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A pesquisa ora apresentada tem como temática principal a análise das estratégias de reprodução camponesa desenvolvidas pelos grupos de Fundos de Pasto localizados no município de Oliveira dos Brejinhos (BA), com uma detida análise desse processo no Fundo de Pasto Várzea Grande. A reprodução social destes grupos foi fortemente afetada pelo movimento contraditório desencadeado pelos conflitos vivenciados por eles a partir do final de 1960, o que impulsionou sua consciência de classe no transcorrer das lutas pelo bode solto e da luta na/pela terra. Essa consciência foi mobilizada na defesa dos costumes e das práticas tradicionais que regulavam a vida dos/nos grupos. É nesse movimento que se estruturam as condições de transformação desses camponeses enquanto sujeitos políticos, condicionados a uma conjuntura histórica circunscrita e particular, ao mesmo tempo em que os insere em um caleidoscópio de possibilidades e de caminhos a partir daquele momento em diante: da superação da opressão exercida pela sociedade em geral à expansão do capital mercantil regional no interior dos grupos. É abordado o processo histórico de instituição das terras de uso comum na Bahia com ênfase no pastoreio comunitário de caprinos no sertão do estado. Também são examinados a organização socioespacial do grupo, seu modo de vida, as relações de parentesco e vizinhança, os mecanismos de produção, circulação e consumo estabelecidos e a sua rede de sociabilidade. Evidencia ainda, o papel da migração como estratégia de reprodução camponesa nos fundos de pasto, considerando o ficar e o envelhecimento dos que permaneceram na terra; o partir e o absenteísmo nas propriedades; e o retornar, como um dos motivadores da diferenciação social no interior do grupo. Por fim, explora a questão do ser ou não ser camponês e busca contextualizar a tragédia dos comuns nos tempos da precarização do trabalho e da inserção do fundo de pasto na ciranda do capital mercantil regional. / The research has as its aim the analysis of peasant livelihood strategies developed by groups of Fundos de Pasto (groups that practice the common use of the pastures) located in the city Oliveira dos Brejinhos (BA), with a detailed analysis of this process in the Fundo de Pasto Várzea Grande. The social reproduction of these groups was strongly affected by the contradictory movement triggered by the conflicts they experience from the end of 1960, which boosted its class consciousness in the course of the struggles for the loose goat and for land. This consciousness has been mobilized in defense of custom and traditional practices that regulated the lives of the groups. It is this movement that are structured the historical conditions of transformation of these peasants as political subjects, conditional on a particular and limited historical juncture, while that inserts them into a kaleidoscope of possibilities and paths from that point onwards: from the general society oppression overcoming to the expansion of the regional commercial capital within the groups. It addresses the historical process of establishment of common land use in Bahia with an emphasis on community grazing goats in the hinterland of the state. The sociospatial organization of the group, their way of life, relations of kinship and neighborhood, the mechanisms of production, circulation and consumption and their social network are also analyzed. It is showed yet the role of migration as a strategy of peasant livelihood in the Fundos de Pasto, given the \"stay\" and the aging of those who remained on land, the \"go\" and the landowner absenteeism, and the \"return\" as one of the causes of the group social differentiation. Finally, it explores the question of to be or not to be peasant and tries to contextualize the \"tragedy of the commons\" in a time of labor precarization and inclusion of the Fundos de Pasto in the regional commercial capital turnover.

This thesis aims to investigate the social structure of Neolithic Period. To do this, both physical anthropological and archaeological data are used, and it is sought after whether burial customs and skeleton biology can be a parameter to understand social organization of a concerned area in a given time period. For this thesis the data comes from Abu Hureyra and &Ccedil / ay&ouml / n&uuml / . Quantified data of burial types and grave goods are used in order to create descriptive statistical graphics. Then, correspondence analysis is employed to detect statistical significance in data sets, if exists. Anthropological data is stemmed from previous researchers. On the other hand, they were still used to investigate sex and age distributions with the same tools employed before. As a final study two settlements are compared within and with each other to chase the clues for social differentiation.

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Achieving food security in a changing climate is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. For subsistence-oriented farming families who experience firsthand pressures on their food system - population growth, environmental degradation and climate change, to name only a few - adaptation has become an urgent necessity. The ability to 'adapt and benefit' through a suite of climate change adaptation interventions that build adaptive capacity is touted by many humanitarian and development institutions as integral to food security today. However, adapting and benefiting is often a far reach for many smallholder farming families, who more commonly manage multiple interdependent stressors through a mix of adaptive actions and negative coping strategies. The relative benefit of this mix of adaptive and coping strategies is socially differentiated, varying by location and both between and within households. This combination of strategies, or the variety of options to enact livelihood outcomes, is framed as a response space. This thesis explores the impact of social differentiation on the adaptive capacity of subsistence-oriented farming families experiencing food insecurity and environmental change. Using a case study of two villages in the Upper West region of Ghana, it investigates how adaptive capacity and response spaces differ based on points of social differentiation; the drivers that limit or exacerbate adaptive capacity and response spaces; and the implications of these responses for humanitarian, development, and government programmes that aim to support these populations. These questions are approached using mixed methods (embedded direct observation, the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index household and individual survey, participatory action research exercises, child growth and hospital admissions records, focus groups, and key informant interviews) and a unique conceptual framework which draws heavily from systems thinking, feminist research theory, Sen's capabilities approach and grounded theory. I followed context-specific local drivers to deeply examine the familial and cultural political lives of households to better understand the interdependent nature of empowerment within the household, the distribution of scarce food, control over livelihoods and income, the management of poverty-induced stress, and the risk these drivers pose to public health. Out of this research, a multi-level vulnerability landscape surfaced, characterized by a food system on the margins and unequal adaptation within the case study population. The research led to the following insights: farmers experience multiple disadvantages being located in the Upper West of Ghana as compared to southern regions, and are underserved by multiple governmental and NGO institutions; farmers in turn experience heterogeneous vulnerability and access to response spaces at the community level, which are deeply entrenched in social norms that favour adult male bodies, male spaces, and male-typical productive roles; and, at the same time, there are individuals and families that stand outside these trends and are able to adapt and benefit, which highlights the need for an intersectional approach when examining the household and sub-household context. The 2015 Sustainable Development Goals include a pledge to ‘leave no one behind' in the pursuit to 'free the human race from the tyranny of poverty and want and to heal and secure our planet'. Understanding the differing vulnerability of subsistence-oriented smallholder farming populations, as well as the ways their response spaces and adaptive capacity have been differently shaped, will be important for the program design and targeting strategies of interventions to achieve this goal. This thesis aims to contribute to this enormous task.

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No description available.

In this work, we examine the role of public gatherings at various scales in the Wari colony in Moquegua, Perú (AD 600-1000). We argue that the role of feasting changed significantly with the expansion of the Wari and Tiwanaku polities, and involved multiple venues and numerous types of congregations. Our evidence stems from research at two main sites, Cerro Baúl and Cerro Mejía, and we compare feasting contexts at both sites, arguing that public gathering was fundamental at multiple scales and in many different venues. By examining both locales of production and locales of consumption, we elucidate the specialization in facilities in different contexts, as well as the roles different members of society played in the production of feasts. Finally, by comparing the differential access to food stuffs,and the employment of unique foods in certain settings, we address social differentiation in resource access in the Wari colony in Moquegua. We also examine the relationship between cuisine and identity in what was a very cosmopolitan colonial encounter in the south Andean highlands. / En el presente trabajo se analiza el rol de los encuentros y reuniones de diversa escala en la colonia wari de Moquegua, Perú (600-1000d.C.). El papel de los festines cambió sustancialmente con la expansión de las entidades políticas Wari y Tiwanaku, e involucró múltiples lugares y numerosos tipos de congregaciones. La evidencia resulta de excavaciones en dos sitios principales, Cerro Baúl y Cerro Mejía, y se comparan los contextos de festines en ambos sitios con el argumento de que las reuniones o encuentros públicos fueron fundamentales en múltiples escalas y en muchos lugares diferentes. Mediante el estudio tanto de los lugares de producción como los de consumo se busca aclarar el mecanismo de la especialización de instalaciones en diversos contextos, así como los roles que los diversos miembros de la sociedad wari desempeñaron en la producción de festines. Finalmente, por medio de la comparación del acceso diferenciado a productos alimenticios y el empleo de alimentos únicos en lugares especiales, se aborda la diferenciación social en el acceso a los recursos en la colonia wari de Moquegua. También se analiza la relación entre la cocina y la identidad en lo que constituía un encuentro colonial muy cosmopolita en la sierra sur andina.

A pesquisa ora apresentada tem como temática principal a análise das estratégias de reprodução camponesa desenvolvidas pelos grupos de Fundos de Pasto localizados no município de Oliveira dos Brejinhos (BA), com uma detida análise desse processo no Fundo de Pasto Várzea Grande. A reprodução social destes grupos foi fortemente afetada pelo movimento contraditório desencadeado pelos conflitos vivenciados por eles a partir do final de 1960, o que impulsionou sua consciência de classe no transcorrer das lutas pelo bode solto e da luta na/pela terra. Essa consciência foi mobilizada na defesa dos costumes e das práticas tradicionais que regulavam a vida dos/nos grupos. É nesse movimento que se estruturam as condições de transformação desses camponeses enquanto sujeitos políticos, condicionados a uma conjuntura histórica circunscrita e particular, ao mesmo tempo em que os insere em um caleidoscópio de possibilidades e de caminhos a partir daquele momento em diante: da superação da opressão exercida pela sociedade em geral à expansão do capital mercantil regional no interior dos grupos. É abordado o processo histórico de instituição das terras de uso comum na Bahia com ênfase no pastoreio comunitário de caprinos no sertão do estado. Também são examinados a organização socioespacial do grupo, seu modo de vida, as relações de parentesco e vizinhança, os mecanismos de produção, circulação e consumo estabelecidos e a sua rede de sociabilidade. Evidencia ainda, o papel da migração como estratégia de reprodução camponesa nos fundos de pasto, considerando o ficar e o envelhecimento dos que permaneceram na terra; o partir e o absenteísmo nas propriedades; e o retornar, como um dos motivadores da diferenciação social no interior do grupo. Por fim, explora a questão do ser ou não ser camponês e busca contextualizar a tragédia dos comuns nos tempos da precarização do trabalho e da inserção do fundo de pasto na ciranda do capital mercantil regional. / The research has as its aim the analysis of peasant livelihood strategies developed by groups of Fundos de Pasto (groups that practice the common use of the pastures) located in the city Oliveira dos Brejinhos (BA), with a detailed analysis of this process in the Fundo de Pasto Várzea Grande. The social reproduction of these groups was strongly affected by the contradictory movement triggered by the conflicts they experience from the end of 1960, which boosted its class consciousness in the course of the struggles for the loose goat and for land. This consciousness has been mobilized in defense of custom and traditional practices that regulated the lives of the groups. It is this movement that are structured the historical conditions of transformation of these peasants as political subjects, conditional on a particular and limited historical juncture, while that inserts them into a kaleidoscope of possibilities and paths from that point onwards: from the general society oppression overcoming to the expansion of the regional commercial capital within the groups. It addresses the historical process of establishment of common land use in Bahia with an emphasis on community grazing goats in the hinterland of the state. The sociospatial organization of the group, their way of life, relations of kinship and neighborhood, the mechanisms of production, circulation and consumption and their social network are also analyzed. It is showed yet the role of migration as a strategy of peasant livelihood in the Fundos de Pasto, given the \"stay\" and the aging of those who remained on land, the \"go\" and the landowner absenteeism, and the \"return\" as one of the causes of the group social differentiation. Finally, it explores the question of to be or not to be peasant and tries to contextualize the \"tragedy of the commons\" in a time of labor precarization and inclusion of the Fundos de Pasto in the regional commercial capital turnover.