In switched-mode power supplies (SMPS), a Controller is required for output voltage or current regulation. In low-power SMPS, processing power from a fraction of watt to several hundred watts, digital implementations of the controller, i.e. digital controllers have recently emerged as alternatives to the predominately used analog systems. This is mostly due to the better design portability, power management capability, and the potential for implementing advanced control techniques, which are not easy to realize with analog hardware. However, the existing digital implementations are barely functional replicas of analog designs, having comparable dynamic performance if not poorer. Due to stringent constraints on hardware requirements, the digital systems have not been able to demonstrate some of their most attractive features, such as parameter estimation, controller auto-tuning, and nonlinear time-optimal control for improved transient response. This thesis presents two novel digital controllers and systems. The first is an auto-tuning controller that can be implemented with simple hardware and is suitable for IC integration. The controller estimates power stage parameters, such as output capacitance, load resistance, corner frequency and damping factor by examining the amplitude and frequency of intentionally introduced limit cycle oscillations. Accordingly, a digital PID compensator is automatically redesigned and the power stage is adapted to provide good dynamic response and high power processing efficiency. Compared to state of the art analog solutions, the controller has similar bandwidth and improves overall efficiency. To break the control bandwidth limitation associated with the sampling effects of PWM controllers, the second part of the thesis develops a nonlinear dual-mode controller. In steady state, the controller behaves as a conventional PWM controller, and during transients it utilizes a continuous-time digital signal processor (CT-DSP) to achieve time-optimal response. The processor performs a capacitor charge balance based algorithm to achieve voltage recovery through a single on-off sequence of the power switches. Load transient response with minimal achievable voltage deviation and a recovery time approaching physical limitations of a given power stage is obtained experimentally.

In switched-mode power supplies (SMPS), a Controller is required for output voltage or current regulation. In low-power SMPS, processing power from a fraction of watt to several hundred watts, digital implementations of the controller, i.e. digital controllers have recently emerged as alternatives to the predominately used analog systems. This is mostly due to the better design portability, power management capability, and the potential for implementing advanced control techniques, which are not easy to realize with analog hardware. However, the existing digital implementations are barely functional replicas of analog designs, having comparable dynamic performance if not poorer. Due to stringent constraints on hardware requirements, the digital systems have not been able to demonstrate some of their most attractive features, such as parameter estimation, controller auto-tuning, and nonlinear time-optimal control for improved transient response. This thesis presents two novel digital controllers and systems. The first is an auto-tuning controller that can be implemented with simple hardware and is suitable for IC integration. The controller estimates power stage parameters, such as output capacitance, load resistance, corner frequency and damping factor by examining the amplitude and frequency of intentionally introduced limit cycle oscillations. Accordingly, a digital PID compensator is automatically redesigned and the power stage is adapted to provide good dynamic response and high power processing efficiency. Compared to state of the art analog solutions, the controller has similar bandwidth and improves overall efficiency. To break the control bandwidth limitation associated with the sampling effects of PWM controllers, the second part of the thesis develops a nonlinear dual-mode controller. In steady state, the controller behaves as a conventional PWM controller, and during transients it utilizes a continuous-time digital signal processor (CT-DSP) to achieve time-optimal response. The processor performs a capacitor charge balance based algorithm to achieve voltage recovery through a single on-off sequence of the power switches. Load transient response with minimal achievable voltage deviation and a recovery time approaching physical limitations of a given power stage is obtained experimentally.

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This Dissertation is a study of Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) miniaturization and how to effectively use the available technologies to achieve the ultimate goal of a reduced size without loss of functionality while maintaining a cost effective design. This research investigates several methods used to obtain low loss, highly compact power supplies. Within these constraints, the Dissertation investigates the issues of design, materials, and cost in order to design and achieve these miniaturized power supplies. This research addresses high performance ceramic, passive component integration. Three key issues; electrical characterization, thermal analysis and simulation, and material characterization, are examined in this work. Thick film passive components (capacitors and resistors) on AlN have been developed. Also, guidelines for the design implementation and steps necessary to integrate these passive components on prefired alumina (Al2O3) and aluminum nitride (AlN) ceramic surfaces, for power electronic applications, have been generated. The use of aluminum nitride, as a high performance ceramic substrate and the resulting issues concerning compatible inks, have been investigated. Since a sizable amount of heat is generated by power electronic circuits, the integrated components are analyzed with respect to tolerance and degeneration over a range of temperatures and frequencies. Thick film capacitors on the order of 120pF/mm2 with breakdown voltage ratings of 250V have been developed on prefired AlN. Resistors were developed with impedances ranging from 10W to 10MegW. Thermal measurements, of these resistors, show that the thermal conductivity of the aluminum nitride with passivation layer is two to three times that of alumina. Several versions of a typical SMPS boost circuit have been generated using Direct Bond Copper (DBC) on ceramic, Insulated Metal Substrate (IMS), Printed Circuit Boards (PCB), and prefired ceramic thick film technology. The integrated passive components developed are applied on prefired ceramic versions and compared to the DBC, IMS and PCB versions. A small daughter board consisting of the boost circuit control is introduced to further supplement miniaturization and reduce cost. The daughter board uses thick film technology with integrated thick film resistors. The design of the mother board, which houses the power boost section,can be designedand implemented on virtually any type of substrate (PCB, DBC, IMS, or conventional thick film). The fabrication and testing of each version is reported in this work. / Ph. D.

<p>The purpose of this degree project was to build laboratory equipment for a new course in power electronics that starts this autumn 2010 at Uppsala University. The equipment is intended for student labs and it covers the most important areas of the course including rectifying, buck-/boost-converters and PWM-modulation. It is built as one sealed unit where all the electronics are built-in but visible and it has a connection board where students safely can connect the different circuits. The project has advanced from theoretical studies of circuit design, choosing of components and simulations to drawing the printed circuit board (PCB), soldering, case building, final testing and troubleshooting - basically most steps from an early idea to a final product. Measurements on the final product gave about the same results as the earlier simulations of the circuits and the result is overall satisfying.</p> / <p>Syftet med det här examensarbetet var att bygga laborationsutrustning till en ny kurs i kraftelektronik som börjar hösten 2010 på Uppsala Universitet. Utrustningen är avsedd för studentlaborationer och den täcker de viktigaste delarna av kursen inklusive likriktning, buck-/boost-omvandlare och pulsbreddsmodulering (PWM). Laborationsutrustningen är byggd som en sluten enhet där all elektronik är inbyggd men synlig och den har en kopplingsplatta där studenterna säkert kan koppla ihop olika kretsar. Projektet har sträckt sig från teoretiska studier inklusive kretsdesign, komponentval och simuleringar till ritande av kretskortet (PCB-kortet), lödning, byggande av höljet, sluttestning och felsökning - i huvudsak de flesta stegen från en tidig idé till en färdig produkt. Mätningar på den färdiga produkten är ganska lika de tidigare simuleringarna av kretsarna och resultatet är totalt sett tillfredställande.</p>

The purpose of this degree project was to build laboratory equipment for a new course in power electronics that starts this autumn 2010 at Uppsala University. The equipment is intended for student labs and it covers the most important areas of the course including rectifying, buck-/boost-converters and PWM-modulation. It is built as one sealed unit where all the electronics are built-in but visible and it has a connection board where students safely can connect the different circuits. The project has advanced from theoretical studies of circuit design, choosing of components and simulations to drawing the printed circuit board (PCB), soldering, case building, final testing and troubleshooting - basically most steps from an early idea to a final product. Measurements on the final product gave about the same results as the earlier simulations of the circuits and the result is overall satisfying. / Syftet med det här examensarbetet var att bygga laborationsutrustning till en ny kurs i kraftelektronik som börjar hösten 2010 på Uppsala Universitet. Utrustningen är avsedd för studentlaborationer och den täcker de viktigaste delarna av kursen inklusive likriktning, buck-/boost-omvandlare och pulsbreddsmodulering (PWM). Laborationsutrustningen är byggd som en sluten enhet där all elektronik är inbyggd men synlig och den har en kopplingsplatta där studenterna säkert kan koppla ihop olika kretsar. Projektet har sträckt sig från teoretiska studier inklusive kretsdesign, komponentval och simuleringar till ritande av kretskortet (PCB-kortet), lödning, byggande av höljet, sluttestning och felsökning - i huvudsak de flesta stegen från en tidig idé till en färdig produkt. Mätningar på den färdiga produkten är ganska lika de tidigare simuleringarna av kretsarna och resultatet är totalt sett tillfredställande.

A gate driver IC with programmable driving strength to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) in SMPS is presented in this thesis. The design builds on previous segmented gate driver designs that have been used to improve light load efficiency. The presented solution is to dynamically adjust the output resistance Rout at the arrival of each gate pulse to minimize EMI while maintaining low switching loss. Dynamically adjusting Rout is not possible with conventional gate driver designs. Thus, a segmented gate driver is designed and fabricated in the AMS 0.35μm 40V HVCMOS process. Unlike traditional snubber circuits, the proposed method does not require extra discrete components that dissipate energy. Experimental results indicate up to a 7dBμV improvement in peak Conducted EMI (CEMI) between 20 MHz and 30 MHz and a 150μV/m improvement in peak Radiated EMI (REMI) between 88 MHz and 216 MHz.

A gate driver IC with programmable driving strength to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) in SMPS is presented in this thesis. The design builds on previous segmented gate driver designs that have been used to improve light load efficiency. The presented solution is to dynamically adjust the output resistance Rout at the arrival of each gate pulse to minimize EMI while maintaining low switching loss. Dynamically adjusting Rout is not possible with conventional gate driver designs. Thus, a segmented gate driver is designed and fabricated in the AMS 0.35μm 40V HVCMOS process. Unlike traditional snubber circuits, the proposed method does not require extra discrete components that dissipate energy. Experimental results indicate up to a 7dBμV improvement in peak Conducted EMI (CEMI) between 20 MHz and 30 MHz and a 150μV/m improvement in peak Radiated EMI (REMI) between 88 MHz and 216 MHz.

The announcement made by the Financial Supervisory Commission, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. for roadmap of the adopting International Financial Reporting Standards (hereafter ¡§IFRS¡¨) on May 14, 2009 was a major earthquake to all companies in Taiwan. The first wave of IFRS adoption will hit all listed companies and those companies in the financial services industry in 2013; and the second wave will hit the rest of the public companies in 2015. To most Taiwanese business entities, IFRS is a brand new accounting principle. They don¡¦t have too many ideas on what IFRSs are, how different are IFRSs from Taiwan GAAP, how IFRS can be adopted, or the size of impact IFRSs will have once it is adopted? When facing all these unknown, the public companies in Taiwan, other than to follow the announcements from the regulatory authorities, can resort to no one but their independent auditors for further assistances. Over the past decade, the Big-4 accounting firms have devoted tremendous efforts in research and development activities on the adoption of IFRSs in accordance with the instructions of their global headquarters. Therefore, at the time when Taiwanese public companies are required to adopt IFRS in accordance with the roadmap, the service opportunities in Taiwan are monopolized by the Big-4 firms, leaving the medium and small practices in Taiwan a competitive disadvantage for entering the market because their resources are very limited. Therefore, it is the goal of this thesis to research and explore the strategies smaller firms may adopt, with limited resources on hand, to expand the service opportunities in the upcoming IFRS era.

L’objectif de cette étude était de développer une nouvelle génération de catalyseurs, dits électrochimiques, capables d’abaisser la température de régénération des filtres à particules, et de diminuer les coûts du post-traitement des moteurs Diesel, en évitant notamment une surconsommation en carburant. Pour cela, un banc de mesure a été développé où de forts moyens analytiques pour les phases gazeuses (GC et analyseur de NOx), particulaires (spectromètre de masse à aérosols AMS) et de caractérisations physiques des aérosols (SMPS, Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer) ont été couplés. Le catalyseur électrochimique développé est composé d’un catalyseur oxyde de type pérovskite La0.5Sr0.23Ag0.27MnO3±δ (noté LSAM), en contact avec un électrolyte solide conducteur par les ions O2-, la zircone dopée à l’oxyde d’yttrium (YSZ). L’enduction de ce catalyseur électrochimique directement dans les canaux d’un filtre à particule (FAP) en céramique (SiC) a montré des performances permettant d’abaisser la température de régénération des FAP de 100°C voire de 260°C selon le flux de régénération. Ces performances sont le résultat d’un effet de synergie entre les phases de la pérovskite LSAM et du conducteur ionique YSZ / The aim of this study was to develop a new generation of catalysts, called electrochemical, which can lower the regeneration temperature of the particulate filter, and reduce post-treatment costs of Diesel engines, especially avoiding over-consumption of fuel. For this, a test bench has been developed where strong analytical analyzer for gas phases (GC and Nox analyzer), for particles (aerosol mass spectrometer AMS) and for physical characterization of aerosols (SMPS, Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer) have been coupled. The electrochemical catalyst developed is composed of a perovskite catalyst La0.5Sr0.23Ag0.27MnO3±δ (denoted LSAM), in contact with a solid electrolyte conductor by O2-ions, yttria stabilised zirconia (YSZ). The coating of the electrochemical catalyst directly into the channels of a particulate filter (DPF) showed performance to lower the DPF regeneration temperature of 100°C or even 260°C depending of the regeneration flow. These performances are the result of a synergistic effect between the phases of the perovskite LSAM and YSZ ionic conductor