Conclusions 1. In comparison to the Ringer‘s acetate solution the use of HyperHaes® solution after coronary artery bypass surgery had positive effect on haemodynamic parameters: cardiac index increased (p<0.05), systolic volume index increased (p<0.05), cardiac afterload decreased, that is pulmonary vascular resistance index decreased (p<0.05) and systemic vascular resistance index decreased (p<0.05); the difference between the central and peripheral temperatures in experimental group (p<0.05). 2. The oxygen transport was more effective (oxygen delivery index increased (p<0.05)) when HyperHaes® solution was used in comparison to Ringer‘s acetate solution. 3. No substantial effect of HyperHaes® solution on the duration of artificial lung ventilation and intrapulmonary shunt size was defined. 4. The use of HyperHaes® solution influenced substantially some parameters of homeostasis (serum sodium concentration increased (p<0.05), serum potassium concentration decreased (p<0.05)) in compa-rison to Ringer‘s acetate solution. 5. Higher diuresis (p<0.01), lower need for the infusion therapy for the first 24 hours (p<0.05), lower total fluid balance (p<0.01) were determined in HyperHaes® group versus Ringer‘s acetate group. 6. No adverse effects (disturbances of homeostasis, neurologic symptoms, increased bleeding through mediastinal tubes, anaphylactic reactions) were noted in patients who received HyperHaes® solution.

Accounting plays a crucial role in the success of any business, but it is particularly vital in the construction industry, a complex field that typically requires the coordination of multiple subcontractors and multiple jobs in any given year. Although small-volume home builders make up 70 percent of the membership of the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB), a trade association of the home building industry, little is known about the accounting practices of these builders. This thesis undertook to study the accounting practices of small-volume home builders. Small-volume home builders were defined as those producing 25 homes or fewer in a given year. A 20-question questionnaire was sent to 750 small-volume home builders, 141 of which responded for a 20-percent response rate. The names were taken from a sampling of an NAHB membership list. Respondents were asked about their accounting practices, including what type of accounting method they used, whether they employed an outside certified public accountant, and what types of accounting software they used. Respondents were asked to give specifics about their accounting system, such as how their chart of accounts was developed and how they viewed different accounting tools. Collected data was run through the data-analysis program SPSS for Windows. The results gave a picture of the accounting practices of these small-volume home builders. There was a fairly even split between cash and accrual methods of accounting. Most owners or managers did their own day-to-day accounting, and most employed an outside CPA. Most used Quickbooks computer software for every accounting function, and most reviewed financial statements monthly. Most respondents were satisfied with their accounting system. Reasons for this satisfaction included ease of use, simplicity, accuracy, and the ability to job cost. On the other hand, dissatisfaction with an accounting system was often tied to expense of software, complexity, and the need for frequent updating of software programs. These responses give an important first look at what kinds of accounting methods small-volume homebuilders are using.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde systematisch der Einfluß verschiedener Volumensubstitutionstherapeutika (Ringer-Lactat, hypertone NaCl 7,5%-Lösung und hyperton -hyperonkotische Kombinationslösung) auf wiederholt gleiche Zustände künstlich herbeigeführter Hypovolämie (Entnahme von 20-25% des Blutvolumens) beim Menschen untersucht. Bei dem 7 köpfigen Probandenkollektiv wurden so an unterschiedlichen Tagen und individuell gleicher Blutmengenentnahme unterschiedlich substituiert und anschließend über einen mehrstündigen Zeitraum kardio-zirkulatorische Parameter, intravasale Volumeneffekte sowie metabolische Größen und Elektrolyte entweder direkt gemessen oder indirekt bestimmt. Abschließend erfogte die Rückgabe des entnommenen Blutes und eine mindestens 10 tägige Pause bis zum nächsten Versuchstag. Neben der exakten Quantifizierung aufgrund der standartisierten Bedingungen bei dieser homogenen Untersuchungsgruppe wurde ein Modell über die Funktionsweise der einzelnen Therapeutika entwickelt und eine Präferenz für die Gabe hypertoner Lösungen, besonders aber das hyperton-hyperonkotische Therapeutikum herausgearbeitet. Die Ergebnisse werden anhand zahlreicher Graphiken dargestellt und vergleichbar, statistisch ausgewertet und teilweise durch zusätzliche Tabellen und Abbildungen erläutert.

Objetivo: estudar os efeitos hemodinâmicos da solução salina hipertônica/dextran, comparada com solução salina normal, em pacientes com sepse grave. Modelo: ensaio clínico randomizado, prospectivo, duplo-cego, controlado. Local: Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital universitário. Pacientes: 29 pacientes com sepse grave, admitidos na UTI com pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar (POAP) menor que 12 mmHg. Intervenções: os pacientes foram randomizados para receber 250 ml da solução salina normal [NaCl 0,9%] (Grupo SS, n=16) ou solução salina hipertônica [NaCl 7,5%]/dextran 70 8% ( Grupo SSH, n=13). Medidas e resultados: para cada grupo foram coletadas medidas hemodinâmicas, gasometrias (arterial e venosa), lactato e sódio séricos nos tempos 0, 30 minutos, 60 minutos, 120 minutos e 180 minutos. Durante o período do estudo não foi permitida qualquer alteração na infusão tanto de fluidos quanto das drogas vasopressoras. A POAP foi maior no grupo SSH, com a diferença sendo maior em 30 minutos (10,7±3,2 mmHg vs. 6,8±3,2 mmHg) e 60 minutos (10,3±3 mmHg vs. 7,4±2,9 mmHg); p<0,05. O índice cardíaco aumentou apenas no grupo SSH, sendo que as diferenças foram maiores em 30 minutos (6,5±4,7 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3,8±3,4 l min-1 m-2), em 60 minutos (4,9±4,5 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3,7±3,3 l min-1 m-2) e em 120 minutos (5,0±4,3 l min-1 m-2 vs. 4,1±3,4 l min-1 m-2); p<0,05. O índice sistólico seguiu o mesmo padrão e foi maior em 30 minutos (53,6[39,2-62,8] ml m-2 vs. 35,6[31,2-49,2] ml m-2) e em 60 minutos (46,8[39,7-56,6] ml m-2 vs. 33,9[32,2-47,7] ml m-2); p<0,05. A resistência vascular sistêmica diminuiu no grupo SSH e foi menor nos tempos 30 minutos (824±277 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1139±245 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2), em 60 minutos (921±256 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1246±308 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2) e em 120 minutos (925±226 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1269±494 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2); p<0,05. O sódio sérico aumentou no grupo SSH e foi maior do que o grupo SS em 30 minutos (145±3 mEq l-1 vs. 137±7 mEq l-1), em 60 minutos (143±4 mEq l-1 vs. 136±77 mEq l-1), em 120 minutos (142±5 mEq l-1vs. 136±7 mEq l-1) e em 180 minutos (142±5 mEq l-1 vs. 136±87 mEq l-1); p<0,05. Conclusão: Solução salina hipertônica/dextran pode melhorar a performance cardiovascular na ressuscitação de pacientes com sepse grave. Os efeitos hemodinâmicos parecem estar relacionados tanto ao efeito no volume quanto a melhora da função cardíaca. A SSH/dextran podem ajudar a restaurar rapidamente a estabilidade hemodinâmica em pacientes sépticos, hipovolêmicos, sem apresentar efeitos indesejáveis significativos. / Objective: to study the hemodynamic effects of a hypertonic saline/dextran solution compared with a normal saline solution in severe septic patients. Design: prospective double blind and control-randomised study. Setting: Adult intensive care unit in a university hospital Patients: Twenty nine severe septic patients admitted to the intensive care unit with a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) lower than 12 mmHg. Interventions: Patients were randomised to receive 250 ml of blinded solutions of either normal saline (SS group, n=16) or hypertonic saline (NaCl 7,5%)/dextran 70 8% (HSS group, n=13) solutions. Measurements and Results: Hemodynamic, blood gases, blood lactate and sodium data were collected for each group at the following time points: baseline, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min and 180 min. During the study period, it was not allowed further fluid or vasoactive infusion rate modifications. PAOP was higher in the HSS group with the differences being greater at 30 (10.7±3.2 mmHg vs. 6.8±3.2 mmHg) and 60 min (10.3±3 mmHg vs. 7.4±2.9 mmHg); p<0.05. The cardiac index increased only in the HSS group with differences being greater at 30 (6.5±4.7 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3.8±3.4 l min-1 m-2), 60 (4.9±4.5 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3.7±3.3 l min-1 m-2) and 120 min (5.0±4.3 l min-1 m-2 vs. 4.1±3.4 l min-1 m-2); p<0.05. The stroke volume index followed a comparable course and it was higher at 30 (53.6[39.2-62.8] ml m-2 vs. 35.6[31.2-49.2] ml m-2) and 60 min (46.8[39.7-56.6] ml m-2 vs. 33.9[32.2-47.7] ml m-2); p<0.05. Systemic vascular resistance decreased in the HSS group and became lower at 30 (824±277 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1139±245 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2), 60 (921±256 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1246±308 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2) and 120 min (925±226 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1269±494 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2); p<0.05. The serum sodium levels increased in the HSS group and were higher than in the SS group at 30 (145±3 mEq l-1 vs. 137±7 mEq l-1), 60 (143±4 mEq l-1 vs. 136±77 mEq l-1), 120 (142±5 mEq l-1vs. 136±7 mEq l-1) and 180 min (142±5 mEq l-1 vs. 136±87 mEq l-1 ); p<0.05. Conclusion: Hypertonic saline/dextran solution can improve cardiovascular performance in the resuscitation of severe septic patients. The hemodynamic effect appears related both to a volume effect and an improvement in cardiac function. Hypertonic saline/colloid solutions may help to rapidly restore hemodynamic stability in hypovolemic septic patients without significant side effects.

Objetivo: estudar os efeitos hemodinâmicos da solução salina hipertônica/dextran, comparada com solução salina normal, em pacientes com sepse grave. Modelo: ensaio clínico randomizado, prospectivo, duplo-cego, controlado. Local: Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital universitário. Pacientes: 29 pacientes com sepse grave, admitidos na UTI com pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar (POAP) menor que 12 mmHg. Intervenções: os pacientes foram randomizados para receber 250 ml da solução salina normal [NaCl 0,9%] (Grupo SS, n=16) ou solução salina hipertônica [NaCl 7,5%]/dextran 70 8% ( Grupo SSH, n=13). Medidas e resultados: para cada grupo foram coletadas medidas hemodinâmicas, gasometrias (arterial e venosa), lactato e sódio séricos nos tempos 0, 30 minutos, 60 minutos, 120 minutos e 180 minutos. Durante o período do estudo não foi permitida qualquer alteração na infusão tanto de fluidos quanto das drogas vasopressoras. A POAP foi maior no grupo SSH, com a diferença sendo maior em 30 minutos (10,7±3,2 mmHg vs. 6,8±3,2 mmHg) e 60 minutos (10,3±3 mmHg vs. 7,4±2,9 mmHg); p<0,05. O índice cardíaco aumentou apenas no grupo SSH, sendo que as diferenças foram maiores em 30 minutos (6,5±4,7 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3,8±3,4 l min-1 m-2), em 60 minutos (4,9±4,5 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3,7±3,3 l min-1 m-2) e em 120 minutos (5,0±4,3 l min-1 m-2 vs. 4,1±3,4 l min-1 m-2); p<0,05. O índice sistólico seguiu o mesmo padrão e foi maior em 30 minutos (53,6[39,2-62,8] ml m-2 vs. 35,6[31,2-49,2] ml m-2) e em 60 minutos (46,8[39,7-56,6] ml m-2 vs. 33,9[32,2-47,7] ml m-2); p<0,05. A resistência vascular sistêmica diminuiu no grupo SSH e foi menor nos tempos 30 minutos (824±277 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1139±245 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2), em 60 minutos (921±256 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1246±308 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2) e em 120 minutos (925±226 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1269±494 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2); p<0,05. O sódio sérico aumentou no grupo SSH e foi maior do que o grupo SS em 30 minutos (145±3 mEq l-1 vs. 137±7 mEq l-1), em 60 minutos (143±4 mEq l-1 vs. 136±77 mEq l-1), em 120 minutos (142±5 mEq l-1vs. 136±7 mEq l-1) e em 180 minutos (142±5 mEq l-1 vs. 136±87 mEq l-1); p<0,05. Conclusão: Solução salina hipertônica/dextran pode melhorar a performance cardiovascular na ressuscitação de pacientes com sepse grave. Os efeitos hemodinâmicos parecem estar relacionados tanto ao efeito no volume quanto a melhora da função cardíaca. A SSH/dextran podem ajudar a restaurar rapidamente a estabilidade hemodinâmica em pacientes sépticos, hipovolêmicos, sem apresentar efeitos indesejáveis significativos. / Objective: to study the hemodynamic effects of a hypertonic saline/dextran solution compared with a normal saline solution in severe septic patients. Design: prospective double blind and control-randomised study. Setting: Adult intensive care unit in a university hospital Patients: Twenty nine severe septic patients admitted to the intensive care unit with a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) lower than 12 mmHg. Interventions: Patients were randomised to receive 250 ml of blinded solutions of either normal saline (SS group, n=16) or hypertonic saline (NaCl 7,5%)/dextran 70 8% (HSS group, n=13) solutions. Measurements and Results: Hemodynamic, blood gases, blood lactate and sodium data were collected for each group at the following time points: baseline, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min and 180 min. During the study period, it was not allowed further fluid or vasoactive infusion rate modifications. PAOP was higher in the HSS group with the differences being greater at 30 (10.7±3.2 mmHg vs. 6.8±3.2 mmHg) and 60 min (10.3±3 mmHg vs. 7.4±2.9 mmHg); p<0.05. The cardiac index increased only in the HSS group with differences being greater at 30 (6.5±4.7 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3.8±3.4 l min-1 m-2), 60 (4.9±4.5 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3.7±3.3 l min-1 m-2) and 120 min (5.0±4.3 l min-1 m-2 vs. 4.1±3.4 l min-1 m-2); p<0.05. The stroke volume index followed a comparable course and it was higher at 30 (53.6[39.2-62.8] ml m-2 vs. 35.6[31.2-49.2] ml m-2) and 60 min (46.8[39.7-56.6] ml m-2 vs. 33.9[32.2-47.7] ml m-2); p<0.05. Systemic vascular resistance decreased in the HSS group and became lower at 30 (824±277 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1139±245 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2), 60 (921±256 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1246±308 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2) and 120 min (925±226 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1269±494 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2); p<0.05. The serum sodium levels increased in the HSS group and were higher than in the SS group at 30 (145±3 mEq l-1 vs. 137±7 mEq l-1), 60 (143±4 mEq l-1 vs. 136±77 mEq l-1), 120 (142±5 mEq l-1vs. 136±7 mEq l-1) and 180 min (142±5 mEq l-1 vs. 136±87 mEq l-1 ); p<0.05. Conclusion: Hypertonic saline/dextran solution can improve cardiovascular performance in the resuscitation of severe septic patients. The hemodynamic effect appears related both to a volume effect and an improvement in cardiac function. Hypertonic saline/colloid solutions may help to rapidly restore hemodynamic stability in hypovolemic septic patients without significant side effects.

Objetivo: estudar os efeitos hemodinâmicos da solução salina hipertônica/dextran, comparada com solução salina normal, em pacientes com sepse grave. Modelo: ensaio clínico randomizado, prospectivo, duplo-cego, controlado. Local: Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital universitário. Pacientes: 29 pacientes com sepse grave, admitidos na UTI com pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar (POAP) menor que 12 mmHg. Intervenções: os pacientes foram randomizados para receber 250 ml da solução salina normal [NaCl 0,9%] (Grupo SS, n=16) ou solução salina hipertônica [NaCl 7,5%]/dextran 70 8% ( Grupo SSH, n=13). Medidas e resultados: para cada grupo foram coletadas medidas hemodinâmicas, gasometrias (arterial e venosa), lactato e sódio séricos nos tempos 0, 30 minutos, 60 minutos, 120 minutos e 180 minutos. Durante o período do estudo não foi permitida qualquer alteração na infusão tanto de fluidos quanto das drogas vasopressoras. A POAP foi maior no grupo SSH, com a diferença sendo maior em 30 minutos (10,7±3,2 mmHg vs. 6,8±3,2 mmHg) e 60 minutos (10,3±3 mmHg vs. 7,4±2,9 mmHg); p<0,05. O índice cardíaco aumentou apenas no grupo SSH, sendo que as diferenças foram maiores em 30 minutos (6,5±4,7 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3,8±3,4 l min-1 m-2), em 60 minutos (4,9±4,5 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3,7±3,3 l min-1 m-2) e em 120 minutos (5,0±4,3 l min-1 m-2 vs. 4,1±3,4 l min-1 m-2); p<0,05. O índice sistólico seguiu o mesmo padrão e foi maior em 30 minutos (53,6[39,2-62,8] ml m-2 vs. 35,6[31,2-49,2] ml m-2) e em 60 minutos (46,8[39,7-56,6] ml m-2 vs. 33,9[32,2-47,7] ml m-2); p<0,05. A resistência vascular sistêmica diminuiu no grupo SSH e foi menor nos tempos 30 minutos (824±277 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1139±245 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2), em 60 minutos (921±256 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1246±308 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2) e em 120 minutos (925±226 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1269±494 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2); p<0,05. O sódio sérico aumentou no grupo SSH e foi maior do que o grupo SS em 30 minutos (145±3 mEq l-1 vs. 137±7 mEq l-1), em 60 minutos (143±4 mEq l-1 vs. 136±77 mEq l-1), em 120 minutos (142±5 mEq l-1vs. 136±7 mEq l-1) e em 180 minutos (142±5 mEq l-1 vs. 136±87 mEq l-1); p<0,05. Conclusão: Solução salina hipertônica/dextran pode melhorar a performance cardiovascular na ressuscitação de pacientes com sepse grave. Os efeitos hemodinâmicos parecem estar relacionados tanto ao efeito no volume quanto a melhora da função cardíaca. A SSH/dextran podem ajudar a restaurar rapidamente a estabilidade hemodinâmica em pacientes sépticos, hipovolêmicos, sem apresentar efeitos indesejáveis significativos. / Objective: to study the hemodynamic effects of a hypertonic saline/dextran solution compared with a normal saline solution in severe septic patients. Design: prospective double blind and control-randomised study. Setting: Adult intensive care unit in a university hospital Patients: Twenty nine severe septic patients admitted to the intensive care unit with a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) lower than 12 mmHg. Interventions: Patients were randomised to receive 250 ml of blinded solutions of either normal saline (SS group, n=16) or hypertonic saline (NaCl 7,5%)/dextran 70 8% (HSS group, n=13) solutions. Measurements and Results: Hemodynamic, blood gases, blood lactate and sodium data were collected for each group at the following time points: baseline, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min and 180 min. During the study period, it was not allowed further fluid or vasoactive infusion rate modifications. PAOP was higher in the HSS group with the differences being greater at 30 (10.7±3.2 mmHg vs. 6.8±3.2 mmHg) and 60 min (10.3±3 mmHg vs. 7.4±2.9 mmHg); p<0.05. The cardiac index increased only in the HSS group with differences being greater at 30 (6.5±4.7 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3.8±3.4 l min-1 m-2), 60 (4.9±4.5 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3.7±3.3 l min-1 m-2) and 120 min (5.0±4.3 l min-1 m-2 vs. 4.1±3.4 l min-1 m-2); p<0.05. The stroke volume index followed a comparable course and it was higher at 30 (53.6[39.2-62.8] ml m-2 vs. 35.6[31.2-49.2] ml m-2) and 60 min (46.8[39.7-56.6] ml m-2 vs. 33.9[32.2-47.7] ml m-2); p<0.05. Systemic vascular resistance decreased in the HSS group and became lower at 30 (824±277 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1139±245 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2), 60 (921±256 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1246±308 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2) and 120 min (925±226 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1269±494 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2); p<0.05. The serum sodium levels increased in the HSS group and were higher than in the SS group at 30 (145±3 mEq l-1 vs. 137±7 mEq l-1), 60 (143±4 mEq l-1 vs. 136±77 mEq l-1), 120 (142±5 mEq l-1vs. 136±7 mEq l-1) and 180 min (142±5 mEq l-1 vs. 136±87 mEq l-1 ); p<0.05. Conclusion: Hypertonic saline/dextran solution can improve cardiovascular performance in the resuscitation of severe septic patients. The hemodynamic effect appears related both to a volume effect and an improvement in cardiac function. Hypertonic saline/colloid solutions may help to rapidly restore hemodynamic stability in hypovolemic septic patients without significant side effects.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde systematisch der Einfluß verschiedener Volumensubstitutionstherapeutika (Ringer-Lactat, hypertone NaCl 7,5%-Lösung und hyperton -hyperonkotische Kombinationslösung) auf wiederholt gleiche Zustände künstlich herbeigeführter Hypovolämie (Entnahme von 20-25% des Blutvolumens) beim Menschen untersucht. Bei dem 7 köpfigen Probandenkollektiv wurden so an unterschiedlichen Tagen und individuell gleicher Blutmengenentnahme unterschiedlich substituiert und anschließend über einen mehrstündigen Zeitraum kardio-zirkulatorische Parameter, intravasale Volumeneffekte sowie metabolische Größen und Elektrolyte entweder direkt gemessen oder indirekt bestimmt. Abschließend erfogte die Rückgabe des entnommenen Blutes und eine mindestens 10 tägige Pause bis zum nächsten Versuchstag. Neben der exakten Quantifizierung aufgrund der standartisierten Bedingungen bei dieser homogenen Untersuchungsgruppe wurde ein Modell über die Funktionsweise der einzelnen Therapeutika entwickelt und eine Präferenz für die Gabe hypertoner Lösungen, besonders aber das hyperton-hyperonkotische Therapeutikum herausgearbeitet. Die Ergebnisse werden anhand zahlreicher Graphiken dargestellt und vergleichbar, statistisch ausgewertet und teilweise durch zusätzliche Tabellen und Abbildungen erläutert.