O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar áreas de risco para a co-infecção HIV/TB no município de Ribeirão Preto através da distribuição espacial dos casos notificados em 2006. Trata-se de um estudo de caráter ecológico em que a unidade de observação é um conjunto de indivíduos do município de Ribeirão Preto-SP. A população do estudo foi constituída por 48 casos novos de co-infecção HIV/TB notificados e residentes em Ribeirão Preto no ano de 2006. As informações sobre os doentes de TB co-infectados foram coletadas do sistema de notificação TB-WEB. Outra fonte de informação utilizada foi a base de dados dos setores censitários do município disponibilizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) referentes ao censo demográfico do ano 2000. Para caracterização dos doentes foram selecionadas variáveis sócio-demográficas (sexo, data de nascimento, escolaridade e endereço do doente) e clínico-epidemiológicas (tipo de caso, forma clínica, tipo de tratamento, encerramento de caso e local de atendimento). Para caracterizar os setores censitários foram selecionadas variáveis relacionadas a: renda média dos responsáveis pelos domicílios, média de anos de instrução das pessoas responsáveis pelos domicílios, renda média das mulheres chefes de família, média de anos de instrução das mulheres chefes de família, proporção de pessoas analfabetas, proporção de mulheres analfabetas, porcentagem de domicílios com 5 ou mais moradores. Os casos novos de co-infecção selecionadas foram então georreferenciados utilizando-se o software ArcGIS 9.1, da Esri. A Unidade espacial de análise considerada foi a de setor censitário e a análise estatística realizada foi a de componentes principais. Após o cálculo dos fatores socioeconômicos, foi escolhido o responsável pela maior variação (83%) que foi chamado de fator socioeconômico. Dos setores que permaneceram para análise (633), estes foram ordenados de forma decrescente e divididos em tercis. Assim, os tercis foram classificados em 3 faixas socioeconômicas: superior (condições socioeconômicas mais favoráveis), intermediária e inferior (condições socioeconômicas desfavoráveis). Em 2006, no período da coleta, 190 casos de TB estavam notificados no TB-WEB, sendo 58 (30,5%) casos de co-infecção. Foram considerados para este estudo 48 casos novos de co-infecção. Os resultados mostraram que: 68,7% dos casos eram do sexo masculino, faixa etária de 20 a 39 anos (47,9%), 4 a 7 anos de escolaridade (58,3%), forma clínica pulmonar (75%), sob o tratamento supervisionado (48%), 48% foram curados e 31% em tratamento no HCFMRPUSP. A distribuição espacial mostrou uma concentração dos casos de co-infecção nas regiões oeste e norte do município (58,3%) e 52,1% dos casos localizam-se na faixa socioeconômica inferior, seguido da faixa intermediária. O estudo evidenciou a forte ligação entre o aparecimento da TB e aspectos sociais entre os casos de AIDS. O conhecimento de alguns determinantes sociais e mesmo a desigualdade que permeia um espaço geográfico pode favorecer um planejamento mais adequado de ações para controle dessas doenças. / This ecological study aimed to identify the risk areas for HIV/TB (Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV/tuberculosis) co-infection in the city of Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo, through the spatial distribution of the cases registered in 2006. The unit of observation was a set of individuals from Ribeirão Preto. The study population consisted of 48 new cases of HIV/TB co-infection, registered and of patients living in Ribeirão Preto in 2006. The information about co-infected TB patients was collected in the TB-WEB register system. Another source of information used was the database of the census sectors of the city, published by the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE) regarding the demographic census of the year 2000. Sociodemographic variables (gender, birth date, educational level and address) and clinical-epidemiological variables (type of case, clinical form, type of treatment, case closing and venue of care) were selected for patients\' characterization. To characterize the census sectors, variables related to the following topics were selected: average income of the individuals responsible for the households, average years of education of the individuals responsible for the households, average income of the women head of families, average years of education of the women head of families, proportion of illiterate people, proportion of illiterate women, percentage of households with 5 or more residents. The selected new coinfection cases were then georeferentiated using the ArcGIS 9.1 software, by Esri. The census sector was considered the spatial analysis unit and the statistical analysis was carried out with the main components. After the calculation of the socioeconomic factors, the responsible for the main variation (83%) was chosen, and it was entitled socioeconomic factor. The sectors remaining for analysis (633) were ordered decreasingly and divided into tertiles. Thus, the tertiles were classified in socioeconomic bands: upper (more favorable socioeconomic conditions), intermediate and lower (unfavorable socioeconomic conditions). In 2006, during the data collection period, 190 TB cases were registered in the TB-WEB, of which 58 (30.5%) were cases of co-infection. In this study, 48 new cases of co-infection were considered. The results showed that: 68.7% of the cases were of male subjects, aged between 20 and 39 years of age (47.9%), having studied between 4 to 7 years (58.3%), pulmonary clinical form (75%), under supervised treatment (48%), 48% had been cured and 31% were under treatment at HCFMRP-USP (Hospital das Clinicas of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirao Preto Medical School). The spatial distribution showed the concentration of the cases of coinfection in the West and North regions of the city (58.3%) and 52.1% of the cases were located in the lower socioeconomic band, followed by the intermediate band. The study evidenced a strong relation between the outcome of TB and social aspects among the cases of AIDS. The knowledge of certain social determinants and even the inequality that permeates a geographic space can favor a more appropriate planning of actions for the control of these diseases.

The anthropology of ethics is a project of developing a common language in order to describe and to analyse ethical tensions as they manifest themselves across different traditions as well as changing social and historical contexts. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in the Palestinian city of Nablus in the West Bank, this thesis contributes to the anthropology of ethics with an analysis the virtuous spending of wealth - with a particular focus on zakat (Islamic almsgiving) - as it emerges through the Islamic discursive tradition. This stirs up wider issues, such as the trajectory of an ethical tradition in a politically repressive context. Historically, Nablus has been subject to different instances of foreign rule. Since 1967, the city has been under Israeli military occupation. This thesis shows how social interactions constitute a field of ethical practice. References to the Islamic Scriptures surfacing in greetings, conversations, and transactions in Nablus can be read as invoking an Islamic system of value. Acts of generous giving are sometimes inserted into this system, which unfolds in the context of the political economy of Israeli occupation. In this wider landscape, zakat in Nablus emerges both as (1) a socially embodied virtue realized within and through social relations; and as (2) an institutionalized practice carried out by zakat institutions, which since the 1970s have mainly evolved in a legal framework defined by state of Jordan. Analysing zakat on these two levels, this thesis grants insights into how military occupation, modern state administration, and capitalism fragment and inflect the Islamic discursive tradition, e.g. by foregrounding certain aspects of the Scriptures over others. With a view to embodied practices of zakat and ethical interactions, Islamic discourse manifests a certain plasticity and continuity. Conceiving wealth and scarcity as inherently ethical problems rooted in social interactions, the Islamic tradition notably provides a conceptual language of wider relevance.

Li, Luzhou. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-147). / Abstract also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT (in English) --- p.i / ABSTRACT (in Chinese) --- p.iv / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vi / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.viii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.x / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Research Question --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2 --- Structure of the Thesis --- p.12 / Chapter 2. --- HEROES IN COMMUNIST CHINESE HISTORY --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1 --- A Brief Review on the Hero Literature --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- Heroes in Communist Chinese History --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Yan 'an talk and the principle of socialist realism --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Heroes in different stages of Communist Chinese history --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- The anti-Confucianism sentiment --- p.29 / Chapter 3. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1 --- Data Collection --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Interviewee recruitment --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Interview techniques --- p.36 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Selection of the texts --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2 --- Data Analysis --- p.38 / Chapter 4. --- ANALYSIS --- p.41 / Chapter 4.1 --- Human Nature: The Benevolence --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Ruler to minister: The loyalty --- p.51 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Father to son: The filial piety --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2 --- Human Emotion: Qing --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Husband to wife: The conjugal love --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Elder brother to younger brother: The fraternal love --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Friend to friend: The friendship --- p.85 / Chapter 5. --- THE REVIVAL OF CONFUCIANISM --- p.89 / Chapter 5.1 --- Why the Revival of Confucianism? --- p.94 / Chapter 6. --- CONCLUSION --- p.110 / REFERENCES --- p.127 / APPENDIXES / Chapter A. --- The Interview Guide --- p.144 / Chapter B. --- List of Interviewees --- p.145 / Chapter C. --- Figure 1 and Figure 2 --- p.148

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment at the University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Built Environment (Housing) / A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment at the University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Built Environment (Housing) / In South Africa, there is a group of families that live in small four-room houses that were transferred to them by the apartheid regime in 1978. As elsewhere in the developing world, many of these families are extended families which live together because they do not have any other options. This study explores the housing needs and living conditions of the Ndala family and three other extended families living in or near Pimville, Soweto. Structured interviews, observations and evaluation research are utilised to determine the extent to which poor extended families in South Africa are excluded from housing finance. Literature discussing self-help housing, livelihoods, poverty and enablement is presented in order to construct a theoretical framework, after which an overview of housing finance arrangements in the developed world, developing countries and South Africa in particular provides the backdrop against which the findings are discussed. The findings and analysis demonstrate that extended families such as those included in the study fall into a gap in the provisioning of housing finance in South Africa. They do not qualify for government housing assistance, and they also cannot obtain loan finance from banks because they do not meet the strict lending criteria. As a result, the extended families turn to non-conventional sources of income and finance such as rental income, loans from relatives and stokvel funds in order to survive and in some cases extend their houses. It is recommended at the end of the study that South Africa review its current housing policies. Specifically, the study recommends that a new strategy called “rent a room” be put into place in order to assist poor extended families like the Ndalas.

Thesis (MPA.) --University of Limpopo, 2016 / Refer to document

Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo -- 2016. / Refer to document

Introduction: There is a large literature across disciplines aimed at understanding the causes of the depression gap, defined as an excess of depression among women compared with men. Based on the totality of evidence to date, social stress appears to be an important explanation for the depression gap. Social stress theory highlights women’s disadvantaged social position relative to men, positioning gender differences in socio-economic opportunities as social stressors, while also acknowledging how gender socialization teaches women to respond to stressors in depressogenic ways from an early age. This dissertation applied social stress theory to better understand the social causes of the depression gap with three related aims. Aim 1 summarized the evidence for variation or stability in the depression gap in recent decades, through a systematic review and meta-regression of depression gap studies over time and by age. Aim 2 examined the evidence for a changing depression gap across birth cohorts, and tested the extent to which any changes over time were mediated by changing gender differences in education, employment, and housework rates, three indicators of broader trends in gendered social position through the 21st Century. Aim 3 examined whether women in the workforce with competing domestic labor roles were at increased risk of depression, and whether pro-family workplace benefits buffered the effects of competing roles. Methods: In aim 1, depression gap estimates were extracted through a systematic review of published literature (from 1982-present). Analytic datasets were comprised of 76 diagnostic-based estimates and 68 symptom-based estimates. For each dataset, meta-regression models estimated time and age variation in the depression gap, as well as the interaction between time and age group, to estimate the variation in the gap over time by age. Data from the National Longitudinal Surveys were utilized for aims 2 and 3. Depression was measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD), and the depression gap was defined as differences in mean CESD scores for women vs. men. The aim 2 sample included 13,666 respondents interviewed from 1992-2014. Hierarchical mixed models estimated the magnitude of the gender depression gap over time, and its relationship with 10-year birth cohort (range: 1957-1994) and whether any variation was mediated by gender differences in: those with a college degree or more, those who were employed full-time, and the average number of hours spent doing housework per week. The sample in aim 3 was limited to employed women ages 17-57 (n=3993). Generalized estimating equations estimated the relationship between competing roles and depression, and the interaction between competing roles and pro-family employee benefits on depression. Interaction results were compared to models estimating the effect of non-family-related benefits on the relationship between competing roles and depression. Results: In aim 1, there was no evidence of change in the depression gap over time. Compared with the reference group (i.e., respondents ages 60+), the age effect was appreciable among the youngest age group (age 10-19) (RR=1.44; 95% CI=1.19, 1.74), but did not differ for any other age groups. The age by time interaction was elevated for youngest age group (RR=1.27; 95% CI=1.0, 1.61), suggesting that, compared to the oldest age group, the diagnostic depression gap had increased among the youngest ages from 1982 to 2017. There was no evidence of time changes among any other age group. Results were similar for symptom-based studies. In aim 2, there was a linear decrease in the depression gap by 0.18 points across birth cohort (95% CI= -0.26, -0.10). The results of the mediation analysis estimated that an increasing ratio of college degree attainment mediated 39% of the gender depression gap across cohorts (95% CI= 0.18, 0.78). There was no evidence of mediation due to changing employment or housework ratios. In aim 3, there was evidence that women in competing roles reported a 0.56-point higher CESD score (95% CI= 0.15, 0.97), compared with women not in competing roles. The interaction between pro-family benefits and competing roles was associated with CESD scores (B=-0.44, p=0.023). More specifically, among women without access to pro-family benefits, those in competing roles reported a 6.1 point higher CESD score (95% CI=1.14, 11.1), compared with those not in competing roles, however, among women with access to these benefits, there was no association between competing roles and CESD scores (difference=0.44; 95% CI=-0.2, 1.0). Results were similar for non-family-related benefits. Women in competing roles without non-family-related benefits reported a 3.59 point higher CESD score than those not in competing roles (95% CI=1.24, 5.95) while among women with access to these benefits, there was no association between competing roles and CESD symptoms. Conclusion: This dissertation provided evidence to partially support the hypothesis that the depression gap is changing over time and is meaningfully related to the social environment, through which gender roles, responsibilities, and opportunities available to women and men are defined and reinforced. The results of these studies suggest that the depression gap may be expanding and contracting over time for different age groups. Understanding the social causes of the depression gap is important to reduce the present and future burden of the depression gap, and to understand the fundamental processes through which depression disparities may be perpetuate or attenuated in adolescence and beyond.

This study will be a look at housing for Portland's Burnside population with special emphasis on the Foster hotel public housing project. Before housing or any other aspect of Burnside can be intelligently discussed, it is important to have a realistic historical and contemporary understanding of the Burnside community. The second chapter of this study is designed to provide that understanding. The third chapter surveys the ways that other American cities have dealt with their skid row communities. Cities roughly the same size as Portland were chosen. Their efforts will be compared to Portland's plans for and actions toward its Burnside area -- the subject of Chapter IV. In this chapter, a critical analysis of the social policy recommendations made by the Human Resources Bureau for the downtown urban renewal area is offered as this is the official public social policy for the area. The next chapter of this study presents a survey done of the roster hotel to determine whether or not it is meeting the needs of the community. When the roster was initially planned, certain promises were made about who would be housed there and how it would serve Burnside. The questionnaire given to the Foster residents was designed to see if those promises were kept and to gauge the overall satisfaction the residents have with the hotel. It is hoped that with the background material provided in the first chapter of this study, a context will be established within which the reader can understand housing as it relates to this community.

The purpose of this study is to explain the consequences of a changing age structure on social change in the urban industrialized environment. This analysis determines the impact of the younger to the older labor force aged population on both negative and positive forms of social change behavior. The indices of social behavior to be examined are the deviant behaviors of homicide, suicide and certain innovative behavior associated with patent activity. The specific age composition of the population to be examined is the ratio of young male adults aged 15-34 to those aged 35-64. The analysis of main effects of the model is conducted, controlling for the effects of unemployment and urban growth. These control variables have traditionally been documented as being important factors associated with deviant forms of behavior. However, the more contemporary literature increasingly recognizes the relationship between age and the tendency to act out certain social change behaviors. Most of social change emphasizes "negative" deviant behaviors. This study incorporated two innovative measures related to patents in an attempt to measure "positive" forms of deviant behavior. This strategy is used to determine if positive behavior can be explained by the same independent variables used to account for negative behavior. A multiple linear regression model is used to analyze the hypothesis of the research model. The results show a significant relationship between the age composition of the population and the selected indices of social behavior. As expected, the traditional indices of negative deviant behavior are consistent with the findings of the model. The less traditional indices used to measure innovation also result in positive findings. However, the significance of these latter findings is more modest in comparison to those of the traditional measures of deviant behavior. The implications of this study are that when pressure for opportunity builds in the population due to a heavy proportion of young adults, the prevalence of both positive (innovative) and negative (destructive) behavior increases. These behaviors reflect the need within society to change and adapt to population requirements. These dynamics are heightened as our society becomes more urbanized under the circumstances. The task for social policy makers is how to encourage the positive innovative forms of social change.

"The Fevered Road" is a memoir about coming to know oneself through what is lost and finding the liberation available in moments of absolute failure. The thesis explores the themes of failure, loss, identity, and rites of passage through the lens of the early 1990s, AIDS, murder, family, queerness, travel, and punk rock. The research is based primarily on journals, letters, correspondence with local historians, newspaper reports, internet sources, Massachusetts Department of Correction documents, and the author's personal recollection of events. The narrative is centered around the experience of two deaths in the author's early twenties, and is presented in a hybrid bookended/braided structure of the present and the chronological backstory.