Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / Dynamics of Social Reproduction and Differentiation among Small-Scale Sugarcane Farmers in Two Rural Wards of KwaZulu-Natal A. Dubb M.Phil thesis, Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape. Outgrower or contract-farming schemes have long been considered an important „pro-poor‟ method of incorporating small-scale farmers into agro-commodity chains, oft defined by their capital intensity and consequent high barriers of entry. Nonetheless, critics have observed that such schemes often operate under highly imbalanced relations of power between farmers and processors, generate substantial inequality, and negatively impact on household food security. In the province of KwaZulu-Natal, home to much of South Africa‟s sugar industry, the number of small-scale sugarcane outgrowers increased rapidly from near nothing in the late 1960s to around 50,000 in the early 2000s; an increase born out of industry-subsidized miller initiatives, disguised as micro-credit, to bring commercially inalienable Bantustan land under cane production. However, in the past decade small-scale sugarcane growers have faced a precipitous decline following the restructuring of the sugar industry in the 1990s and the onset of drought in the 2000s. This study seeks to trace the origins and shifting structural foundations of small-scale sugarcane production and investigate its impacts on dynamics of social reproduction and accumulation in two rural wards of the Umfolozi region, in the wake of the sale of the central mill by the multinational corporation Illovo to a consortium of largescale white sugarcane growers. Utilizing survey data from 74 small-scale grower homesteads and life-history interviews, it is argued that regulatory restructuring resulted in deteriorating terms of exchange and the retraction of miller oversight in production, cane-haulage and ploughing operations, hence devolved to commercially unstable local contractors. Growers have subsequently struggled to compensate for consequent capital inefficiencies through intensified exploitation, largely due to the successful impact of social grants in mitigating the desperation of family and hired labour, and further face considerable barriers to expansion in land. While proceeds from sugarcane continue to represent an additional source of coveted cash-income, sparse off-farm income opportunities have gained prominence as a basis for stabilizing consumption and some re-investment in cane. The centrality of incomediversification for simple reproduction and limited accumulation has rendered the dynamics of social differentiation to be both unstable and reversible, and has closely tied sustained cane production to the labour content of non-cane income sources. Meanwhile, with less direct oversight in production, millers face the challenge of retaining their implicit „grab‟ on customary land, throwing into relief the contradictions inherent in attempts „from above‟ to foster a nominal „peasant‟ class „from below‟.

The dissertation considers daily mobility as grouping factor. Forms and resources of daily mobility are defined. Empirical research of daily mobility directions explores social differentiation of groups and correlation between daily mobility directions and unequal distribution of capitals. / В диссертации рассматривается влияние повседневной мобильности интернет-пользователей на процессы группообразования в мегаполисе. Определяются виды повседневной мобильности и ресурсы, обеспечивающие ее осуществление. На основе эмпирического исследования анализируются социальные группы, интеграция и дифференциация которых обусловлена направлениями повседневной мобильности. Исследуется корреляция между направлениями повседневной мобильности населения в городском пространстве и неравномерным распределением капиталов.

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Ce travail vise à la construction d'un modèle d'intervention sociale qui prend comme base conceptuelle des éléments de la théorie des systèmes sociaux développée par Niklas Luhmann. La prédominance d'une différenciation sociale fonctionnelle, caractéristique d'une société moderne, suppose un monde hétérarchique et acentrique qui oblige à abandonner les principes structurels hiérarchiques des sociétés précédentes. À cet égard, l'intervention sociale ne peut être conçue que si elle s'éloigne du modèle hiérarchique associé au contrôle social, pour ainsi aller vers des stratégies de coordination qui conduisent les systèmes vers une autorégulation. Dans ce contexte, nous proposons une intervention sociale systémique caractérisée par sa contextualité et sa réflexivité, mais aussi par son improbabilité et optionnalité, compte tenu de la clôture opérationnelle qui caractérise les systèmes sociaux. Dans ce sens, l'intervention sociale est présentée comme une offre communicationnelle qui, pour avoir lieu, doit d'abord irriter l'autoréférence des systèmes vers lesquels elle dirige sa stratégie pour ainsi être sélectionnée par ces systèmes. Ainsi, elle permettra d'établir des relations intersystémiques, fondées sur l'hétérarchie, au moyen des couplages structurels. À partir de ces caractéristiques, le cycle de l'intervention se constitue comme un processus réflexif caractérisé par sa récursivité. Il comporte les phases de l'intervention où les systèmes participants convergent dans la définition de la stratégie. Ce travail propose finalement d'observer un programme social chilien, le programme Puente [Pont], afin d'observer s'il est possible d'y identifier des éléments d'une intervention sociale systémique. / The present research aims to the construction of a social intervention model considering, as a conceptual background, a number of elements from the theory of social systems developed by Niklas Luhmann. The predominance of a functional social differentiation, typical of modern societies, supposes an acentric and heterarchical world that compels to abandon the hierarchical structural principles of the former societies. To this regard, social intervention can only be conceived if it keeps away from the hierarchical model associated with social control, in order to favor coordination strategies that lead systems toward self-regulation. Consequently, we propose a systemic social intervention characterized by its context and reflexivity, and also by its improbability and optionality, in view of the operational closure that characterizes social systems. To this end, social intervention is presented as a communicational offer which, in order to occur, must at first irritate the autoreference of the systems to which it aims its strategy, in order to thus be selected by those systems. This will allow establishing intersystem relationships through structural couplings based on heterarchy. Stemming from these characteristics, the cycle of intervention is constituted as a reflexive process marked by its recursivity. It includes the intervention stages where the participating systems converge in the definition of its strategy. Finally, this research proposes to observe a Chilean social program, in order to examine if some elements of a systemic social intervention can be identified.

This thesis brings fresh light on the types of problems that contemporary democracies might face when interacting with private interests. More specifically, the study examines the separation between the state and private interests, based on the assumption that this separation is a precondition for maintaining democracy and legitimate governance. It is thereby a contribution towards understanding the social forces that allow private interests to penetrate the public realm, as well as the forces that protect the state from such penetration. Under which circumstances do private interests access state apparatus in ways that contradicts its universalistic principles? How does the state consider challenges against its legitimacy and how are such threats dealt with? These questions are answered by means of two case studies. The first concerns the interaction between a number of state authorities that receive sponsoring from business enterprises. The second concerns interaction - partially afflicted by corruption - between the state monopoly for selling alcoholic beverages (‘Systembolaget’) in Sweden and its private suppliers. Applying theories on organizational boundaries, exchange, trust, networks as well as legitimacy to these cases, the study demonstrates how state reforms, inspired by the logic of markets, has introduced new ways for private interest to access state affairs. In the case of ‘Systembolaget’, this is particularly evident. The possibility of access, the study argues, is a consequence of reshaping the internal boundaries of the state, broadening informal relations as well as extended scope of action for state employees. This replaced social differentiation as a mechanism of separation by the personal integrity of state employees. Interestingly, this finding should be considered in relation to how the state has attempted to sharpen its organizational boundaries through a strengthening of regulation and the businesslike relations of exchange.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:38:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3362.pdf: 854635 bytes, checksum: 3839dd9bde3abe6dfb5e9f3e64cd7aeb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-20 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / This study intends to examine to what extent the organizational changes in industry of primary aluminum, in the city of Barcarena, Pará, lead to worker s adhesion and results differentiation in the social identities of direct and outsourced workers. Outsourced workers have a different status in the workplace, which excludes them from the benefits offered by the companies. As a result, society has to deal not only with the fragility of the wage relationship, but also with the collapse of the principles that regulate sociability among workers. The thesis is that the company organizational changes produce the adhesion of direct workers to the organizational ideas cause give them a feeling of colective belonging, even when we take into consideration the reduction of the workers that productive by lean production processes. Fifteen interviews were conducted with each group of workers; two union leaders were also interviewed. Furthermore, were examined the collective agreement between the direct workers and the company, and that company s yearly reports, since 2003. / O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar em que medida as mudanças organizacionais ocorridas em uma indústria de alumínio primário no município de Barcarena, no Estado do Pará, promove a adesão dos trabalhadores e a diferenciação social entre trabalhadores diretos e terceirizados. Como se sabe, os terceirizados possuem estatuto diferenciado no espaço de trabalho, o que os exclui da rede de benefícios oferecida pelas empresas. Nesse sentido, a sociedade passa a conviver não apenas com a fragilidade presente na relação salarial, mas também com o desmoronamento dos princípios reguladores da sociabilidade entre os trabalhadores. A tese que defendemos é a de que as mudanças organizacionais implantadas a partir da década de 1990 na empresa produzem certa adesão dos trabalhadores diretos ao ideário organizacional da empresa por lhes conferir um sentido de pertença coletiva, mesmo quando se considera a redução dos quadros funcionais promovida pelas reestruturações produtivas. Foram realizadas 15 entrevistas com cada grupo de trabalhadores e duas entrevistas com dirigentes sindicais; também analisamos o acordo coletivo dos trabalhadores diretos com a empresa e os relatórios anuais desta desde o ano de 2003.

Ce travail de recherche s’inscrit dans une étude portant sur l’histoire des migrations en Afrique de l’ouest. De l’axe Burkina Faso /Côte d’ivoire et plus particulièrement des mécanismes d’intégration et de construction de la citoyenneté des immigrés vivant en zone rurale ivoirienne. La Côte d’Ivoire, terre historique de migrations diverses, jouissant d’une stabilité politique et socio-économique remarquablement apprécié, dans toute la sous région Ouest Africaine, a connue ces dernières années une succession de crises sociopolitique, qui a créer une fracture entre ses habitants vivant jadis en harmonie. Cette situation est liée pour beaucoup à la différenciation sociale et à l’exclusion d’une partie de sa population d’origine étrangère. Cette population d’étude, caractérisée par les immigrés burkinabés du village de Koudougou dans le centre ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire, nous orienteras dans notre recherche à travers la compréhension de leur trajectoire de migration, la différenciation sociale dont ils sont victimes dans leur lieu de sédentarisation et les mécanismes qu’ils mettent en place pour construire leur citoyenneté, en contournant les restrictions mis en place par la communauté d’accueil. / This research is part of a study of the history of migration in West Africa. The axis Burkina Faso / Ivory Coast and especially the mechanisms of integration and building the citizenship of immigrants in Ivorian rural areas. Ivory Coast, historic land of various migrations, enjoying political stability and socio-economic remarkably popular, throughout the West African sub-region has experienced in recent years a succession of socio-political crises, which create a divide between its people once living in harmony. This situation is linked to many social differentiation and exclusion of part of its foreign population. This study population, characterized by the Burkinabe immigrants from the village of Koudougou in west central of Ivory Coast, will direct us in our search through the understanding of their migration path, social differentiation against them in their place of settlement and the mechanisms they put in place to build their citizenship, bypassing the restrictions put in place by the host community.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the mutual impact which social relations and entrepreneurship had in relation to the success of four actors in a rural area in northern Sweden at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Many Swedish scholars have studied the process of social differentiation, before the industrial revolution. However, we still know very little about the forces behind this process, why some peasant households became more successful than others, especially during the first half of the nineteenth century when the economic differences were increasing. To grasp this process, the notion of social position has been used as a tool to grade the population on a scale from low- to high-ranked households in an economic and political sense. The fact that households were more or less successful turns our attention to the ability among individuals and households to change their social position. A theoretical concept chosen to investigate such change is the notion of entrepreneur, which implies a focus on the actor working for personal profit in a changing economic world. The main question has been how important social relations connected to entrepreneurship are in order to promote success among peasant households in the pre-industrial society. The empirical investigation has been conducted on two different levels. The first level is a structural study analysing the physical landscape of the court district of Rödön, the economic stratification and the political activity of the population in the area and, finally, their economic behaviours as peasants and rural businessmen. The second is a qualitative study emphasising on four individual actors: the businessman Per Wikström in the town of Östersund and three of the most successful peasant households in the region. The four case studies reveal that the rural elite had a pragmatic and dynamic approach to choosing social relations outside the family. Many acquaintances grew persistent and embedded in family or kinship relations, whereas others were short-lived or sacrificed for a calculated economic gain.

Submitted by Suemi Higuchi (suemi.higuchi@fgv.br) on 2008-11-11T13:42:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CPDOC2008BrunodeAraujoMendes.pdf: 2285206 bytes, checksum: 4e57f1ddb97fce0aac1fb1c7552130eb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2008-11-11T13:42:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPDOC2008BrunodeAraujoMendes.pdf: 2285206 bytes, checksum: 4e57f1ddb97fce0aac1fb1c7552130eb (MD5) / The main objective of this thesis is to analyse through a study case how the issue of 'intergrupal prejudice' can be identified in the historical development of small Brazilian municipalities. The central object chosen was Cachoeira da Prata town’s history of memory and it was searched to debate how the social differentiation process of the small community founded by the ex-slave Nicolau Teixeira took place in relation to the rest of the town. Therefore, the thesis was divided into two parts. The first is formed by the first three chapters in which it is presented the industrial village of Cachoeira de Macacos as the scenario where Commander Américo Teixeira is identified as the major leader of a political and industrial domination project that left lengthy footprints in the memory of the town’s oldest population. In this context, it was searched to debate how the post-emancipation of slavery phenomena happened in the locality, analyzing part of the ex-slave Nicolau Teixeira life’s trajectory, a loyal supporter of the Commander Américo political project that became in mid 20th century the patricarch of a community founded in the vicinity of the old industrial village. The second part, it is exclusively based on the fourth chapter in which is debated in a combined way the history of the social differentiation of the community and the different political and methodological positions that were adopted throughout the research. Thereafter the analysis, it was concluded that is only possible to understand the process meanders that took Nicolau Teixeira’s descendents to the condition of social exclusion after they were identified as capable actors to elaborate representations and narratives that help the population of Cachoeira da Prata to know 'another side' of the local history. / O principal objetivo dessa dissertação é analisar, através de um estudo caso, como a questão do 'preconceito intergrupal' pode ser percebida no desenvolvimento histórico de pequenos municípios brasileiros. Escolhendo a história da memória da cidade de Cachoeira da Prata como objeto central, buscamos discutir como ocorreu o processo de diferenciação social da pequena comunidade formada pelos descendentes do ex-escravo Nicolau Teixeira do restante da cidade. Para tanto, dividimos a dissertação em duas partes. A primeira é formada pelos três primeiros capítulos, nos quais apresentamos a vila fabril de Cachoeira de Macacos como o cenário, no qual o cel. Américo Teixeira é identificado como o líder maior de um projeto de domínio político e industrial que deixou marcas duradouras na memória da população mais antiga da cidade. Nesse contexto, buscamos discutir como o fenômeno do pós-emancipação da escravidão se manifestou na localidade, analisando parte da trajetória de vida do ex-escravo Nicolau Teixeira, um leal apoiador do projeto político do cel. Américo, que se tornou, na primeira metade do século XX, o patriarca de uma comunidade criada nas imediações da antiga vila fabril. Na segunda parte, composta exclusivamente pelo quarto capítulo, discutimos de maneira conjugada, a história da diferenciação social da comunidade e diferentes posicionamentos políticos e metodológicos que adotamos ao longo da pesquisa. Após essa análise, concluímos que só é possível entender os meandros do processo que levou os descendentes de Nicolau Teixeira à condição de exclusão social após percebê-los como atores capazes de elaborar narrativas e representações que auxiliam a população de Cachoeira da Prata a conhecer um 'outro lado' da história local.