This thesis was funded by the Department of Human Services (South Australia) to test the acceptability of nicotine patches to pregnant women and to assess the safety of nicotine patches for pregnant women, at least in terms of overall exposure to nicotine. The study was conducted in the antenatal clinics at the Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide and was a pilot for a planned larger study. If the pilot indicated that the nicotine patches could be used safely by this group of women, the larger study would examine the effectivemess of patches in a smoking cessation program. Four focus groups, three with pregnant women and one with their care providers, were used to elucidate issues for pregnant women related to smoking and the use of nicotine patches to aid cessation.

<p><strong>Abstrakt </strong>Tobak har varit den mest lönsamma konsumentprodukten i världen under mycket lång tid. Nikotinet medför att människor blir beroende både fysiologiskt och psykologiskt. Rökning har relaterats till olika sjukdomstillstånd och är idag den enskilt största orsaken till för tidig död. I Sverige leder rökningen varje år till ett betydande antal för tidiga dödsfall. Rökning är ett stort folkhälsoproblem. De flesta har dock en vilja att sluta röka. Motivation och vilja har visat sig vara nödvändigt för att nå ett rökstopp. <em>Syftet</em> var att beskriva före detta rökares tankar om motivation för att göra rökstopp och att sedan vidmakthålla detta rökstopp<em>. Metoden</em> som användes var en kvalitativ intervjustudie. Tio före detta rökare intervjuades och en ostrukturerad intervjumetod valdes.<strong> </strong>Intervjuerna analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. <em>Resultatet</em> visade att rökstoppet var en process där motivationen sågs i tre olika faser. De olika faserna var motivation för att förebereda beslut om rökstopp, motivation för att ta beslut om rökstopp samt motivation för att vidmakthålla rökstopp. I de olika faserna identifierades känslor som osäkerhet där exempelvis behovet av stöd framkom. Egenmakt handlade om att bestämma sig och frihetskänslor visade bland annat stolthet och oberoende. <em>Slutsatsen </em>blev att motivationen för att nå ett rökstopp grundades på flera olika faktorer och varierade från individ till individ och över tid.</p><p><strong>         Nyckelord: </strong>folkhälsoproblem, motivation, rökstopp, tobak. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>         </strong></p> / <p><strong>Abstract</strong> Tobacco has been the most profitable consumer product in the world for a very long time. Nicotine makes people addicted, both physiologically and psychologically. Smoking has been related to various diseases and is today the single largest cause of premature death. In Sweden, a significant number of premature deaths are caused each year due to smoking. Smoking is a major public health problem. Most people have a desire to stop smoking. Motivation and willingness have been shown to be necessary to reach a smoking cessation. <em>The aim </em>was to describe the former smokers' views on motivation to quit and then maintain that smoking cessation. <em>The method</em> used was a qualitative interview study. Ten former smokers were interviewed and an unstructured interview method was chosen. The interviews were analyzed with qualitative content analysis. <em>The results</em> showed that smoking cessation was a process in which motivation was seen in three different phases. The different phases were motivation to prepare a decision on quitting smoking, motivation to make decisions about smoking cessation, and motivation for maintaining smoking cessation. The various phases were identified feelings of uncertainty, where for example the need for support was found. Empowering was about how to determine their freedom and how feelings were revealed and among other things, pride and independence. <em>Conclusion </em>was<em> </em>that the motivation to reach a smoking cessation was based on several factors, varying from individual to individual and over time.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>motivation, public health problem, smoking cessation, tobacco.</p>

<p>Smoking is a health problem with a negative impact on virtually all body organs. Smoking can cause, for example, lung cancer, cancers in other organs and cardiovascular disease. There is also a social aspect of smoking. If individuals have many smokers in their environment, the risk to start smoking is increased, and for those who already smoke the chance of quitting will be less. Many municipalities today face smoke-free working to reduce smoking and passive smoking adverse effects. The Kristianstad municipality has not introduced smoke-free working. The purpose of this study was to investigate the employees in Kristianstad municipality attitudes to smoke-free working hours as a basis for a change. The method used was a quantitative cross-sectional study by questionnaire. The data collection was conducted in four administrations with a web questionnaire and the number of respondents was 207. The results showed that a majority of the employees in Kristianstad municipality wants to introduce smoke-free working. It was concluded that smoke-free working has strong links with smoking habits, the social environment and education.</p><p>Keywords: Smoking, attitude, social, educational attainment, participation.</p>

<p>My essay explores the public view on smoking in Sweden over the last few decades. I've studied how changes in social structures through media, laws, studies and education has brought about a change in the opinions about smoking. I found that even though there have always been different opinions on smoking it seems to have become less accepted in the Swedish society, particularly in the past twenty years. I discuss the different reason as to why (and how) the view on smoking might have changed the last decades amongst the Swedish people. To be able to do this I have done interviews on which I have applied narrative analysis.</p>

<p><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"> <p align="left">Nicotine exposure to the fetus through tobacco smoking or nicotine replacement therapy during the whole period of gestation and lactation causes diverse effects on fetal and neonatal lung development, integrity and maturation which compromise the gas exchange function of the lungs and renders this vital organ susceptible to gradual damage and different diseases in latter life. Maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation results in gradual destruction of the lung parenchyma, and this leads to the combination of many small air sacs in one bigger alveoli which is a sign of emphysema. Many researchers speculated that the way in which, nicotine causes emphysema and other damage, is by inducing the formation of many reactive oxygen species (ROS), and creating an imbalance between the oxidants and the antioxidants of the body, which is termed oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of nicotine exposure on the lung of the fetal and neonate rat during gestation and lactation as gas exchanger, and also to see whether the supplementation of tomato juice containing lycopene, a powerful carotenoid antioxidant could protect the lungs against these effects of maternal nicotine exposure.</p> </font></p>

<p>Nicotine exposure to the fetus through tobacco smoking or nicotine replacement therapy during the whole period of gestation and lactation causes diverse effects on fetal and neonatal lung development, integrity and maturation which compromise the gas exchange function of the lungs and renders this vital organ susceptible to gradual damage and different diseases in latter life. Maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation results in gradual destruction of the lung parenchyma, and this leads to the combination of many small air sacs in one bigger alveoli which is a sign of emphysema. Many researchers speculated that the way in which, nicotine causes emphysema and other damage, is by inducing the formation of many reactive oxygen species (ROS), and creating an imbalance between the oxidants and the antioxidants of the body, which is termed oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of nicotine exposure on the lung of the fetal and neonate rat during gestation and lactation as gas exchanger, and also to see whether the supplementation of tomato juice containing lycopene, a powerful carotenoid antioxidant could protect the lungs against these effects of maternal nicotine exposure. In this study pregnant rats have been divided into 4 groups: a group which received nicotine (1mg/kg body weight/day) subcutaneously, a group that received the tomato juice only (6mg/kg body weight/day per os), a third group that received the combination of tomato juice ( 6mg /kg body weight/ day per os) and nicotine (1mg/kg body weight /day subcutaneously ) . The control group that received saline (1mg/kg body weight /day) subcutaneously and water. The injections were done during pregnancy and lactation until weaning at postnatal day 21. The results showed that maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation leads to a gradual damage of the lung parenchyma and slower formation of the alveoli during the equilibrated phase of the lung growth leading to a decrease in the internal surface area required for gas exchange. Supplementation with tomato juice during gestation and lactation prevents all the adverse effects of maternal nicotine exposure on the lungs of the offspring. Since nicotine induce an increase in the oxidant levels of the mother and the fetus, my results imply that lycopene protected the lungs of the offsprings against the oxidants and thus against changes in the program that controls lung development as the animals age. This is supported by the observation that at postnatal day 84 the antioxidant.</p>

<p>Tobacco smoking remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Despite all the efforts made by governments, researchers and communities to educate women about the dangerous effects of tobacco smoke and nicotine, smoking during pregnancy continues to be a common habit and accounts for a significant percentage of fetal morbidity and mortality. The offspring is, as a result, exposed to nicotine through the blood and the milk of the mother. Nicotine is therefore expected to interact with the developing fetus and the offspring of mothers who smoke or use Nicotine Replacement therapy for smoking cessation, resulting in the interference with normal fetal lung development. Maternal cigarette smoke or nicotine exposure produces adverse effects in the lungs of offspring, these include / intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight, premature birth, reduced pulmonary function at birth, and a high occurrence of respiratory illnesses after birth. The main objectives of this study were to determine: 1) the effects of maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation on lung development in the offspring, 2) if there is evidence of premature aging of the lungs of the lungs of the nicotine exposed offspring, and 3) whether tomato juice can have protective effects on the fetal lung development and function in the offspring. From the study, it was established that maternal nicotine exposure had no significant effect on the growth parameters of the offspring. However, it results in the late onset of gradual parenchymal damage which resembles premature aging. The study also found that the consumption of tomato juice may have protective effects on the premature aging of the lungs of the offspring.</p>

Smoking is a health problem with a negative impact on virtually all body organs. Smoking can cause, for example, lung cancer, cancers in other organs and cardiovascular disease. There is also a social aspect of smoking. If individuals have many smokers in their environment, the risk to start smoking is increased, and for those who already smoke the chance of quitting will be less. Many municipalities today face smoke-free working to reduce smoking and passive smoking adverse effects. The Kristianstad municipality has not introduced smoke-free working. The purpose of this study was to investigate the employees in Kristianstad municipality attitudes to smoke-free working hours as a basis for a change. The method used was a quantitative cross-sectional study by questionnaire. The data collection was conducted in four administrations with a web questionnaire and the number of respondents was 207. The results showed that a majority of the employees in Kristianstad municipality wants to introduce smoke-free working. It was concluded that smoke-free working has strong links with smoking habits, the social environment and education. Keywords: Smoking, attitude, social, educational attainment, participation.

Medan cigarettrökning och bruk av rökfri tobak under flera decennier har varit föremål för studier som visat att tobak är skadligt för hälsan, är vattenpiperökning är ännu ett outforskat område. Det har sedan 1990-talet blivit allt mer populärt att röka vattenpipa men kunskaper om dess utbredning, skadlighet och vilka risker som finns förknippade med användning är ännu bristande. Den forskning som finns tyder på liknande hälsoeffekter som vid cigarettrökning vilket skapar oro för att vattenpiperökning kan vara ett hot mot folkhälsan. Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga förekomst, vanor, köns- och åldersskillnader gällande vattenpiperökning bland studenter på lärarprogrammet, samt redogöra för deras uppfattningar kring riskerna med vattenpiperökning. En enkät med 14 frågor delades ut till totalt 90 studenter vid lärarprogrammet på ett svenskt universitet. Av dessa svarade 52 att de provat att röka vattenpipa och 38 att de inte provat. Undersökningen visade även att vattenpipa inte röks ofta och inte heller på regelbunden basis. Endast lärarstudenter ingick i urvalet och inga slutsatser kan dras om andra studentgrupper. För att utöka kunskaperna om vattenpiperökning bland studenter behövs mer forskning och framtida i studier bör mer varierade studentgrupper studeras. / While the harm caused by cigarettes and smokeless tobacco has been confirmed in many studies during the past decades, waterpipe use is still a field that needs more research. Since the 1990’s waterpipe smoking has increased and more knowledge is needed to examine how widespread the use is and to examine health risks that can be associated with waterpipe smoking. Research suggests that the health effects might be similar to cigarette smoking, which leads to concern that waterpipe smoking may be a public health issue. The purpose of this study was to account for prevalence, habits, gender and age differences in waterpipe smoking among students in the teacher program and account for their perceptions about risks with smoking waterpipe. A questionnaire consisting of 14 questions was collected from 90 students at a Swedish university. Of these students 52 had tried smoking waterpipe at least once and 38 had not tried. Waterpipe was not smoked often or on a regular basis. One factor that might have affected the results was primarily the sample, since only students in the teacher program were included in the population. For further knowledge about water pipe use among Swedish students more research is needed, more studies should be performed and with a wider range of students.

The aim of this thesis is to study the effect of smoking and drinking on wages in Sweden. The data used in this study is the Swedish Level-of-living survey (LNU) from 1991. A multinomial logit model and the marginal effects from the estimated model are used to study the effect of smoking and drinking on wages in Sweden. The empirical results conclude that medium drinking increases the probability of having a high income, i.e. there is a positive significant relationship between medium drinking and wages in Sweden. Also concluded from the empirical results is that there is not a significant relationship between smoking and wages in Sweden.