistema e leva em conta as não linearidades existentes. Embora matematicamente mais complexo, obteve-se um desempenho superior ao PID, com largura de banda de 0,69Hz. Diversos experimentos confirmaram também a robustez deste controlador e seu bom desempenho na presença de distúrbios. / Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) consist of a group of metallic materials that demonstrate the ability to return to some previously defined shape when subjected to the appropriate thermal cycle, due to shift in the materials crystalline structure. The change that occurs within SMAs crystalline structure is not a thermodynamically reversible process and results in hysteresis behavior. The key feature of these materials is the ability to undergo large plastic strains and subsequently recover these strains when a load is removed or the material is heated. Such property can be used to build silent and light actuators, similar to a mechanical muscular fiber. SMA actuators have several advantages in several engineering fields, mainly in robotics, replacing the conventional actuators like motors or solenoids. However, the good performance of the SMA actuator depends on a complex control and cooling systems, reducing the time constant and minimizing the effects of hysteresis. In the present work, a novel cooling system is proposed, based on thermo-electric effect (Seebeck-Peltier effect). Such method has the advantage of reduced weight and requires a simpler control strategy compared to other forced cooling systems. A complete mathematical model of the actuator was also derived, and an experimental prototype was implemented. Several experiments were used to validate the model and to identify all parameters. A PID position control system was developed and implemented in the prototype, using several tuning methods. A good performance was obtained, with a cut-off frequency of 0.37Hz. A position controller based on sliding mode theory was then developed, using the mathematical model of the system and taking into account the non-linear effects. Although such controller presents a more complex mathematical derivation, a better performance was obtained, with a cut-off frequency of 0.69Hz. Several experiments confirmed the robustness and disturbance filtering properties of the sliding mode controller.

Neste trabalho é proposto um estudo envolvendo o controle vetorial do Motor de Indução Trifásico, compreendendo o uso da teoria de modos deslizantes nas malhas de controle de fluxo e velocidade na estratégia de Controle Vetorial por Orientação Indireta de Campo (Indirect Field Oriented Control, IFOC), visando sobretudo, melhorar tanto o desempenho dinâmico quanto o problema de chattering. Para tanto, aborda-se o uso de uma função de chaveamento suave, analisando suas características perante o uso de diferentes superfícies de deslizamento. Com base nessas análises, tem-se a proposta de um controlador por modos deslizantes integral, englobando o uso de uma superfície de deslizamento integral em conjunto com um método de anti-windup, sendo tal método baseado em uma função triangular. Para verificar a atratividade às superfícies de fluxo e velocidade, é realizada uma investigação quanto ao uso de uma parcela paramétrica como ação de controle, dada pelo termo equivalente. Com o objetivo de analisar a topologia de controle proposta, resultados são obtidos por meio de simulação e de uma bancada experimental considerando diferentes condições de operação. Desta forma, os resultados foram divididos em testes, visando abordar o problema do chattering e diferenças do controlador proposto perante os convencionais. De maneira geral, a topologia de controle apresentou resultados melhores aos encontrados na literatura, podendo ser uma opção em sistemas que requerem acionamento de alto desempenho dinâmico. / This work deals with the vector control in a three-phase induction motor, applying the sliding mode theory to both the flux and the speed control loops in the Indirect Field Oriented Control strategy. It aims to improve the dynamic performance regarding the chattering problem. Therefore, the use of a smooth switching function is addressed, analyzing the outcomes achieved by different sliding surfaces. Based on these analysis, an Integral Sliding Mode Controller is proposed employing an integral sliding surface along with an anti-windup method based on a triangular function. In order to verify the attractiveness of the flux and the speed surfaces, an investigation regarding the use of a parametric portion as control action is carried out. The proposed control strategy is verified by means of simulations and experiments on test bench for different operating conditions. This way, the results are split in tests aiming to approach chattering problems and the differences between the proposed and traditional control strategies. Genarally, the outcomes of the proposed topology are better with those found on literature, pointing it as a viable choice to drive high dynamic performance demanding systems.

O presente trabalho aborda três tópicos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento em Sistemas de Posicionamento Dinâmico (SPD). Desenvolveu-se uma nova metodologia para o projeto de controlador de posição e aproamento baseada na teoria de controle robusto não-linear por modos deslizantes. O controlador integra uma malha de compensação direta dos esforços ambientais (ondas, vento e correnteza) a uma malha de realimentação que realiza correções de erros residuais. A estrutura não-linear do controlador assegura o desempenho e estabilidade para qualquer aproamento da embarcação. A malha de compensação direta, por sua vez, garante maior faixa de aplicabilidade em termos de condições ambientais, não apresentando degradação de desempenho em condições extremas. A malha de realimentação possui apenas nove parâmetros, existindo equações e regras que tornam suas calibrações simples. Já a malha de compensação direta possui, internamente, modelos para a estimativa das forças ambientais que agem sobre o navio. Graças às características de robustez, o controlador não requer um ajuste refinado dos diversos parâmetros destes modelos e das condições ambientais, podendo-se utilizar estimativas pouco acuradas dos mesmos. O controlador desenvolvido foi testado em simuladores computacionais do VLCC Vidal de Negreiros amarrado pelo sistema turret e de uma barcaça de lançamento de dutos, ambos contendo modelos validados dos esforços ambientais. As simulações emularam erros de modelagem e de estimação das condições ambientais, e confirmaram as boas características de robustez e desempenho do controlador em diversas condições e a facilidade no ajuste de parâmetros. Desenvolveu-se também um modo de controle apropriado para operações com liberdade de aproamento realizadas na Bacia de Campos, onde é comum a incidência de agentes ambientais em direções não alinhadas. Neste modo calcula-se, baseado nas estimativas das condições ambientais, o aproamento que minimiza um funcional relacionando parâmetros operacionais relevantes, como movimento de roll, tração dinâmica em risers, solicitação do sistema de amarração e consumo de combustível. Uma análise numérica de sensibilidade, aplicada ao VLCC Vidal de Negreiros, indicou que o cálculo do aproamento ótimo não apresenta elevada sensibilidade a erros nas estimativas das condições ambientais em condições extremas. Testes numéricos comprovaram também a superioridade do presente modo de controle comparado ao tradicional modo Weather vane nas condições da Bacia de Campos. Como a estimação do espectro de ondas incidentes ainda apresenta problemas técnicos e operacionais, desenvolveu-se também um método de estimação do espectro baseado na medição dos movimentos da embarcação. Utilizou-se uma abordagem paramétrica, cuja sensibilidade a erros no conhecimento da resposta dinâmica da embarcação mostrou-se aceitável. O método foi testado numericamente e validado com resultados de ensaios em tanque de provas. Os erros de estimação foram plenamente compatíveis aos erros admissíveis pelo controlador desenvolvido, alcançando, no caso da altura significativa, o valor máximo de 25%. O método foi comparado à abordagem não paramétrica Bayesiana, muito utilizada em trabalhos correlatos, e apresentou resultados mais acurados. / The present work deals with three research and development topics related to Dynamic Positioning Systems. A new design methodology of ship position and heading controller was developed, based on the robust and nonlinear Sliding Mode Control theory. The controller contains a feedforward action, which compensates environmental forces (wind, waves and current) and a feedback loop, responsible for the elimination of residual errors. The nonlinear formulation of the controller assures performance and stability requirements for all heading angles. The feedforward action guarantees its applicability in a large range of environmental conditions, without performance degradation in severe conditions. The feedback loop contains only nine parameters, which can be calibrated easily by simple equations. The feedforward loop internally contains models for the estimation of the environmental forces acting on the ship. However, due to robustness properties, the controller does not require a fine adjustment of its several parameters and the environmental conditions, allowing the use of non-accurate estimates. The controller was tested in computational simulators of the turret moored VLCC Vidal de Negreiros and of a pipe-laying barge, both comprising validated models of environmental forces. The simulations emulated modeling and environmental conditions estimation errors, confirming the good robustness and performance properties of the controller in several environmental conditions and the simple parameter adjusting process. A control mode adapted for heading-free operations in Campos Basin was also developed, where non-aligned environmental agents frequently happen. In this mode, it is calculated the optimal heading that minimizes a functional relating important operational parameters, such as roll motion, risers dynamic tension, mooring system forces and energy consumption. Estimations of environmental conditions are used in the calculation. However, a numerical sensibility analysis of this control mode applied to the VLCC Vidal de Negreiros indicated that the optimal heading calculation presents low sensibility to errors in these estimations under severe environmental conditions. Numerical trials showed that this control mode is more adequate to Campos Basin conditions compared to the traditional Weather vane mode. Since wave spectrum estimation still presents technical and operational problems, a spectrum estimation method was also developed, based on measurements of ship motions. A parametric method was used, which presented low sensitivity to errors in ship dynamic response functions. The method was numerically tested and validated through towing tank tests. Estimation errors were compatible to the controller admissible errors. For example, the maximum error in significant wave height estimation was 25%, smaller than the errors usually obtained using the non-parametric Bayesian method, widely applied for this class of problems.